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Elmahy RA, Moustafa AY, Radwan NA. Toxocara canis: Prospective activity of Quercetin and venom of Cassiopea andromeda (Cnidaria: Cassiopeidae) against third-stage larvae in vitro. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 341:991-1001. [PMID: 38973302 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a zoonotic parasitic infection with worldwide distribution and high impact on human health. It has a limited clinical resolution with the available drugs, making it challenging to treat. Quercetin, which possesses biological and pharmacological qualities including antiparasitic, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, is a possible substitute for the current medications. Marine invertebrates can produce a vast array of different molecules, many of which are biologically active substances with distinct characteristics. In this study, we assessed the in vitro nematocidal effect of both quercetin and venom of Cassiopea andromeda (jellyfish) against third larvae of Toxocara canis. In microplates with Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640 medium, larvae were incubated with ethanolic extract of quercetin (0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.08, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mM/mL) and water extract of C. andromeda venom (15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 60 µg/mL) to evaluate their larvicidal effect. A scanning electron microscopy has investigated the possible effect of lethal concentration (LC90) of both extracts on the body wall of cultivated larvae, in comparison with those cultivated in albendazole. Our study revealed the effects of both quercetin and C. andromeda venom exposure on the mortality rate and the ultrastructure of T. canis third larva in comparison with control and albendazole-treated groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha A Elmahy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Alaa Y Moustafa
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Nahla A Radwan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Lalthanpuii PB, Lalchhandama K. Antiparasitic activity of the steroid-rich extract of Schima wallichii against poultry cestode. Vet World 2024; 17:1299-1306. [PMID: 39077457 PMCID: PMC11283620 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1299-1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Schima wallichii Korth., commonly known as the needlewood tree (family Theaceae) has therapeutic uses in traditional Mizo medicine for human helminthiasis and serves as a balm against ectoparasites in animals. Although the medicinal properties have been studied experimentally, its use as a traditional anthelmintic remains unexplored. This study aimed to analyze the chemical components and antiparasitic activity of S. wallichii. Materials and Methods The chemical analysis of S. wallichi bark extracts was conducted focusing on the secondary metabolites using petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the specific compounds. An anthelmintic susceptibility test was carried out against Raillietina tetragona, intestinal cestode parasite of fowl. Results The methanol extract yielded the highest concentrations of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, sterols, saponins, and tannins among all the extracts. Sterols were the most abundant compounds in all extracts, with flavonoids being absent. Secondary metabolites were largely absent in the petroleum ether and chloroform extracts. The GC-MS data identified cholest-22-ene-21-ol as the major steroid component. The cestode parasite was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by the plant extract. The plant extract's anthelmintic activity was evident through observable damage to the parasite's outer structure. Conclusion Phytosterols in S. wallichii bark are responsible for its anthelmintic properties. The mechanism and pharmaceutical properties of the anthelmintic molecule require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawi Bawitlung Lalthanpuii
- DBT-BUILDER National Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Kholhring Lalchhandama
- DBT-BUILDER National Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
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Memariani H, Memariani M, Ghasemian A. Quercetin as a Promising Antiprotozoan Phytochemical: Current Knowledge and Future Research Avenues. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 2024:7632408. [PMID: 38456097 PMCID: PMC10919984 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7632408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite tremendous advances in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, only few antiparasitic drugs have been developed to date. Protozoan infections such as malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis continue to exact an enormous toll on public health worldwide, underscoring the need to discover novel antiprotozoan drugs. Recently, there has been an explosion of research into the antiprotozoan properties of quercetin, one of the most abundant flavonoids in the human diet. In this review, we tried to consolidate the current knowledge on the antiprotozoal effects of quercetin and to provide the most fruitful avenues for future research. Quercetin exerts potent antiprotozoan activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens such as Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., Plasmodium spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Trichomonas spp., and Toxoplasma gondii. In addition to its immunomodulatory roles, quercetin disrupts mitochondrial function, induces apoptotic/necrotic cell death, impairs iron uptake, inhibits multiple enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis and the glycolytic pathways, suppresses the activity of DNA topoisomerases, and downregulates the expression of various heat shock proteins in these pathogens. In vivo studies also show that quercetin is effective in reducing parasitic loads, histopathological damage, and mortality in animals. Future research should focus on designing effective drug delivery systems to increase the oral bioavailability of quercetin. Incorporating quercetin into various nanocarrier systems would be a promising approach to manage localized cutaneous infections. Nevertheless, clinical trials are needed to validate the efficacy of quercetin in treating various protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Memariani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Memariani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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Anwar FS, Abdel-Malek AR, Salem SH, Farouk M, Ali MF, Abdelrady YA, Sayed AM. In vitro and In silico assessment of antischistosomal activities of ethanolic extract of Cornulacamonacantha. Exp Parasitol 2023; 254:108631. [PMID: 37820894 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is the second most prevailing parasitic disease worldwide. Although praziquantel is considered an effective drug in the treatment against schistosomiasis to some extent, there is an emerging drug resistance that widely recorded. