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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Kulesza R, Greenough GP, García-Rojas E, Revueltas-Ficachi P, Rico-Villanueva A, Flores-Vázquez JO, Brito-Aguilar R, Ramírez-Sánchez S, Vacaseydel-Aceves N, Cortes-Flores AP, Mansour Y, Torres-Jardón R, Villarreal-Ríos R, Koseoglu E, Stommel EW, Mukherjee PS. Fall Risk, Sleep Behavior, and Sleep-Related Movement Disorders in Young Urbanites Exposed to Air Pollution. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:847-862. [PMID: 36502327 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quadruple aberrant hyperphosphorylated tau, amyloid-β, α-synuclein, and TDP-43 pathology had been documented in 202/203 forensic autopsies in Metropolitan Mexico City ≤40-year-olds with high exposures to ultrafine particulate matter and engineered nanoparticles. Cognition deficits, gait, equilibrium abnormalities, and MRI frontal, temporal, caudate, and cerebellar atrophy are documented in young adults. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify an association between falls, probable Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder (pRBD), restless leg syndrome (RLS), and insomnia in 2,466 Mexican, college-educated volunteers (32.5±12.4 years). METHODS The anonymous, online study applied the pRBD and RLS Single-Questions and self-reported night-time sleep duration, excessive daytime sleepiness, insomnia, and falls. RESULTS Fall risk was strongly associated with pRBD and RLS. Subjects who fell at least once in the last year have an OR = 1.8137 [1.5352, 2.1426] of answering yes to pRBD and/or RLS questions, documented in 29% and 24% of volunteers, respectively. Subjects fell mostly outdoors (12:01 pm to 6:00 pm), 43% complained of early wake up hours, and 35% complained of sleep onset insomnia (EOI). EOI individuals have an OR of 2.5971 [2.1408, 3.1506] of answering yes to the RLS question. CONCLUSION There is a robust association between falls, pRBD, and RLS, strongly suggesting misfolded proteinopathies involving critical brainstem arousal and motor hubs might play a crucial role. Nanoparticles are likely a significant risk for falls, sleep disorders, insomnia, and neurodegenerative lethal diseases, thus characterizing air particulate pollutants' chemical composition, emission sources, and cumulative exposure concentrations are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randy Kulesza
- Auditory Research Center, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA
| | - Glen P Greenough
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover NH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yusra Mansour
- Department of Otolaryngology -Head and Neck Surgery, Henry Ford Macomb Hospital, Clinton Township, MI, USA
| | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional, Autónoma de México, México
| | | | - Emel Koseoglu
- Neurology Department, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Elijah W Stommel
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover NH, USA
| | - Partha S Mukherjee
- Interdisciplinary Statistical Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
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Environmentally Toxic Solid Nanoparticles in Noradrenergic and Dopaminergic Nuclei and Cerebellum of Metropolitan Mexico City Children and Young Adults with Neural Quadruple Misfolded Protein Pathologies and High Exposures to Nano Particulate Matter. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10040164. [PMID: 35448425 PMCID: PMC9028025 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Quadruple aberrant hyperphosphorylated tau, beta-amyloid, α-synuclein and TDP-43 neuropathology and metal solid nanoparticles (NPs) are documented in the brains of children and young adults exposed to Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) pollution. We investigated environmental NPs reaching noradrenergic and dopaminergic nuclei and the cerebellum and their associated ultrastructural alterations. Here, we identify NPs in the locus coeruleus (LC), substantia nigrae (SN) and cerebellum by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) in 197 samples from 179 MMC residents, aged 25.9 ± 9.2 years and seven older adults aged 63 ± 14.5 years. Fe, Ti, Hg, W, Al and Zn spherical and acicular NPs were identified in the SN, LC and cerebellar neural and vascular mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, neuromelanin, heterochromatin and nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) along with early and progressive neurovascular damage and cerebellar endothelial erythrophagocytosis. Strikingly, FeNPs 4 ± 1 nm and Hg NPs 8 ± 2 nm were seen predominantly in the LC and SN. Nanoparticles could serve as a common denominator for misfolded proteins and could play a role in altering and obstructing NPCs. The NPs/carbon monoxide correlation is potentially useful for evaluating early neurodegeneration risk in urbanites. Early life NP exposures pose high risk to brains for development of lethal neurologic outcomes. NP emissions sources ought to be clearly recognized, regulated, and monitored; future generations are at stake.
