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Daghigh A. Beyond sleepless nights: Unraveling the complexity of alexithymia and suicide risk among university students. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3476. [PMID: 38622877 PMCID: PMC11019149 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a solid relationship between alexithymia and suicide risk. Nonetheless, the specific impact of alexithymia's distinct subscales on suicide risk has received the attention it deserves. This article presents a comprehensive exploration of suicide risk among university students, focusing on the interconnections among alexithymia, insomnia, and suicidal behavior. Three components of alexithymia including difficulties in describing emotions or feelings (DDF), difficulties in identifying emotions or feelings (DIF), and the externally oriented thinking were considered. METHODS The study involved 208 participants from a Persian university sample, examining the significance of incorporating both alexithymia and insomnia in suicide risk assessment and intervention planning. Insomnia was positioned as a pivotal mediator. A secure electronic link in the Telegram application was employed to collect the data. Both linear and nonlinear prediction models were used to explore potential associations among alexithymia, insomnia, and suicide risk. RESULTS The study revealed substantial positive correlations between alexithymia and suicide risk, as well as between insomnia and suicide risk. Additionally, specific components of alexithymia exhibited noteworthy links to suicide risk. The inclusion of insomnia scores in suicide risk predictions is critical, as it greatly enhances the precision of risk assessments and facilitates the design of targeted and effective therapeutic interventions. The association between alexithymia and suicide risk showed a significant relationship (r = .29, p < .01). Moreover, a significant correlation was observed between alexithymia and insomnia (r = .32, p < .01). Additionally, insomnia exhibited a significant positive correlation with suicide (r = .35, p < .01). Interestingly, DDF and DIF showed positive correlations with suicide (r = .28, p < .01; r = .33, p < .01). CONCLUSION The findings carry profound implications for suicide prevention efforts, providing valuable insights to safeguard the well-being and resilience of university students facing suicide risk challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Daghigh
- Department of Brain, Mind, and EducationInstitute for Cognitive Science StudiesTehranIran
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Farahani H, Azadfallah P, Watson P, Qaderi K, Pasha A, Dirmina F, Esrafilian F, Koulaie B, Fayazi N, Sepehrnia N, Esfandiary A, Abbasi FN, Rashidi K. Predicting the Social-Emotional Competence Based on Childhood Trauma, Internalized Shame, Disability/Shame Scheme, Cognitive Flexibility, Distress Tolerance and Alexithymia in an Iranian Sample Using Bayesian Regression. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2023; 16:351-363. [PMID: 37234828 PMCID: PMC10205962 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-022-00501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to predict Social Emotional Competence based on childhood trauma, internalized shame, disability/shame scheme, cognitive flexibility, distress tolerance, and alexithymia in an Iranian sample using Bayesian regression. The participants in this research were a sample of 326 (85.3% female and 14.7% male) people living in Tehran in 2021 who were selected by convenience sampling through online platforms. The survey assessments included demographic characteristics (age and gender), presence of childhood trauma, social-emotional competence, internalized shame, the Toronto Alexithymia scales, Young's measure of disability/shame together with measures of cognitive flexibility and distress tolerance. The results from Bayesian regression and Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) indicated that internalized shame, cognitive flexibility and distress tolerance can be predictive of Social Emotional Competence. These results suggested that Social Emotional Competence can be explained by some important personality factors.
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Amiri S, Mirfazeli FS, Grafman J, Mohammadsadeghi H, Eftekhar M, Karimzad N, Mohebbi M, Nohesara S. Alternation in functional connectivity within default mode network after psychodynamic psychotherapy in borderline personality disorder. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2023; 22:18. [PMID: 37170093 PMCID: PMC10176869 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-023-00449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by impairments in emotion regulation, impulse control, and interpersonal and social functioning along with a deficit in emotional awareness and empathy. In this study, we investigated whether functional connectivity (FC) within the default mode network (DMN) is affected by 1-year psychodynamic psychotherapy in patients with BPD. METHODS Nine BPD patients filled out the demography, Interpersonal Reactive Index (IRI), Toronto Alexithymia Scale 20 (TAS 20), the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), and the Borderline Evaluation Severity over Time (BEST) questionnaire. The BPD group (9F) and the control group (9F) had a mean ± SD age of 28.2 ± 5.3 years and 30.4 ± 6.1 years, respectively. BPD subjects underwent longitudinal resting-state fMRI before psychodynamic psychotherapy and then every 4 months for a year after initiating psychotherapy. FC in DMN was characterized by calculating the nodal degree, a measure of centrality in the graph theory. RESULTS The results indicated that patients with BPD present with aberrant DMN connectivity compared to healthy controls. Over a year of psychotherapy, the patients with BPD showed both FC changes (decreasing nodal degree in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and increasing in other cingulate cortex regions) and behavioral improvement in their symptoms and substance use. There was also a significant positive association between the decreased nodal degree in regions of the dorsal cingulate cortex and a decrease in the score of the TAS-20 indicating difficulty in identifying feelings after psychotherapy. CONCLUSION In BPD, there is altered FC within the DMN and disruption in self-processing and emotion regulation. Psychotherapy may modify the DMN connectivity and that modification is associated with positive changes in BPD emotional symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Amiri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Mirfazeli
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Neurology, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Center, Department of Psychiatry, Feinberg School of Medicine & Department of Psychology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Homa Mohammadsadeghi
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Eftekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazila Karimzad
- Iran Psychiatric Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohebbi
- Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch Qazvin, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Shabnam Nohesara