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective and safe anti-schistosomal drugs. In this study, Cornulaca monacantha (C. monacantha), a sub-saharan plant, was extracted using aqueous ethanol and characterized by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Major constituents of the extract are belonging to flavonoids, tannins and phenolic glycosides. Worms' viability and surface morphology of Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) adult worms treated with the extract were assessed using in vitro viability assay, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and histological examination. The extract (80-350 μg/ml) reduced viability percentage of worms by 40-60% and caused degeneration of both oral and ventral suckers, tegumental, sub-tegumental and muscular damage. Molecular docking approach was utilized to assess the binding affinities of the extracted compounds with S. mansoni alpha-carbonic anhydrase (SmCA), an essential tegument protein. Pharmacokinetic analysis using SwissADME showed that 7 compounds have high drug similarity. This study confirms the in vitro schistomicidal activity of C. monacantha extract against S. mansoni adult worms and suggests potential SmCA inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- FatmaA S Anwar
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516, Egypt
| | | | - Shimaa H Salem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Farouk
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, New Valley University, 72511, Egypt
| | - Marwa F Ali
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Yousef A Abdelrady
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt; University of Hamburg, Institute of Pharmacy, 20146, Germany
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516, Egypt.
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Mahmoudvand H, Khalaf AK, Rajabi PZ, Karbasian N, Ghasemian Yadegari J. Leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory activities of the formononetin (a natural isoflavone) against Leishmania tropica. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:120. [PMID: 37365655 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work aimed to examine the leishmanicidal, cellular mechanisms and cytotoxicity effects of formononetin (FMN), a natural isoflavone, against Leishmania tropica. We used the MTT assay to determine the leishmanicidal effects of FMN against promastigotes and its cytotoxicity effects on J774-A1 macrophage cells. The Griess reaction assay and quantitative real-time PCR were used to determine the nitric oxide (NO) and the mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ and iNOS in infected J774-A1 macrophage cells. RESULTS FMN significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the viability and number of promastigotes and amastigotes forms. The 50% inhibitory concentrations value for FMN and glucantime was 9.3 and 14.3 µM for promastigote and amastigote, respectively. We found that the macrophages exposed with FMN especially at concentrations of 1/2 IC50 and IC50 significantly activated the NO release and the mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ, iNOS. The findings of the current research showed the favorable antileishmanial effects formononetin, a natural isoflavone, against various stages of L. tropica through inhibition of infectivity rate of macrophage cells and triggering the NO production and cellular immunity. However, supplementary works are essential to evaluate the ability and safety of FMN in animal model before use in the clinical phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mahmoudvand
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Amal Khudair Khalaf
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Thiqar, Thiqar, Iraq
| | - Pouya Zareh Rajabi
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Nooshin Karbasian
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Javad Ghasemian Yadegari
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
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Dastyar Haghighi S, Khudair Khalaf A, Mahmoudvand H, Adineh A, Maleki AM, Ghasemian Yadegari J. Antiparasitic Effects and Cellular Mechanisms of Formononetin (a Natural Isoflavone) Against Hydatid Cyst Protoscoleces. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2023. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp-129302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The chemical agents applied to reduce the complications of hydatid cyst surgery are not free of side effects. Formononetin (FMN), as a natural isoflavone, has been shown to have various therapeutic benefits. Objectives: We studied the in vitro and ex vivo protoscolicidal activity and cellular mechanisms of FMN against hydatid cyst protoscoleces. Methods: Formononetin at 75, 150, and 300 μg/mL was mixed with hydatid cyst protoscoleces (103/mL), and the viability was determined in 5 to 60 min through eosin staining assay. The effect of FMN on caspase-3 activity was tested through a commercial colorimetric protease kit. In addition, the penetrability of the plasma membrane of protoscoleces after exposure to FMN was also determined by the SYTOX assay. Results: Formononetin at 300 μg/mL completely destroyed hydatid cyst protoscoleces after 30 minutes. While at 150 μg/mL, after 60 minutes of contact, 100% of protoscoleces were eliminated. By ex vivo assay, FMN showed its antiparasitic effect for longer periods. Based on these results, FMN at 300 μg/mL concentration completely eliminated hydatid cyst protoscoleces after 60 minutes of exposure. While at a concentration of 150 μg/mL after 60 minutes, 89.6% of protoscoleces were destroyed. Formononetin noticeably increased (P < 0.001) the activity of caspase-3 and the permeability of protoscoleces dose-dependently. Conclusions: Formononetin as a natural product showed promising effects on the protoscoleces of hydatid cysts, indicating that it can be considered a valuable scolicidal agent. However, additional investigations are necessary to evaluate its efficacy in animal models and human subjects.