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Love SA, Haslin E, Bellardie M, Andersson F, Barantin L, Filipiak I, Adriaensen H, Fazekas CL, Leroy L, Zelena D, Morisse M, Elleboudt F, Moussu C, Lévy F, Nowak R, Chaillou E. Maternal deprivation and milk replacement affect the integrity of gray and white matter in the developing lamb brain. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:214-232. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Love
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE Université de Tours PRC Nouzilly France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Csilla L. Fazekas
- Institute of Experimental Medicine Budapest Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary
| | - Laurène Leroy
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE Université de Tours PRC Nouzilly France
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Institute of Experimental Medicine Budapest Hungary
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre Institute of Physiology Medical School University of Pécs Pécs Hungary
| | - Mélody Morisse
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE Université de Tours PRC Nouzilly France
| | | | | | - Frédéric Lévy
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE Université de Tours PRC Nouzilly France
| | - Raymond Nowak
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE Université de Tours PRC Nouzilly France
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Association of plasma tryptophan concentration with periaqueductal gray matter functional connectivity in migraine patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:739. [PMID: 35031640 PMCID: PMC8760301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) functional connectivity contributes to brain hyperexcitability in migraine. Although tryptophan modulates neurotransmission in PAG projections through its metabolic pathways, the effect of plasma tryptophan on PAG functional connectivity (PAG-FC) in migraine has not been investigated yet. In this study, using a matched case-control design PAG-FC was measured during a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging session in migraine without aura patients (n = 27) and healthy controls (n = 27), and its relationship with plasma tryptophan concentration (TRP) was assessed. In addition, correlations of PAG-FC with age at migraine onset, migraine frequency, trait-anxiety and depressive symptoms were tested and the effect of TRP on these correlations was explored. Our results demonstrated that migraineurs had higher TRP compared to controls. In addition, altered PAG-FC in regions responsible for fear-cascade and pain modulation correlated with TRP only in migraineurs. There was no significant correlation in controls. It suggests increased sensitivity to TRP in migraine patients compared to controls. Trait-anxiety and depressive symptoms correlated with PAG-FC in migraine patients, and these correlations were modulated by TRP in regions responsible for emotional aspects of pain processing, but TRP did not interfere with processes that contribute to migraine attack generation or attack frequency.
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Yu H, Miao W, Ji E, Huang S, Jin S, Zhu X, Liu MZ, Sun YG, Xu F, Yu X. Social touch-like tactile stimulation activates a tachykinin 1-oxytocin pathway to promote social interactions. Neuron 2022; 110:1051-1067.e7. [PMID: 35045339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that affective and pleasant touch promotes individual well-being and facilitates affiliative social communication, although the neural circuit that mediates this process is largely unknown. Here, we show that social-touch-like tactile stimulation (ST) enhances firing of oxytocin neurons in the mouse paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) and promotes social interactions and positively reinforcing place preference. These results link pleasant somatosensory stimulation to increased social interactions and positive affective valence. We further show that tachykinin 1 (Tac1+) neurons in the lateral and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (l/vlPAG) send monosynaptic excitatory projections to PVH oxytocin neurons. Functionally, activation of PVH-projecting Tac1+ neurons increases firing of oxytocin neurons, promotes social interactions, and increases preference for the social touch context, whereas reducing activity of Tac1+ neurons abolishes ST-induced oxytocin neuronal firing. Together, these results identify a dipeptidergic pathway from l/vlPAG Tac1+ neurons to PVH oxytocin neurons, through which pleasant sensory experience promotes social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wanying Miao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - En Ji
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shajin Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Sen Jin
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xutao Zhu
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan-Gang Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and Peking University McGovern Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Autism Research Center of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China.