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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Sharafkhani R, Nukpezah RN, Lathabhavan R, Kallmen H, Fournier A, Hosseini Marznaki Z. Factors that affect levels of alexithymia, empathy and communication skills of nursing students in northern Iran. Nurs Open 2023; 10:3936-3945. [PMID: 36808820 PMCID: PMC10170927 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The inability of nurses to express their own emotions, understand others' emotions and show empathy could result in communication gaps that could affect patient care outcomes. This study investigates the factors associated with the levels of alexithymia, empathy and communication skills among nursing students. DESIGN A survey was conducted among 365 nursing students, and data were collected using an online questionnaire. METHODS Data analyses were done using SPSS software version 22. RESULTS There was a significant positive association between age and empathy and a negative association between the number of times a nurse took the entrance exam. The level of education and interest in nursing correlate with communication skills. All the predictor variables of alexithymia in this current study were not significant. Emphasis should be placed on improving nursing students' empathy and communication skills. Student nurses should be taught how to recognize and express their emotions. To assess their mental health, they must be screened regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Sharafkhani
- Department of Public health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Ruth Nimota Nukpezah
- Department of General Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | | | - Hakan Kallmen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zamani S, Hasani J, Hatami M, Tadros E. Emotion Dysregulation and Alexithymia within Marital Burnout through an Emotion-Focused Therapy Lens. JOURNAL OF COUPLE & RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/15332691.2023.2165206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Solaleh Zamani
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Hasani
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hatami
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eman Tadros
- IMFT, Governors State University, University Park, Illinois, USA
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Moheban F, Davoudi M, Tamrchi S. The Mediating Roles of Self-compassion and Emotion Regulation in the Relationship among Alexithymia, Gambling Frequency, Risky Decision-Making, and Gambling Severity in Online Gamblers. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2023; 15:8-16. [PMID: 37560075 PMCID: PMC10408743 DOI: 10.34172/ahj.2023.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The research literature about the relationship between alexithymia, risky decision-making, and gambling severity has been contradictory and limited. Besides, there is no study on the mediating roles of self-compassion and emotion regulation in online gambling. Moreover, the role of these mediators in gambling frequency has not been studied. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between alexithymia, risky decision-making, and gambling frequency by considering the mediating role of self-compassion and emotion regulation in online gamblers. METHODS A total of 319 Iranians who gambled online at least once a week in the past three months were investigated using an online survey including Farsi Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (FTAS-20), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and Gambling Disorder Screening Questionnaire-Persian (GDSQ-P). Statistical analyses were conducted by SPSS 26.0 for Windows. The relationships between the variables were analyzed using correlation analysis. In cases where significant relationships were observed, the hypotheses of the regression model were tested. FINDINGS The mean age of the participants was 24.6±6.06 and 253 participants (73.9%) were male. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between men and women in terms of risky decision-making (P=0.051), gambling severity (P=0.59), and age (P=0.293). CONCLUSION Alexithymia had both a direct and indirect relationship with gambling severity through the mediating roles of emotion regulation and self-compassion. Moreover, alexithymia was significantly associated with risky decision-making and gambling frequency, through the mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation, both directly and indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moheban
- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Davoudi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Tamrchi
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Kalantar Hormozi B, Tavoli A, Abdollahi A. Perceived Parental Styles and Alexithymia in Adult Iranian Migraine Patients: The Mediating Role of Emotional Schemas. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2022; 183:250-262. [PMID: 35356843 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2022.2051421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Migraine, which is a highly prevalent headache, is often comorbid with alexithymia. Parental styles contribute to the development of alexithymia. The core psychological mechanisms that connect parenting to alexithymia and can be targeted in psychotherapy are not yet studied. The objective of this study was to explore the role of emotional schemas as a possible mediator between perceived parental styles and alexithymia in migraine patients. Study participants consisted of 208 (67 males and 141 females) Iranians who completed the Farsi version of Toronto Alexithymia Scale (FTAS-20), Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS II), and Measure of Parental Styles (MOPS) online. For mediation analysis, structural equation modeling was used based on Baron and Kenny's mediation model. The results demonstrated that mother overprotection and mother indifference were significantly related to alexithymia in migraine patients. Emotional schemas and alexithymia were also positively and significantly related. Additionally, mother overprotection and father indifference showed positive and significant covariation with emotional schemas. Data analysis with structural equation modeling revealed that emotional schemas partially mediate the relationship between parental styles and alexithymia in migraine patients. The current study expands our knowledge of possible mechanisms that relate childhood experiences of being parented and alexithymia in migraine patients. Findings of this research imply psychological treatments can benefit from targeting emotional schemas in migraine patients with alexithymia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bessat Kalantar Hormozi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Tavoli
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Abdollahi
- Department of Counselling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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Golbabaei S, Barati M, Haromi ME, Ghazazani N, Borhani K. Development and construct validation of a short form of the interpersonal reactivity index in Iranian community. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02716-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Effectiveness of Positive Psychotherapy on Depression and Alexithymia in Women Applying for a Divorce. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2022; 2022:8446611. [PMID: 35223096 PMCID: PMC8865992 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8446611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The new therapeutic approach of positive psychotherapy has successfully treated severe mental disorders such as depression and mood disorders. However, existing research has not sufficiently measured the usefulness of this treatment in reducing depression and alexithymia. OBJECTIVES This study thus examined the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy in reducing these two conditions in a specific population: Iranian women applying for the divorce. METHODS A total of 40 participants aged 20-40 with a high score in the Beck Depression Inventory and Toronto Alexithymia Questionnaire were recruited from women referred to a psychology clinic for divorce-related problems. The pretest, posttest, and follow-up were conducted with all participants, who were randomly placed in two groups: the experimental and control groups, which each consisted of 20 people. We provided eight positive psychotherapy sessions for only the experimental group. RESULTS After MANCOVA was conducted, the results showed that positive psychotherapy significantly decreased alexithymia and depression in the test population.
