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Salzman T, Dupuy O, Fraser SA. Effects of Cardiorespiratory Fitness on Cerebral Oxygenation in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2022; 13:838450. [PMID: 35309063 PMCID: PMC8931490 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.838450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exercise is known to improve cognitive functioning and the cardiorespiratory hypothesis suggests that this is due to the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) level and cerebral oxygenation. The purpose of this systematic review is to consolidate findings from functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies that examined the effect of CRF level on cerebral oxygenation during exercise and cognitive tasks. Methods Medline, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were systematically searched. Studies categorizing CRF level using direct or estimated measures of V̇O2max and studies measuring cerebral oxygenation using oxyhemoglobin ([HbO2]) and deoxyhemoglobin ([HHb]) were included. Healthy young, middle-aged, and older adults were included whereas patient populations and people with neurological disorders were excluded. Results Following PRISMA guidelines, 14 studies were retained following abstract and full-text screening. Cycle ergometer or treadmill tests were used as direct measures of CRF, and one study provided an estimated value using a questionnaire. Seven studies examined the effects of CRF on cerebral oxygenation during exercise and the remaining seven evaluated it during cognitive tasks. Increased [HbO2] in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was observed during cognitive tasks in higher compared to lower fit individuals. Only one study demonstrated increased [HHb] in the higher fit group. Exercise at submaximal intensities revealed increased [HbO2] in the PFC in higher compared to lower fit groups. Greater PFC [HHb] was also observed in long- vs. short-term trained males but not in females. Primary motor cortex (M1) activation did not differ between groups during a static handgrip test but [HHb] increased beyond maximal intensity in a lower compared to higher fit group. Conclusion Consistent with the cardiorespiratory hypothesis, higher fit young, middle-aged, and older adults demonstrated increased cerebral oxygenation compared to lower fit groups. Future research should implement randomized controlled trials to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions that improve CRF and cerebral oxygenation longitudinally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Salzman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Laboratory MOVE, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences (EKSAP), University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah Anne Fraser
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Sarah Anne Fraser,
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The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise on Skeletal Muscle and Cerebral Oxygenation during Cycling and Isokinetic Concentric and Eccentric Exercise. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6030062. [PMID: 34287318 PMCID: PMC8293372 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to study the effects of cycling and pure concentric and pure eccentric high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on skeletal muscle (i.e., vastus lateralis) and cerebral oxygenation. Twelve healthy males (n = 12, age 26 ± 1 yr, body mass 78 ± 2 kg, height 176 ± 2 cm, body fat 17 ± 1% of body mass) performed, in a random order, cycling exercise and isokinetic concentric and eccentric exercise. The isokinetic exercises were performed on each randomly selected leg. The muscle and the cerebral oxygenation were assessed by measuring oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, total hemoglobin, and tissue saturation index. During the cycling exercise, participants performed seven sets of seven seconds maximal intensity using a load equal to 7.5% of their body mass while, during isokinetic concentric and eccentric exercise, they were performed seven sets of five maximal muscle contractions. In all conditions, a 15 s rest was adopted between sets. The cycling HIIE caused greater fatigue (i.e., greater decline in fatigue index) compared to pure concentric and pure eccentric isokinetic exercise. Muscle oxygenation was significantly reduced during HIIE in the three exercise modes, with no difference between them. Cerebral oxygenation was affected only marginally during cycling exercise, while no difference was observed between conditions. It is concluded that a greater volume of either concentric or eccentric isokinetic maximal intensity exercise is needed to cause exhaustion which, in turn, may cause greater alterations in skeletal muscle and cerebral oxygenation.