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Enhanced Expectation of External Sensations of the Chest Regulates the Emotional Perception of Fearful Faces. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070946. [PMID: 34356181 PMCID: PMC8306575 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional perception can be shaped by inferences about bodily states. Here, we investigated whether exteroceptive inferences about bodily sensations in the chest area influence the perception of fearful faces. Twenty-two participants received pseudo-electrical acupuncture stimulation at three different acupoints: CV17 (chest), CV23 (chin), and PC6 (left forearm). All stimuli were delivered with corresponding visual cues, and the control condition included visual cues that did not match the stimulated body sites. After the stimulation, the participants were shown images with one of five morphed facial expressions, ranging from 100% fear to 100% disgust, and asked to classify them as fearful or disgusted. Brain activity was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging during the facial expression classification task. When the participants expected that they would receive stimulation of the chest (CV17), the ratio of fearful to non-fearful classifications decreased compared to the control condition, and brain activities within the periaqueductal gray and the default mode network decreased when they viewed fearful faces. Our findings suggest that bodily sensations around the chest, but not the other tested body parts, were selectively associated with fear perception and that altering external inferences inhibited the perception of fearful faces.
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Rajkumar RP, Stommel EW, Kulesza R, Mansour Y, Rico-Villanueva A, Flores-Vázquez JO, Brito-Aguilar R, Ramírez-Sánchez S, García-Alonso G, Chávez-Franco DA, Luévano-Castro SC, García-Rojas E, Revueltas-Ficachi P, Villarreal-Ríos R, Mukherjee PS. Brainstem Quadruple Aberrant Hyperphosphorylated Tau, Beta-Amyloid, Alpha-Synuclein and TDP-43 Pathology, Stress and Sleep Behavior Disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6689. [PMID: 34206224 PMCID: PMC8297352 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Quadruple aberrant hyperphosphorylated tau (p-τ), amyloid-β peptide, alpha-synuclein and TDP-43 brainstem and supratentorial pathology are documented in forensic ≤40y autopsies in Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC), and p-τ is the major aberrant protein. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with an elevated risk of subsequent dementia, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is documented in PD, AD, Lewy body dementia and ALS. This study aimed to identify an association between PTSD and potential pRBD in Mexico. An anonymous online survey of 4502 urban college-educated adults, 29.3 ± 10.3 years; MMC, n = 1865; non-MMC, n = 2637, measured PTSD symptoms using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and pRBD symptoms using the RBD Single-Question. Over 50% of the participants had IES-R scores ≥33 indicating probable PTSD. pRBD was identified in 22.6% of the participants across Mexico and 32.7% in MMC residents with PTSD. MMC subjects with PTSD had an OR 2.6218 [2.5348, 2.7117] of answering yes to the pRBD. PTSD and pRBD were more common in women. This study showed an association between PTSD and pRBD, strengthening the possibility of a connection with misfolded proteinopathies in young urbanites. We need to confirm the RBD diagnosis using an overnight polysomnogram. Mexican women are at high risk for stress and sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Universidad del Valle de México, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; (A.R.-V.); (J.O.F.-V.); (R.B.-A.); (S.R.-S.); (G.G.-A.); (D.A.C.-F.); (S.C.L.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (P.R.-F.)
| | - Ravi Philip Rajkumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India;
| | - Elijah W. Stommel
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;
| | - Randy Kulesza
- Auditory Research Center, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA;
| | - Yusra Mansour
- Henry Ford Macomb, Department of Otolaryngology—Facial Plastic Surgery, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA;
| | - Adriana Rico-Villanueva
- Universidad del Valle de México, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; (A.R.-V.); (J.O.F.-V.); (R.B.-A.); (S.R.-S.); (G.G.-A.); (D.A.C.-F.); (S.C.L.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (P.R.-F.)
| | - Jorge Orlando Flores-Vázquez
- Universidad del Valle de México, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; (A.R.-V.); (J.O.F.-V.); (R.B.-A.); (S.R.-S.); (G.G.-A.); (D.A.C.-F.); (S.C.L.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (P.R.-F.)