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Impaired complex theory of mind and low emotional self-awareness in outpatients with borderline personality disorder compared to healthy controls: A cross-sectional study. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 143:445-450. [PMID: 34656877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the theory of mind (TOM) and alexithymia in borderline personality disorder (BPD) have yielded inconsistent results. Also, the relationship between TOM abilities and alexithymia facets as two domains of social cognition has not been studied in BPD. This study aimed to fill this gap. Participants were 50 outpatients with BPD and 50 age and gender-matched healthy controls. Assessments performed using Reading the Mind in Eyes Task (RMET), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Faux Pas Task (FPT), and Digit Span subtest of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Results showed that BPD patients scored lower on overall FPT (p < .001) and its cognitive (p < .001) and affective TOM (p < .001) subtests but were comparable with healthy controls in emotion recognition ability assessed by RMET (p = .241). The BPD group also scored significantly lower in overall alexithymia (p < .001) and subscales of difficulty identifying feelings (DIF; p < .001) and difficulty describing emotions (DDF; p = .001). However, they performed similarly to the healthy control group in externally oriented thinking (EOT; p = .164). Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between EOT and RMET in the BPD group (r = -0.33, p < .05). No association, however, was found between FPT and RMET. This study suggests that BPD patients are impaired in the complex TOM abilities and have lower self-awareness of emotions, but their recognition of others' emotions is intact. Also, the results demonstrate that a heightened level of EOT is associated with difficulties in facial emotion recognition in BPD patients.
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Bakhshesh-Boroujeni M, Farajpour-Niri S, karimi A. Sleep quality and child abuse: the mediating role of alexithymia. EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2021.1958498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sepideh Farajpour-Niri
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali karimi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Ryan C, Cogan S, Phillips A, O'Connor L. Objective and Subjective Measurement of Alexithymia in Adults with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:2019-2028. [PMID: 32888165 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04665-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High rates of alexithymia, a condition characterised by difficulties identifying and describing emotions, are frequently reported in both children and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the dilemma of measuring alexithymia via self-report has rarely been addressed. In this study, we compared objective and subjective measures of alexithymia in adults with ASD and typically developing adults. We found significantly higher levels of alexithymia in the ASD sample as measured by both self-report on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and by the observer rated Alexithymia Provoked Response Scale (APRQ). However, the two measures did not correlate with each other. We explore the different facets of the alexithymia construct that these two measures may be distinguishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ryan
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Distillery House, North Mall, Cork, T23 TK30, Ireland.
| | | | - Ailish Phillips
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Distillery House, North Mall, Cork, T23 TK30, Ireland
| | - Lorraine O'Connor
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Distillery House, North Mall, Cork, T23 TK30, Ireland
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Khosravani V, Berk M, Sharifi Bastan F, Samimi Ardestani SM, Wrobel A. The effects of childhood emotional maltreatment and alexithymia on depressive and manic symptoms and suicidal ideation in females with bipolar disorder: emotion dysregulation as a mediator. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2021; 25:90-102. [PMID: 33559512 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2021.1879867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relations of childhood emotional maltreatment and alexithymia to the clinical course of bipolar disorder (BD) have been widely recognised. Difficulties in regulating emotions may explain these relationships. The current study evaluated the effects of childhood emotional maltreatment and alexithymia on depressive and manic symptoms as well as suicidal ideation in female patients with BD. Emotion dysregulation was evaluated as a mediating factor. METHODS Three hundred hospitalised female patients with a diagnosis of BD provided information regarding their history of childhood emotional maltreatment, alexithymia, difficulties in emotion regulation, depressive and manic symptoms, and suicidal ideation. A series of structural equation models (SEMs) were calculated to assess the associations between these variables. RESULTS Childhood emotional abuse and difficulty in identifying feelings were indirectly associated with depressive and manic symptoms as well as suicidal ideation. This association was mediated by emotion dysregulation. This association remained significant after depressive and manic symptoms were controlled in the model. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that patients with BD who experienced emotional abuse during childhood and have difficulties identifying emotions report greater emotion dysregulation. These individuals, in turn, are more likely to experience more severe depressive and manic symptoms as well as suicidal ideation.Key pointsChildhood emotional maltreatment and emotional and clinical factors in bipolar disorder were assessed.Childhood emotional abuse indirectly affected clinical factors via emotion dysregulation.Difficulty in identifying feelings was linked to clinical factors via emotional dysregulation.Emotional dysregulation affected the links of childhood emotional maltreatment and difficulty in identifying feelings on suicidal ideation after controlling for clinical symptoms.Emotional dysregulation dimensions of impulse, strategies, and goals emerge in relation to suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Khosravani
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Orygen, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Seyed Mehdi Samimi Ardestani
- Departments of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anna Wrobel
- IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Orygen, Parkville, Australia
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Pahlevan M, Besharat MA, Borjali A, Naghipoor M. How can the Alexithymia and Behavioural Inhibition predict the perceived pain intensity in patients with chronic pain? ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Khosravi M. The mediating role of alexithymia in the association between attachment styles and borderline personality symptomatology. Health Psychol Res 2020; 8:8894. [PMID: 33210014 PMCID: PMC7649641 DOI: 10.4081/hpr.2020.8894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment insecurity and alexithymia are assumed as the probable causes of emotional dysregulation in patients with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). The present study was designed and conducted to examine the mediating role of alexithymia in the relationship between attachment styles and Borderline Personality Symptomatology (BPS). In this crosssectional study, 153 patients with BPD were selected using stratified random sampling among outpatients referring to the psychiatric clinics in three major cities of Iran. Also, they were evaluated through the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS- 20), Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), and BPD Severity Index (BPDSI). On-way ANOVA and then Scheffé post-hoc analysis revealed that the scores of BPS and TAS-20, together with the scores of preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing styles, were higher in the alexithymia group, whereas the scores of secure style were greater in the non-alexithymia group. Furthermore, the results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that alexithymia mediated the association between secure, preoccupied, and fearful styles and BPS based on the model proposed by Baron and Kenny. Hence, modifying the alexithymia need to be a goal of psychotherapy. In this regard, changing the effects of the problematic attachment styles via increasing emotional awareness may be effective in modifying alexithymia and BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Khosravi