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Urquhart EL, Wang X, Liu H, Fadel PJ, Alexandrakis G. Differences in Net Information Flow and Dynamic Connectivity Metrics Between Physically Active and Inactive Subjects Measured by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) During a Fatiguing Handgrip Task. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:167. [PMID: 32210748 PMCID: PMC7076120 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-three young adults (4 Females, 25.13 ± 3.72 years) performed an intermittent maximal handgrip force task using their dominant hand for 20 min (3.5 s squeeze/6.5 s release, 120 blocks) with concurrent cortical activity imaging by functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNRIS; OMM-3000, Shimadzu Corp., 111 channels). Subjects were grouped as physically active (n = 10) or inactive (n = 12) based on a questionnaire (active-exercise at least four times a week, inactive- exercise less than two times a week). We explored how motor task fatigue affected the vasomotion-induced oscillations in ΔHbO as measured by fNIRS at each hemodynamic frequency band: endothelial component (0.003–0.02 Hz) associated to microvascular activity, neurogenic component (0.02–0.04 Hz) related to intrinsic neuronal activity, and myogenic component (0.04–0.15 Hz) linked to activity of smooth muscles of arterioles. To help understand how these three neurovascular regulatory mechanisms relate to handgrip task performance we quantified several dynamic fNIRS metrics, including directional phase transfer entropy (dPTE), a computationally efficient and data-driven method used as a marker of information flow between cortical regions, and directional connectivity (DC), a means to compute directionality of information flow between two cortical regions. The relationship between static functional connectivity (SFC) and functional connectivity variability (FCV) was also explored to understand their mutual dependence for each frequency band in the context of handgrip performance as fatigued increased. Our findings ultimately showed differences between subject groups across all fNIRS metrics and hemodynamic frequency bands. These findings imply that physical activity modulates neurovascular control mechanisms at the endogenic, neurogenic, and myogenic frequency bands resulting in delayed fatigue onset and enhanced performance. The dynamic cortical network metrics quantified in this work for young, healthy subjects provides baseline measurements to guide future work on older individuals and persons with impaired cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Urquhart
- Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Xinlong Wang
- Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Hanli Liu
- Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Paul J Fadel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - George Alexandrakis
- Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
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Urquhart EL, Wanniarachchi HI, Wang X, Liu H, Fadel PJ, Alexandrakis G. Mapping cortical network effects of fatigue during a handgrip task by functional near-infrared spectroscopy in physically active and inactive subjects. NEUROPHOTONICS 2019; 6:045011. [PMID: 31853458 PMCID: PMC6904890 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.4.045011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The temporal evolution of cortical activation and connectivity patterns during a fatiguing handgrip task were studied by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Twenty-three young adults (18 to 35 years old) were recruited to use a handheld force sensor to perform intermittent handgrip contractions with their dominant hand at their personal maximum voluntary contraction force level for 3.5 s followed by 6.5 s of rest for 120 blocks. Subjects were divided into self-reported physically active and inactive groups, and their hemodynamic activity over the prefrontal and sensory-motor cortices (111 channels) was mapped while they performed this task. Using this fNIRS setup, a more detailed time sequence of cortical activation and connectivity patterns was observed compared to prior studies. A temporal evolution sequence of hemodynamic activation patterns was noted, which was different between the active and the inactive groups. Physically active subjects demonstrated delayed fatigue onset and significantly longer-lasting and more spatially extended functional connectivity (FC) patterns, compared to inactive subjects. The observed differences in activation and FC suggested differences in cortical network adaptation patterns as fatigue set in, which were dependent on subjects' physical activity. The findings of this study suggest that physical activity increases FC with regions involved in motor task control and correlates to extended fatigue onset and enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L. Urquhart
- University of Texas at Arlington, Bioengineering Department, Arlington, Texas, United States
| | | | - Xinlong Wang
- University of Texas at Arlington, Bioengineering Department, Arlington, Texas, United States
| | - Hanli Liu
- University of Texas at Arlington, Bioengineering Department, Arlington, Texas, United States
| | - Paul J. Fadel
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Kinesiology, Arlington, Texas, United States
| | - George Alexandrakis
- University of Texas at Arlington, Bioengineering Department, Arlington, Texas, United States
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Carius D, Andrä C, Clauß M, Ragert P, Bunk M, Mehnert J. Hemodynamic Response Alteration As a Function of Task Complexity and Expertise-An fNIRS Study in Jugglers. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:126. [PMID: 27064925 PMCID: PMC4811870 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed knowledge about online brain processing during the execution of complex motor tasks with a high motion range still remains elusive. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hemodynamic responses within sensorimotor networks as well as in visual motion area during the execution of a complex visuomotor task such as juggling. More specifically, we were interested in how far the hemodynamic response as measured with functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) adapts as a function of task complexity and the level of the juggling expertise. We asked expert jugglers to perform different juggling tasks with different levels of complexity such as a 2-ball juggling, 3- and 5-ball juggling cascades. We here demonstrate that expert jugglers show an altered neurovascular response with increasing task complexity, since a 5-ball juggling cascade showed enhanced hemodynamic responses for oxygenated hemoglobin as compared to less complex tasks such as a 3- or 2-ball juggling pattern. Moreover, correlations between the hemodynamic response and the level of the juggling expertise during the 5-ball juggling cascade, acquired by cinematographic video analysis, revealed only a non-significant trend in primary motor cortex, indicating that a higher level of expertise might be associated with lower hemodynamic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Carius
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany; Department of Sport Science, Martin Luther University of Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
| | - Christian Andrä
- Department of School Sport, Institute of Sport Psychology and Sport Pedagogy, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martina Clauß
- Institute of General Kinesiology and Athletics Training, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Bunk
- Institute for Applied Training Science Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Mehnert
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
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Kuboyama N, Shibuya K. Ipsi- and contralateral frontal cortex oxygenation during handgrip task does not follow decrease on maximal force output. J Physiol Anthropol 2015; 34:37. [PMID: 26536889 PMCID: PMC4632657 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-015-0077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of fatiguing exercise on the ipsi- and contralateral frontal cortex has not been fully clarified. The purpose of this study was to investigate by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) the frontal cortex oxygenation response to a prolonged fatiguing repetitive handgrip exercise performed at maximal voluntary contraction. It was found a significant oxyhemoglobin concentration ([HbO2]) increase (p < 0.05), accompanied by a smaller and delayed deoxyhemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) decrease (p < 0.05), in both hemispheres. Then, it was indicated higher delayed oxygenation in ipsilateral oxygenation compared to contralateral oxygenation. These results provide further evidence that the complemental interaction between the ipsilateral and contralateral cortex during the fatiguing maximal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Kuboyama
- Faculty of Business Administration, Osaka University of Commerce, 4-1-10 Mikuriyasakae-machi, 577-8505, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Shibuya
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-chi, 950-3198, Niigata, Kita-Ku, Japan.
