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Al-Hazeef MSF, Aidi A, Hecini L, Osman AI, Hasan GG, Althamthami M, Ziad S, Otmane T, Rooney DW. Valorizing date palm spikelets into activated carbon-derived composite for methyl orange adsorption: advancing circular bioeconomy in wastewater treatment-a comprehensive study on its equilibrium, kinetics, thermodynamics, and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:50493-50512. [PMID: 39096460 PMCID: PMC11364697 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Leveraging date palm spikelets (DPS) as a precursor, this study developed a DPS-derived composite (ZnO@DPS-AC) for water treatment, focusing on methyl orange (MO) removal. The composite was synthesized through ZnCl2 activation and pyrolysis at 600 °C. Comprehensive characterization was conducted using TGA, FTIR, XRD, SEM/EDS, and pHPZC. Characterization revealed a highly carbonaceous material (> 74% carbon) with significant porosity and surface functional groups. ZnO@DPS-AC demonstrated rapid MO removal, achieving over 45% reduction within 10 min and up to 99% efficiency under optimized conditions. The Langmuir model-calculated maximum adsorption capacity reached 226.81 mg/g at 20 °C. Adsorption mechanisms involved hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, and pore filling. The composite showed effectiveness in treating real wastewater and removing other pollutants. This study highlights the potential of agricultural waste valorization in developing efficient, sustainable adsorbents for water remediation, contributing to circular bioeconomy principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen S F Al-Hazeef
- Laboratory of LARGHYDE, University of Biskra, P.O. Box 145, 07000, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Amel Aidi
- Laboratory of LARGHYDE, University of Biskra, P.O. Box 145, 07000, Biskra, Algeria
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Biskra, P.O. Box 145, 07000, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Lynda Hecini
- Scientific and Technical Research Center for Arid Zones CRSTRA, University of Biskra, PO Box 145, 07000, Biskra, Algeria
- Laboratory of LARHYSS, University of Biskra, BP 145 RP, 07000, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Ahmed I Osman
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Gamil Gamal Hasan
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, 39000, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Althamthami
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Biskra, P.O. Box 145, 07000, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Sabrina Ziad
- Laboratory of LARHYSS, University of Biskra, BP 145 RP, 07000, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Tarik Otmane
- Scientific and Technical Research Center for Arid Zones CRSTRA, University of Biskra, PO Box 145, 07000, Biskra, Algeria
| | - David W Rooney
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK
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Rakib M, Baddam Y, Subeshan B, Sengul AB, Asmatulu E. Fabrication of spirulina based activated carbons for wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:1109-1123. [PMID: 36263868 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2138557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The lack of safe drinking water is among the main problems to be faced by many areas of the world due to climate change, unrestrained population increases, and unsustainable usage of water sources. Therefore, research projects focusing on water quality, pollution, and control for sustainable water sources are in high demand to manage any unexpected changes in water sources. Drinking water sources may be contaminated with organic and inorganic chemicals, disinfection by-products, and microorganisms. Different treatment processes to remove these contaminants from water may be limited because of their high costs and time-consuming or require a multiple-barrier approach to improving performance. Therefore, there is a great need to develop an effective process for removing impurities. The primary objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of algae-based activated carbons and develop a unique, low-cost sustainable process for wastewater treatment. Activated carbons were produced from pelletised algae powder using carbonisation and chemical activation. Chemical activation was carried out with calcium chloride (CaCl2) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as chemical agents. Furthermore, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) along with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to analyse the morphology, surface area, as well as the porosity of the prepared activated carbons to build a water column filter. Based on the results, algae-based carbon with CaCl2 activation provided a better surface area (197.7486 m2/g) and cumulative pore volume (0.105284 cm3/g). The filtration process using algae-based activated carbon can be a promising technique for water treatment with some further improvement and modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Rakib
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Yeshaswini Baddam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | | | - Ayse B Sengul
- Southern Polytechnique College of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Civil and Construction Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Eylem Asmatulu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