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Pahlevan M, Besharat MA, Borjali A, Farahani H. A hypothetical model of pain perception in patients with chronic pain: The predictive role of unconscious, emotional, behavioral and meta-cognitive factors. ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Khosravani V, Samimi Ardestani SM, Alvani A, Amirinezhad A. Alexithymia, empathy, negative affect and physical symptoms in patients with asthma. Clin Psychol Psychother 2020; 27:736-748. [PMID: 32285550 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although alexithymia has been found to be associated with physical symptoms in psychosomatic disorders such as asthma, mechanisms linking this association are unknown. However, affective alexithymic features may be associated with physical symptoms in the presence of deficits in affective characteristics such as low empathy and high negative affect. This study aimed to assess direct effects of alexithymic traits on physical symptoms and indirect effects of these subscales through empathy and negative affect (e.g. depressive, anxious and stress symptoms) by controlling for asthma severity in patients with asthma. Three hundred patients with asthma completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), the Basic Empathy Scale (BES), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) and the Physical Symptoms Inventory (PSI). After controlling for asthma severity, the results showed that alexithymia subscales of the TAS-20 had no direct effects on physical symptoms, but the difficulty in identifying feelings (DIF) subscale of the TAS-20 was associated with affective empathy and negative affect. Affective empathy was significantly related to negative affect. Affective empathy and negative affect were associated with physical symptoms. The affective subscale of alexithymia on the TAS-20, that is DIF, indirectly affected physical symptoms through affective empathy and negative affect. Findings suggest that patients with asthma who have high levels of DIF may show high physical symptoms in the presence of low affective empathy and high negative affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Khosravani
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Samimi Ardestani
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Alvani
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ali Amirinezhad
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Shayeghian Z, Moeineslam M, Hajati E, Karimi M, Amirshekari G, Amiri P. The relation of alexithymia and attachment with type 1 diabetes management in adolescents: a gender-specific analysis. BMC Psychol 2020; 8:30. [PMID: 32252831 PMCID: PMC7137281 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-020-00396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies indicate the role of psychosocial factors in the management and control of chronic diseases in adolescents. In this regard, the roles of attachment and alexithymia in the management of type 1 diabetes in adolescents and related gender-specific patterns have rarely been the focus of empirical research. In this study we investigate the gender-specific relationship of alexithymia and attachment with self-care and blood glucose level in adolescents with type1 diabetes. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study conducted on adolescents aged 12-18 years, with type 1 diabetes. Participants were recruited from diabetes clinics and the Iranian Diabetes Society. Data were collected using the Farsi versions of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (FTAS-20), the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) and the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Scale (SDSCA). Blood glucose levels were measured by determining HbA1c which were abstracted from medical records. Data were analyzed using SPSS21 software. RESULTS Participants were 150 adolescents (57% female), mean age 14.97 ± 2.30. Alexithymia (β = 0.10, P = 0.01), difficulty identifying feelings (β = 0.15, P = 0.03) and communication with mothers (β = - 0.08, P = 0.03) predicted HbA1c in girls, whereas no significant relationships were observed for HbA1c with alexithymia and attachment in boys. Factors that predicted self-care in girls were alexithymia (β = - 0.04, P = 0.02), difficulty identifying feelings (β = - 0.06, P = 0.04); in boys however in addition to these two factors predicting self-care [alexithymia (β = - 0.07, P = 0.01) and difficulty identifying feelings (β = - 0.11, P = 0.01)], we also found difficulty describing feelings (β = - 0.16, P = 0.02), communication with mother (β = 0.04, P = 0.04), alienation to mother (β = - 0.06, P = 0.03), to father (β = - 0.06, P = 0.01) and to peers (β = - 0.09, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that, in a gender-specific pattern, alexithymia and attachment could affect self-care and blood glucose level in adolescents with type 1 diabetes; findings that can be used to facilitate more effective treatment strategies and interventions in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Shayeghian
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Moeineslam
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Hajati
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Karimi
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golshan Amirshekari
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Amiri
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran.
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Khosravi M. Eating disorders among patients with borderline personality disorder: understanding the prevalence and psychopathology. J Eat Disord 2020; 8:38. [PMID: 32821383 PMCID: PMC7429899 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-020-00314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment protocols can be bolstered and etiological and maintenance factors can be recognized more easily by a superior understanding of emotions and emotion regulation in the comorbidity of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and feeding and eating disorders (FEDs). Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating the prevalence and psychopathology of FEDs in patients with BPD. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 220 participants were examined in three groups, namely BPD (n = 38), BPD + FEDs (n = 72), and healthy controls (n = 110), from August 2018 to November 2019. The participants were selected by systematic random sampling among the patients who referred to Baharan psychiatric hospital in Zahedan, Iran, with the sampling interval of 3. The subjects were evaluated by 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Borderline Personality Inventory (BPI), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Personality Disorders (SCID-5-PD), Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM-5: Research Version (SCID-5-RV), the 26-item Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). RESULTS The results showed a 65.4% (n = 72) prevalence of FEDs in patients with BPD. Also, the highest and lowest prevalence rates were reported for other specified feeding and eating disorders (51.3%) and bulimia nervosa (6.9%), respectively. Although the highest mean score of TAS-20 was related to anorexia nervosa, there was no significant difference between the scores of various types of FEDs. The mediation analysis showed that anxiety and depression would play a mediating role in the relationship between alexithymia and eating-disordered behaviors. CONCLUSIONS The results have suggested that alexithymia, anxiety, and depression should receive clinical attention as potential therapeutic targets in the comorbidity of BPD and FEDs. The clinical implications of the research have been conducted to date, and directions for future research have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Khosravi
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Baharan Psychiatric Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, 9813913777 Iran
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Stivaleti Colombarolli M, Carolina Zuanazzi A, Koich Miguel F, Giromini L. Psychometric properties of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) in Brazil. Transcult Psychiatry 2019; 56:992-1010. [PMID: 31067154 DOI: 10.1177/1363461519847312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Internationally, the most widely used self-report instrument to assess alexithymia (a clinical condition characterized by serious deficits in the cognitive processing of emotions) is the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Because this measure has been poorly investigated in Brazil and emerging research suggests that TAS-20 scores might vary from one culture to another, we sought to: (1) investigate the psychometric properties of a Brazilian TAS-20; and (2) examine the degree to which Brazilian non-clinical TAS-20 scores differ from the scores of non-clinical samples from other cultures. A sample of 850 non-clinical Brazilian adults were administered a number of questionnaires and performance-based measures via online data collection. Data analyses inspected internal consistency and factor structure of the TAS-20, and tested the association of TAS-20 scores to emotional functioning and psychopathology. In line with previous international research, the Brazilian TAS-20 showed acceptable to adequate psychometric properties. Furthermore, TAS-20 scores associated negatively with empathy and emotional perception, and positively with emotion dysregulation and personality traits like dependency, abrupt changes in mood, and avoidance of criticism. Also noteworthy, our non-clinical Brazilian TAS-20 scores were very similar to those observed in other previously published non-clinical TAS-20 scores from seven non-Brazilian cultures.