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Alexandre F, Derosiere G, Papaiordanidou M, Billot M, Varray A. Cortical motor output decreases after neuromuscular fatigue induced by electrical stimulation of the plantar flexor muscles. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 214:124-34. [PMID: 25740017 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) causes early onset of neuromuscular fatigue. Peripheral electrophysiological explorations suggest that supra-spinal alterations are involved through sensitive afferent pathways. As sensory input is projected over the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), S1 area involvement in inhibiting the central motor drive can be hypothesized. This study assessed cortical activity under a fatiguing NMES protocol at low frequency. METHODS Twenty healthy males performed five NMES sequences of 17 trains over the plantar flexors (30 Hz, 4 s on/6 s off). Before and after each sequence, neuromuscular tests composed of maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) were carried out. Cortical activity was assessed during MVCs with functional near-infrared spectroscopy over S1 and primary motor (M1) areas, through oxy- [HbO] and deoxy-haemoglobin [HbR] variation. Electrophysiological data (H-reflex during MVC, EMG activity and level of voluntary activation) were also recorded. RESULTS MVC torque significantly decreased after the first 17 NMES trains (P < 0.001). The electrophysiological data were consistent with supra-spinal alterations. In addition, [HbO] declined significantly during the protocol over the S1 and M1 areas from the first 17 NMES trains (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 respectively), while [HbR] increased (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively), indicating early decline in cortical activity over both primary cortical areas. CONCLUSIONS The declining cortical activity over the M1 area is highly consistent with the electrophysiological findings and supports motor cortex involvement in the loss of force after a fatiguing NMES protocol. In addition, the declining cortical activity over the S1 area indicates that the decreased motor output from M1 is not due to increased S1 inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Alexandre
- Movement To Health; Euromov; Montpellier University; Montpellier France
- Fontalvie; Clinique du Souffle ‘la Vallonie’; Lodève France
| | - G. Derosiere
- Movement To Health; Euromov; Montpellier University; Montpellier France
- Biomedical Engineering Research Group; National University of Ireland; Maynooth Ireland
| | - M. Papaiordanidou
- Movement To Health; Euromov; Montpellier University; Montpellier France
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement; Aix-Marseille University; Marseille France
| | - M. Billot
- Movement To Health; Euromov; Montpellier University; Montpellier France
| | - A. Varray
- Movement To Health; Euromov; Montpellier University; Montpellier France
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Flanagan SD, Dunn-Lewis C, Comstock BA, Maresh CM, Volek JS, Denegar CR, Kraemer WJ. Cortical Activity during a Highly-Trained Resistance Exercise Movement Emphasizing Force, Power or Volume. Brain Sci 2012; 2:649-66. [PMID: 24961265 PMCID: PMC4061814 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci2040649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical activity is thought to reflect the biomechanical properties of movement (e.g., force or velocity of movement), but fatigue and movement familiarity are important factors that require additional consideration in electrophysiological research. The purpose of this within-group quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG) investigation was to examine changes in cortical activity amplitude and location during four resistance exercise movement protocols emphasizing rate (PWR), magnitude (FOR), or volume (VOL) of force production, while accounting for movement familiarity and fatigue. EEG signals were recorded during each complete repetition and were then grouped by functional region, processed to eliminate artifacts, and averaged to compare overall differences in the magnitude and location of cortical activity between protocols over the course of six sets. Biomechanical, biochemical, and exertional data were collected to contextualize electrophysiological data. The most fatiguing protocols were accompanied by the greatest increases in cortical activity. Furthermore, despite non-incremental loading and lower force levels, VOL displayed the largest increases in cortical activity over time and greatest motor and sensory activity overall. Our findings suggest that cortical activity is strongly related to aspects of fatigue during a high intensity resistance exercise movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Flanagan
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Courtenay Dunn-Lewis
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Brett A Comstock
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Carl M Maresh
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Jeff S Volek
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Craig R Denegar
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - William J Kraemer
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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