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Raut ER, Bedmohata Thakur MA, Chaudhari AR. Study of synthesis and characterization of raw bagasse, its char and activated carbon prepared using chemical additive. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 87:2233-2249. [PMID: 37186627 PMCID: wst_2023_134 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the use of naturally available raw material as sugarcane bagasse (SB) to prepare cost-effective activated carbon. Activated carbon preparation from SB by using ZnCl2 was carried out by chemical activation method. The raw bagasse, its char and activated carbon were characterized on the basis of iodine number, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area to check their effectiveness. During activated carbon synthesis, the impregnation ratio of SB and ZnCl2 was maintained at 1:1-1:3 and activation temperature was in the range of 600-900 °C for 1 h. From the characterization study, the highest iodine adsorption of activated carbon was found to be 1140.69 mg/g with a 1:2 ratio at 900 °C whereas char gives an iodine number of 529.63 mg/g at the same temperature. The BET surface area of raw bagasse, its char and activated carbon (SB-Zn2-900) obtained was 4.30, 514.27 and 1386.58 m2/g, respectively, which shows charrification and chemical activation improves surface area. The optimum ratio of impregnation and activation temperature was found to be 1:2 at 900 °C. In this work, activated carbon was successfully prepared and obtained product has better characteristics than previously reported studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta R Raut
- G H Raisoni University, Amravati, 444701, India E-mail: ; G H Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur, 440016, India
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Pérez-Huertas S, Calero M, Ligero A, Pérez A, Terpiłowski K, Martín-Lara MA. On the use of plastic precursors for preparation of activated carbons and their evaluation in CO 2 capture for biogas upgrading: a review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 161:116-141. [PMID: 36878040 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In circular economy, useful plastic materials are kept in circulation as opposed to being landfilled, incinerated, or leaked into the natural environment. Pyrolysis is a chemical recycling technique useful for unrecyclable plastic wastes that produce gas, liquid (oil), and solid (char) products. Although the pyrolysis technique has been extensively studied and there are several installations applying it on the industrial scale, no commercial applications for the solid product have been found yet. In this scenario, the use of plastic-based char for the biogas upgrading may be a sustainable way to transform the solid product of pyrolysis into a particularly beneficial material. This paper reviews the preparation and main parameters of the processes affecting the final textural properties of the plastic-based activated carbons. Moreover, the application of those materials for the CO2 capture in the processes of biogas upgrading is largely discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pérez-Huertas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - M Calero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - A Ligero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - A Pérez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - K Terpiłowski
- Department of Interfacial Phenomena, Maria Curie Skłodowska University, M. Curie Skłodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - M A Martín-Lara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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Yaacob NA, Khasri A, Mohd Salleh NH, Mohd Jamir MR. Optimization of AC/TiO 2-Cu ternary composite preparation with enhanced UV light activity for adsorption–photodegradation of metronidazole via RSM-CCD. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2022.2143367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Azduwin Khasri
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Jamir
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
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Adsorption Isotherm and Kinetic Study of Methane on Palm Kernel Shell-Derived Activated Carbon. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Phadungbut P, Koo-amornpattana W, Bumroongsri P, Ratchahat S, Kunthakudee N, Jonglertjunya W, Chalermsinsuwan B, Hunsom M. Adsorptive purification of CO2/H2 gas mixtures of spent disposable wooden chopstick-derived activated carbon: Optimal synthesis condition. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sirajo L, Ahmad Zaini MA. Adsorption of water pollutants using H 3PO 4-activated lignocellulosic agricultural waste: a mini review. TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2062775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawal Sirajo
- Centre of Lipids Engineering & Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu-Sina Institute for Scientific & Industrial Research (ISI-SIR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, 81310, Malaysia
- School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, 81310, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnics, PMB, 2021, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini
- Centre of Lipids Engineering & Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu-Sina Institute for Scientific & Industrial Research (ISI-SIR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, 81310, Malaysia
- School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, 81310, Malaysia
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The Effect of the Modification of Carbon Spheres with ZnCl2 on the Adsorption Properties towards CO2. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041387. [PMID: 35209176 PMCID: PMC8875341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc chloride and potassium oxalate are often applied as activating agents for carbon materials. In this work, we present the preparation of ZnO/carbon spheres composites using resorcinol-formaldehyde resin as a carbon source in a solvothermal reactor heated with microwaves. Zinc chloride as a zinc oxide source and potassium oxalate as an activating agent were applied. The effect of their addition and preparation conditions on the adsorption properties towards carbon dioxide at 0 °C and 25 °C were investigated. Additionally, for all tested sorbents, the CO2 sorption tests at 40 °C, carried out utilizing a thermobalance, confirmed the trend of sorption capacity measured at 0 and 25 °C. Furthermore, the sample activated using potassium oxalate and modified using zinc chloride (a carbon-to-zinc ratio equal to 10:1) displayed not only a high CO2 adsorption capacity (2.69 mmol CO2/g at 40 °C) but also exhibited a stable performance during the consecutive multicycle adsorption–desorption process.