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Aival-Naveh E, Rothschild‐Yakar L, Kurman J. Keeping culture in mind: A systematic review and initial conceptualization of mentalizing from a cross‐cultural perspective. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jenny Kurman
- Department of Psychology University of Haifa Israel
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Basirat Z, Faramarzi M, Esmaelzadeh S, Abedi Firoozjai SH, Mahouti T, Geraili Z. Stress, Depression, Sexual Function, and Alexithymia in Infertile Females with and without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Case-Control Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2019; 13:203-208. [PMID: 31310074 PMCID: PMC6642420 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2019.5703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Infertile females experience some types of distress such as social stress, depression, and sexual dysfunction that may be exacerbated by polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The current study aimed at comparing psychological profile of infertile females with PCOS with that of women without PCOS with respect to four domains: infertility stress, depression, sexual dysfunction, and alexithymia. Materials and Methods The current case-control study was conducted on 240 infertile females (120 with PCOS and 120 without PCOS) in Fatemeh Azahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center (Babol, Iran) from 2016 to 2017. The following questionnaires were used to collect data: the fertility problem inventory (FPI), the female sexual function index (FSFI), the Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II), and the Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20). Results Females with PCOS had higher FPI total scores than the ones without PCOS (120.68 ± 29.42 vs. 112.83 ± 30.94). Of the subscales of infertility stress, the mean scores of social stress and rejection of a future life without a child were higher in females with PCOS than the ones without PCOS (P<0.05). Also, the mean total scores of alexithymia symptoms (TAS-20) in females with PCOS were significantly higher than those of the ones without PCOS (59.83 ± 11.36 vs. 55.69 ± 11.52). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the mean scores of depression symptoms and sexual function. Conclusion Infertile females with PCOS experienced higher levels of infertility stress and inability to distinguish and describe their feelings compared with the ones without PCOS. It is suggested that infertility care providers should provide more psychosocial support for infertile females with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Basirat
- Infertility and Health Reproductive Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mahbobeh Faramarzi
- Infertility and Health Reproductive Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.Electronic Address:
| | - Seddigheh Esmaelzadeh
- Infertility and Health Reproductive Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - S Harareh Abedi Firoozjai
- Infertility and Health Reproductive Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Theresa Mahouti
- Infertility and Health Reproductive Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Zahra Geraili
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Khosravani V, Najafi M, Naragon-Gainey K, Mohammadzadeh A. Investigation of the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 in patients with psychiatric disorders. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Panahi MS, Hoseinzadeh A, Razaghpour M, Hosieni N. Formulating a model for the relationship between alexithymia, social support, loneliness, and marital satisfaction: Path analysis model. J Family Med Prim Care 2018; 7:1068-1073. [PMID: 30598959 PMCID: PMC6259507 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study was conducted in order to develop a relationship model of alexithymia, social support, loneliness, and marital satisfaction. METHODS One hundred eight couples who were parents of beginner students who participated in the assessment plan at the entrance to the primary school of Mahmoud Abad from Iran were selected using the accessible method to participate in this study; these couples completed self-reported questionnaires of alexithymia, social support, loneliness, and the Enrich's Couple Scales. RESULTS Findings showed that social support has a direct positive effect on marital satisfaction; additionally, alexithymia and social support have an indirect significant impact on marital satisfaction. CONCLUSION The study provided additional evidence of the importance of alexithymia, social support, and loneliness in marital satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Shariat Panahi
- Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Ayatollah Amoli Science and Research Branch, Amol, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Hoseinzadeh
- Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Ayatollah Amoli Science and Research Branch, Amol, Iran
| | - Mehdi Razaghpour
- Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Ayatollah Amoli Science and Research Branch, Amol, Iran
| | - Nasrin Hosieni
- Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Ayatollah Amoli Science and Research Branch, Amol, Iran
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25
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Cross-validation of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: Results from an Arabic multicenter study. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Ghorbani F, Khosravani V, Sharifi Bastan F, Jamaati Ardakani R. The alexithymia, emotion regulation, emotion regulation difficulties, positive and negative affects, and suicidal risk in alcohol-dependent outpatients. Psychiatry Res 2017; 252:223-230. [PMID: 28285249 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential contributing factors such as alexithymia, emotion regulation and difficulties in emotion regulation, positive/negative affects and clinical factors including severity of alcohol dependence and depression connected to high suicidality in alcohol-dependent outpatients. 205 alcohol-dependent outpatients and 100 normal controls completed the demographic questionnaire, the Persian version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (FTAS-20), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), the Positive/Negative Affect Scales, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). The suicidal risk was assessed using the Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI) and history taking. Alcohol-dependent outpatients showed higher means in alexithymia, difficulties in emotion regulation, suppression subscale, negative affect, and suicide ideation than normal controls. Logistic regression analysis revealed that negative affect, duration of alcohol use, externally-oriented thinking, and severity of alcohol dependence explained lifetime suicide attempts. Depression, impulsivity, severity of alcohol dependence, reappraisal (reversely), externally-oriented thinking, difficulties engaging in goal-directed behaviors, and negative affect significantly predicted the suicidal risk. The findings may constitute useful evidence of the relevancies of alexithymia, emotion regulation, emotion regulation difficulties, and affects to suicidality in alcoholic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghorbani
- Toxicological Research Center, Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vahid Khosravani
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Centre, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
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Lennartsson AK, Horwitz EB, Theorell T, Ullén F. Creative Artistic Achievement Is Related to Lower Levels of Alexithymia. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2017.1263507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Töres Theorell
- Karolinska Institutet
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University
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Role of Alexithymia, Anxiety, and Depression in Predicting Self-Efficacy in Academic Students. ScientificWorldJournal 2017; 2017:5798372. [PMID: 28154839 PMCID: PMC5244027 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5798372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Little research is available on the predictive factors of self-efficacy in college students. The aim of the present study is to examine the role of alexithymia, anxiety, and depression in predicting self-efficacy in academic students. Design. In a cross-sectional study, a total of 133 students at Babol University of Medical Sciences (Medicine, Dentistry, and Paramedicine) participated in the study between 2014 and 2015. All participants completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), College Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (CASES), and 14 items on anxiety and depression derived from the 28 items of the General Health Questionnaire (28-GHQ). Results. Pearson correlation coefficients revealed negative significant relationships between alexithymia and the three subscales with student self-efficacy. There was no significant correlation between anxiety/depression symptoms and student self-efficacy. A backward multiple regression analysis revealed that alexithymia was a negative significant predictor of self-efficacy in academic students (B = −0.512, P < 0.001). The prevalence of alexithymia was 21.8% in students. Multiple backward logistic analysis regression revealed that number of passed semesters, gender, mother's education, father's education, and doctoral level did not accurately predict alexithymia in college students. Conclusion. As alexithymia is prevalent in college students and affects self-efficacy and academic functioning, we suggest it should be routinely evaluated by mental physicians at universities.