| | - Rafael Brito-Aguilar
- Universidad del Valle de México, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; (A.R.-V.); (J.O.F.-V.); (R.B.-A.); (S.R.-S.); (G.G.-A.); (D.A.C.-F.); (S.C.L.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (P.R.-F.)
| | - Silvia Ramírez-Sánchez
- Universidad del Valle de México, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; (A.R.-V.); (J.O.F.-V.); (R.B.-A.); (S.R.-S.); (G.G.-A.); (D.A.C.-F.); (S.C.L.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (P.R.-F.)
| | - Griselda García-Alonso
- Universidad del Valle de México, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; (A.R.-V.); (J.O.F.-V.); (R.B.-A.); (S.R.-S.); (G.G.-A.); (D.A.C.-F.); (S.C.L.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (P.R.-F.)
| | - Diana A. Chávez-Franco
- Universidad del Valle de México, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; (A.R.-V.); (J.O.F.-V.); (R.B.-A.); (S.R.-S.); (G.G.-A.); (D.A.C.-F.); (S.C.L.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (P.R.-F.)
| | - Samuel C. Luévano-Castro
- Universidad del Valle de México, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; (A.R.-V.); (J.O.F.-V.); (R.B.-A.); (S.R.-S.); (G.G.-A.); (D.A.C.-F.); (S.C.L.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (P.R.-F.)
| | - Edgar García-Rojas
- Universidad del Valle de México, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; (A.R.-V.); (J.O.F.-V.); (R.B.-A.); (S.R.-S.); (G.G.-A.); (D.A.C.-F.); (S.C.L.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (P.R.-F.)
| | - Paula Revueltas-Ficachi
- Universidad del Valle de México, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; (A.R.-V.); (J.O.F.-V.); (R.B.-A.); (S.R.-S.); (G.G.-A.); (D.A.C.-F.); (S.C.L.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (P.R.-F.)
| | | | - Partha S. Mukherjee
- Interdisciplinary Statistical Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India;
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Hammond J, Kulesza R, Lachmann I, Torres-Jardón R, Mukherjee PS, Maher BA. Quadruple abnormal protein aggregates in brainstem pathology and exogenous metal-rich magnetic nanoparticles (and engineered Ti-rich nanorods). The substantia nigrae is a very early target in young urbanites and the gastrointestinal tract a key brainstem portal. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110139. [PMID: 32888951 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) exposures are linked with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD,PD). AD and PD neuropathological hallmarks are documented in children and young adults exposed lifelong to Metropolitan Mexico City air pollution; together with high frontal metal concentrations (especially iron)-rich nanoparticles (NP), matching air pollution combustion- and friction-derived particles. Here, we identify aberrant hyperphosphorylated tau, ɑ synuclein and TDP-43 in the brainstem of 186 Mexico City 27.29 ± 11.8y old residents. Critically, substantia nigrae (SN) pathology seen in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and neuromelanin (NM) is co-associated with the abundant presence of exogenous, Fe-, Al- and Ti-rich NPs.The SN exhibits early and progressive neurovascular unit damage and mitochondria and NM are associated with metal-rich NPs including exogenous engineered Ti-rich nanorods, also identified in neuroenteric neurons. Such reactive, cytotoxic and magnetic NPs may act as catalysts for reactive oxygen species formation, altered cell signaling, and protein misfolding, aggregation and fibril formation. Hence, pervasive, airborne and environmental, metal-rich and magnetic nanoparticles may be a common denominator for quadruple misfolded protein neurodegenerative pathologies affecting urbanites from earliest childhood. The substantia nigrae is a very early target and the gastrointestinal tract (and the neuroenteric system) key brainstem portals. The ultimate neural damage and neuropathology (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and TDP-43 pathology included) could depend on NP characteristics and the differential access and targets achieved via their portals of entry. Thus where you live, what air pollutants you are exposed to, what you are inhaling and swallowing from the air you breathe,what you eat, how you travel, and your occupational longlife history are key. Control of NP sources becomes critical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jessica Hammond
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism and Paleomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Randy Kulesza
- Auditory Research Center, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA
| | | | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Barbara A Maher
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism and Paleomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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