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Development and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Olive Pomace: Experimental Design, Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies in Nimesulide Adsorption. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14226820. [PMID: 34832222 PMCID: PMC8622804 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The lack of adequate treatment for the removal of pollutants from domestic, hospital and industrial effluents has caused great environmental concern. Therefore, there is a need to develop materials that have the capacity to treat these effluents. This work aims to develop and characterize an activated charcoal from olive pomace, which is an agro-industrial residue, for adsorption of Nimesulide in liquid effluent and to evaluate the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium using experimental design. The raw material was oven dried at 105 °C for 24 h, ground, chemically activated in a ratio of 1:0.8:0.2 of olive pomace, zinc chloride and calcium hydroxide and thermally activated by pyrolysis in a reactor of stainless steel at 550 °C for 30 min. The activated carbon was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) method, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), density and zero charge potential analysis. The surface area obtained was 650.9 m2 g−1. The kinetic and isothermal mathematical models that best described the adsorption were PSO and Freundlich and the highest adsorption capacity obtained was 353.27 mg g−1. The results obtained showed the good performance of activated carbon produced from olive pomace as an adsorbent material and demonstrated great potential for removing emerging contaminants such as Nimesulide.
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Amran F, Ahmad Zaini MA. Correlations between pore textures of activated carbons and Langmuir constants – case studies on methylene blue and congo red adsorption. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1848871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fadina Amran
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu-Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research (ISI-SIR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu-Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research (ISI-SIR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
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An Evaluation of the Reliability of the Results Obtained by the LBET, QSDFT, BET, and DR Methods for the Analysis of the Porous Structure of Activated Carbons. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13183929. [PMID: 32899491 PMCID: PMC7576490 DOI: 10.3390/ma13183929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an analysis of the impact of the activator to the product of carbonized materials mass ratio on the porous structure of activated carbons prepared from mahogany, ebony, and hornbeam wood by carbonization and chemical activation with potassium hydroxide. The analyses were carried out on nitrogen adsorption isotherms using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Dubinin-Radushkevitch (DR), and Quenched Solid Density Functional Theory (QSDFT) methods, as well as the numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis (LBET) method. The activated carbons with the best adsorption properties and homogeneous surfaces were prepared at a mass ratio of R = 3. The analyses suggest the significant potential of producing adsorbents characterized by a large surface area and adsorptive capacity from raw materials such as mahogany, ebony, and hornbeam wood. The analyses in question also included an evaluation of the usability and reliability of the results obtained with the employed methods of structural analysis. Particular focus was placed on the limitations of adsorption models and on critically analyzing the output data. Our study shows the unique advantages of the LBET method compared to the other methods used. The LBET method allowed us, for example, to determine the degree of heterogeneity of the surface of the studied activated carbons and the shape of the clusters of adsorbate molecules formed in the pores of the studied material, as well as obtain information about the distribution of adsorption energy on the first adsorbed layer. This study also demonstrates the limitations of the methods used and the necessity to use LBET and QSDFT methods simultaneously for porous structural analysis. The simultaneous analysis of the adsorption isotherms via the LBET and the QSDFT methods makes it possible to choose the optimal preparation conditions while considering the properties of the original raw material. The analyses also suggest the complementary character of the employed methods and the scope of the useful and reliable information that can be obtained with these methods.
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Twigs-derived activated carbons via H 3PO 4/ZnCl 2 composite activation for methylene blue and congo red dyes removal. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14050. [PMID: 32820209 PMCID: PMC7441319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This work is aimed at evaluating the conversion of Pterocarpus indicus twigs into activated carbon via composite chemical activation for methylene blue and congo red dyes adsorption. The activated carbons were prepared by single-step chemical activation using zinc chloride and/or phosphoric acid at different mass impregnation ratios at 600 °C for 90 min. The activated carbons were characterized for textural properties and surface chemistry. The batch adsorption was investigated at different concentrations (5–1,000 mg/L), contact times (2–540 min) and temperatures (30–60 °C). Phosphoric acid-activated twigs carbon showed a high surface area of 1,445 m2/g with maximum methylene blue adsorption capacity of 438 mg/g. On the other hand, a composite-activated carbon yields a 217 mg/g of congo red removal. The adsorption data for both dyes fitted well with Langmuir and pseudo-second-order kinetics models, indicating the predominance of chemical adsorption through monolayer coverage of dye molecules on the homogenous surface of activated carbon. The thermodynamics properties of dye adsorption onto twigs-derived activated carbons indicated that the process is endothermic, spontaneous and favourable at high temperature. Overall, activated carbons derived from Pterocarpus indicus twigs could be effectively used for dye wastewater treatment.
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