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Ghorbani F, Khosravani V, Ardakani RJ, Alvani A, Akbari H. The mediating effects of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on the relationship between alexithymia and physical symptoms: Evidence from Iranian asthmatic patients. Psychiatry Res 2017; 247:144-151. [PMID: 27898375 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic and episodic psychosomatic disease whose symptoms include coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS) as mediators on the relationships between alexithymia subscales and physical symptoms (PS). 300 asthmatic patients (males=42.7%, females=57.3%, age range=16-65, mean age=29.40) and 100 normal controls participated in the study and completed the demographic questionnaire, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), the Persian version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (FTAS-20), and the Powell & Enright Physical Symptoms Inventory (PSI). Asthmatic patients showed higher scores on all three alexithymia subscales including difficulty in identifying feelings (DIF), difficulty in describing feelings (DDF), and externally oriented thinking (EOT) as well as non-adaptive CERS than normal controls. On the other hand, normal controls earned higher means in adaptive CERS. Results revealed that each of the three alexithymia subscales had indirect effects on PS through the non-adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy of catastrophizing. It is concluded that alexithymia can intensify PS through catastrophizing in asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghorbani
- Toxicological Research Center, Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vahid Khosravani
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Centre, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
| | | | - Amin Alvani
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Centre, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Hedayat Akbari
- Allergist & Asthma Specialist at Private Allergic Office, Shiraz, Iran.
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The alexithymia, cognitive emotion regulation, and physical symptoms in Iranian asthmatic patients. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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31
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Karimi S, Jaafari A, Ghamari M, Esfandiary M, Salehi Mazandarani F, Daneshvar S, Ajami M. A Comparison of Type II Diabetic Patients With Healthy People: Coping Strategies, Hardiness, and Occupational Life Quality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS & ADDICTION 2016; 5:e24169. [PMID: 27162758 PMCID: PMC4860000 DOI: 10.5812/ijhrba.24169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Due to the epidemiologic transition and a rise in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases different coping strategies have been studied and developed. These strategies may help the affected people to conduct a normal life style. Objectives This research was conducted in Qazvin, Iran to determine the relationship between coping strategies, hardiness, and occupational life quality in Type II diabetic patients and healthy people. Patients and Methods Questionnaires such as Valton’s on “occupational life quality,” Billings and Moos’ examination of “Coping strategies,” and Kobasa’s investigation of “hardiness” were applied to collect the data needed for the present study. In this regard, 80 people were randomly selected from employees of offices in Qazvin, Iran. Results The results of this research indicated that there is a significant relationship between problem-focused strategies, emotion-focused strategies, hardiness, and occupational life quality in people suffering from Type II diabetes and healthy people (P ≤ 0.05). These results also indicated that hardiness does not predict occupational life quality of people suffering from Type II diabetes. Conclusions The results of the present study give some evidence that allows us to conclude that hardiness and coping strategies affect occupational life quality for both people suffering from Type II diabetes and healthy people. Therefore, it is proposed that people strengthen their hardiness and coping strategies, in order to improve their occupational life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safdar Karimi
- Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abhar, IR Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Sahar Daneshvar
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Marjan Ajami
- Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Marjan Ajami, Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9126719294; +98-2188577364, Fax: +98-2188675760, +98-2188675760, E-mail:
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Babaei S, Gharechahi M, Hatami Z, Ranjbar Varandi S. Metacognition and Body Image in Predicting Alexithymia in Substance Abusers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS & ADDICTION 2015; 4:e25775. [PMID: 26495262 PMCID: PMC4609502 DOI: 10.5812/ijhrba.25775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Substance dependency is one of the biggest problems and worries of the world. It stunts the growth of society and causes various problems such as reduction in public health, increase in mortality, rise in social and domestic traumas, loss of educational and occupational opportunities, involvement with the judicial system, and development of the substance-abuse cycle. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the role of metacognition and body image in predicting alexithymia in substance abusers. Patients and Methods: The research sample included addicts (males and females aged 10 to 70 years) who referred to the addiction treatment and counseling centers of three Iranian cities of Zahedan, Sari, and Neyriz. Participants were selected by random sampling. The metacognitive strategy questionnaire (MCQ-30), physical self-description questionnaire (PSDQ), and Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20) were used for data collection. The hypotheses were tested using the Pearson’s correlation method and regression analysis. Results: According to the results of the current study, the highest correlation was between alexithymia and the cognitive awareness subscale (r = 0.305; P < 0.01).There was no significant correlation between alexithymia and body image. Based on the multiple regression analysis, the three predictors explained 11% of the variance (R2 = 0. 11, F = 3.981; P < 0.01). Cognitive awareness significantly predicted 9% of the variance (β = 0.305; P < 0.01), and the other subscales predicted about 2%. Conclusions: These findings demonstrated that metacognition had an important role in predicting alexithymia in the substance abusers, which underscores the necessity of precautionary measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Babaei
- Deputy of Research and Technology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran
| | | | - Zohreh Hatami
- Training and Education Organization of Daregaz, Daregaz, IR Iran
| | - Shahryar Ranjbar Varandi
- Training and Education Organization of Sari, Sari, IR Iran ; Department of Clinical Psychology, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, IR Iran
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Sheikhi S, Issazadegan A, Norozy M, Saboory E. Relationships between alexithymia and Machiavellian personality beliefs among university students. BRITISH JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2015.1072128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Sheikhi
- Department of Psychiatry, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | | | - Ehsan Saboory
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Nazlo Road, Urmia 5756115111, Iran
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Bojner Horwitz E, Lennartsson AK, Theorell TPG, Ullén F. Engagement in dance is associated with emotional competence in interplay with others. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1096. [PMID: 26284016 PMCID: PMC4521297 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study has explored the relation between dance achievement and alexithymia in a larger Swedish population sample (Swedish Twin Registry) with a study sample of 5431 individuals. Dance achievement (CAQ) was assessed in relation to Alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale, TAS-20) including the three subscales: Difficulty Identifying Feelings (DIF), Difficulty Describing Feelings (DDF), and Externally Oriented Thinking (EOT). The results show a significant negative association between the TAS subscale (EOT) and creative achievement in dance. A high EOT score corresponds to poor ability to communicate feelings to the environment. There was no consistent association between the other factors DIF and DDF and dance achievement. Dance activity and training seem to be involved in the body’s emotional interplay with others. Embodied cognition, emotional perception, and action are discussed as factors relevant to measuring the skill of a dancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bojner Horwitz
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden ; Center for Social Sustainability, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Töres P G Theorell
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden ; Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ullén
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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Sajadi SF, Zargar Y, Mehrabizade Honarmand M, Arshadi N. Designing and Testing a Model of Some Precedents and Outcomes of Borderline Personality Disorder in High School Students of Shiraz. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/intjsh-26742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Babaei S, Ranjbar Varandi S, Hatami Z, Gharechahi M. Metacognition Beliefs and General Health in Predicting Alexithymia in Students. Glob J Health Sci 2015; 8:117-25. [PMID: 26383206 PMCID: PMC4804023 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v8n2p117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The present study was conducted to investigate the role of metacognition beliefs and general health in alexithymia in Iranian students. Methods: This descriptive and correlational study included 200 participants of high schools students, selected randomly from students of two cities (Sari and Dargaz), Iran. Metacognitive Strategies Questionnaire (MCQ-30); the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Farsi Version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) were used for gathering the data. Using the Pearson’s correlation method and regression, the data were analyzed. Results: The findings indicated significant positive relationships between alexithymia and all subscales of general health. The highest correlation was between alexithymia and anxiety subscale (r=0.36, P<0.01). Also, there was a significant negative relationship between alexithymia and some metacognitive strategies. The highest significant negative relationship was seen between alexithymia and the sub-scale of risk uncontrollability (r=-0.359, P < 0.01). Based on the results of multiple regressions, three predictors explained 21% of the variance (R2=0. 21, F=7.238, P<0.01). It was found that anxiety subscale of General Health significantly predicted 13% of the variance of alexithymia (β=0.36, P<0.01) and risk uncontrollability subscale of Metacognition beliefs predicted about 8% of the variance of alexithymia (β=-0.028, P<0.01). Conclusions: The findings demonstrated that metacognition beliefs and general health had important role in predicting of alexithymia in students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Babaei
- Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran..
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Predicting Borderline Personality Features on the Basis of Alexithymia and Attitude Toward Mother. RAZAVI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.5812/rijm.25027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Predicting Borderline Personality Features on the Basis of Alexithymia and Attitude Toward Mother. RAZAVI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.5812/rijm.3(2)2015.25027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Jamilian HR, Zamani N, Darvishi M, Khansari MR. Study of defensive methods and mechanisms in developmental, emotional (internalization), and disruptive behavior (externalization) disorders. Glob J Health Sci 2014; 6:109-15. [PMID: 25363187 PMCID: PMC4796512 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v6n7p109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We need to find a way for adaptation with inherent unpleasantness of being human condition and conflicts that it caused, as we did not fail. Methods that we used for adaptation are named defense. This research have performed with the aim of study and compare defensive mechanisms and methods of Developmental, Emotional (Internalization), and Disruptive behavior (Externalization) disorders. Method, sample of this research included 390 family that are by available sampling method are selected. Tools of research were structured clinical interview of forth cognitive and statistical guide of psychopathic disorders for axis I and the way used for assess defensive mechanisms is defensive method 40 question's questionnaires of Andrews (1993). The data are compared by statistical methods comparison of averages and one way variance analysis and HSD tests and results show that undeveloped defensive mechanisms in by developmental disorder family (25.2 ± 3.7) mean and standard deviation, it is most used mechanism and in disruptive behavior disorder family by (11.2 ± 1.9) mean and standard deviation is used least mechanism and in developed mechanism of emotional disorder family by (7.8 ± 3.1) mean and standard deviation is most used mechanism and in developmental disorder family by (4.3 ± 1.5) mean and standard deviation is least mechanism in neuroticism patient, social phobia affected emotional disorder family (15.6 ± 2.6) and disruptive behavior disorder family have least mean and standard deviation (9.2 ± 1.7) (p< 0.005). Recent research shows significant of study defensive mechanism in psychopathic family of disorder children that affecting on the way of life of persons and interpersonal and intrapersonal relations and method of solving problem in family of them in life, so defensive mechanisms require more attention.
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Faramarzi M, Salmalian H. Association of psychologic and nonpsychologic factors with primary dysmenorrhea. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 16:e16307. [PMID: 25389482 PMCID: PMC4222008 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.16307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Primary dysmenorrhea seems to be one the most common gynecologic condition in women of childbearing age. Objectives: The aim of this research was to evaluate psychologic and nonpsychologic risk factors of primary dysmenorrhea. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on medical sciences students of Babol University of Medical Sciences. In this study, 180 females with dysmenorrhea and 180 females without dysmenorrhea were enrolled. Psychological risk factors were evaluated in four domains including affect, social support, personality, and alexithymia. Four questionnaires were used to assessed aforementioned domains, namely, Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ), depression, anxiety, stress (DAS-21), 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and NEO-Five Factor Inventory of Personality (NEO-FFI). In addition, nonpsychologic factors were evaluated in three domains including demographic characteristics, habits, and gynecologic factors. Data were analyzed using the χ2 test and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The strongest predictor of primary dysmenorrhea was low social support (OR = 4.25; 95% CI, 2.43-7.41). Risk of dysmenorrhea was approximately 3.3 times higher in women with alexithymia (OR = 3.26; 95% CI, 1.88-5.62), 3.1 times higher in women with menstrual bleeding duration ≥ 7 days (OR = 3.06; 95% CI, 1.73-5.41), 2.5 times higher in women with a neurotic character (OR = 2.53; 95% CI, 1.42-4.50), 2.4 times higher in women with a family history of dysmenorrhea (OR = 2.43; 95% CI, 1.42-4.50), and twice higher in women with high caffeine intake (OR = 1.97; 95% CI, 1.09-3.59). Conclusions: Low social support, alexithymia, neuroticism trait, long menstrual bleeding, family history of dysmenorrhea, and high-caffeine diet are important risk factors for women with primary dysmenorrhea. This study recommended considering psychologic factors as an adjuvant to medical risks in evaluation and treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbobeh Faramarzi
- Fatemeh Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Midwifery, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran
| | - Hajar Salmalian
- Fatemeh Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Midwifery, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Hajar Salmalian, Fatemeh Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Midwifery, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9111122259, E-mail:
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The therapeutic effect of adding emotional awareness training to standard medical treatment for irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. J Psychiatr Pract 2014; 20:3-11. [PMID: 24419306 DOI: 10.1097/01.pra.0000442934.38704.3a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This randomized trial evaluated the therapeutic effect of emotional awareness training on the severity and frequency of pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Patients' level of alexithymia was also measured. METHOD The study involved 100 patients diagnosed with IBS according to the Rome-III criteria. Patients' mean age was 34.98 years (standard deviation 10.22 years) and 60% of the patients were female. Seventy eligible patients were assigned randomly to one of two treatment groups. One group received standard symptom-oriented medical treatment only (MT group), while the second group, termed the emotional awareness group (EMT), was educated to increase conscious awareness of eight primary emotions in addition to receiving standard symptom-oriented medical treatment. This study was conducted over 20 months. All patients received 5 weeks of symptom-oriented medical treatment; patients in the EMT group also had two emotion awareness training sessions and recorded their emotions in a daily diary. Sixty patients completed the study. RESULTS Patients with IBS scored significantly higher on all aspects of alexithymia compared with healthy controls. The severity of pain decreased significantly in both groups, with a larger percentage of the patients in the EMT group who completed the study having a significant decrease in pain (54% in the EMT group vs. 36% in the MT group); this finding was replicated in an intent-to-treat analysis. The same results were observed for frequency of pain in patients who completed the study (59% in the EMT group vs 43.4% in the MT group), but this finding was not replicated in an intent-to-treat analysis. These patterns were not influenced by level of alexithymia, age, or gender. CONCLUSION Adding emotional awareness training to medical treatment resulted in a better therapeutic response in abdominal pain in patients with IBS.
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The relationship between attachment styles and alexithymia: mediating role of defense mechanisms. Asian J Psychiatr 2013; 6:571-6. [PMID: 24309875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the mediating role of ego defense mechanisms on the relationship between attachment styles and alexithymia. Four hundred and forty-three Iranian high school students (213 boys, 230 girls) participated in this study. Participants completed Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ-40), Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI), and Farsi version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (FTAS-20). Results showed a significant negative correlation between secure attachment style and alexithymia, while avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles showed significant positive associations with alexithymia. Regression analysis indicated that defense mechanisms have a mediating role between attachment styles and alexithymia. It can be concluded that a mediation role of ego defense mechanisms on the relationship between attachment styles and alexithymia was partial.
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Tooyserkani MA, Besharat MA, Koochi S. The Moderating Role of Positive and Negative Affects on the Relationship Between Alexithymia and Experience of Pain in Chronic Pain Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ghalehban M, Besharat MA. Examination and Comparison of Alexithymia and Self-Regulation in Patients with Substance Abuse Disorder and Normal Individuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Mirjalili RA, Besharat MA, Koochi S. The Moderating Role of Self-Efficacy on the Relationship Between Alexithymia and Severity of Pain in Chronic Pain Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Besharat MA. Assessing Reliability and Validity of the Farsi Version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale in a Sample of Substance-Using Patients. Psychol Rep 2008; 102:259-70. [DOI: 10.2466/pr0.102.1.259-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate reliability and factorial validity of the Farsi version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale–20 (TAS–20) for 321 substance-abusing patients (187 men and 134 women). All were asked to complete the Farsi version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale–20, the Emotional Intelligence Scale, and The Mental Health Inventory. Analysis supported the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, and three-factor structure of the Farsi version of the TAS–20 for substance users. The factors are similar to the three reported previously and were labeled as Difficulty Identifying Feelings, Difficulty Describing Feelings, and Externally oriented Thinking. These results provide evidence for applicability of the TAS–20 and its cross-cultural validity
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