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Biochanin A in murine Schistosoma mansoni infection: effects on inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e16. [PMID: 36740983 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x22000839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biochanin A (BCA) is a multifunctional natural compound that possesses anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and hepatoprotective effects. The aim of the study was to assess the therapeutic efficacy of BCA on Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. Fifty mice were divided into six different groups as non-infected, non-infected BCA-treated, infected untreated, early infected BCA-treated (seven days post-infection (dpi)), late infected BCA-treated 60 dpi and infected praziquantel (PZQ)-treated groups. Parasitological, histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) were investigated in liver sections. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) gene expression of S. mansoni was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). A single dose of BCA significantly reduced worm burden in early (82.14%) and late infection (77.74%), mean tissue egg load in early (7.27 ± 0.495) and late BCA administration (7.63 ± 0.435) and decreased granuloma size. CYP450 mRNA expression was significantly reduced in early BCA treatment as compared to late treatment which emphasizes that early administration of BCA had more pronounced effects on worms than late administration. Both early and late BCA administration led to significant reduction in inflammatory cytokines as TGF and iNOS. Although the reduction of TGF and iNOS in BCA-treated mice was superior to PZQ, no statistically significant differences were noted. However, a significant downregulation of COX2 was noted in hepatocytes as compared to both infected control and PZQ-treated mice. BCA has schistosomicidal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-fibrotic effects and could be regarded as a potential drug in schistosomiasis treatment.
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In vitro antileishmanial activity and molecular docking studies of lupeol and monostearin, isolated from Parkia biglobosa. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Shah M, Murad W, Mubin S, Ullah O, Rehman NU, Rahman MH. Multiple health benefits of curcumin and its therapeutic potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:43732-43744. [PMID: 35441996 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20137-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Turmeric, or Curcuma longa as it is formally named, is a multifunctional plant with numerous names. It was dubbed "the golden spice" and "Indian saffron" not only for its magnificent yellow color, but also for its culinary use. Turmeric has been utilized in traditional medicine since the dawn of mankind. Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, which are all curcuminoids, make up turmeric. Although there have been significant advancements in cancer treatment, cancer death and incidence rates remain high. As a result, there is an increasing interest in discovering more effective and less hazardous cancer treatments. Curcumin is being researched for its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-metabolic syndrome, neuroprotective, and antibacterial properties. Turmeric has long been used as a home remedy for coughs, sore throats, and other respiratory problems. As a result, turmeric and its compounds have the potential to be used in modern medicine to cure a variety of diseases. In this current review, we highlighted therapeutic potential of curcumin and its multiple health benefits on various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muddaser Shah
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa, 616, Oman
| | - Waheed Murad
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Mubin
- Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, 21310, Pakistan
| | - Obaid Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18800, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Ur Rehman
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa, 616, Oman.
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Korea
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Evolutionary Adaptations of Parasitic Flatworms to Different Oxygen Tensions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061102. [PMID: 35739999 PMCID: PMC9220675 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the evolution of the Earth, the increase in the atmospheric concentration of oxygen gave rise to the development of organisms with aerobic metabolism, which utilized this molecule as the ultimate electron acceptor, whereas other organisms maintained an anaerobic metabolism. Platyhelminthes exhibit both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism depending on the availability of oxygen in their environment and/or due to differential oxygen tensions during certain stages of their life cycle. As these organisms do not have a circulatory system, gas exchange occurs by the passive diffusion through their body wall. Consequently, the flatworms developed several adaptations related to the oxygen gradient that is established between the aerobic tegument and the cellular parenchyma that is mostly anaerobic. Because of the aerobic metabolism, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is produced in abundance. Catalase usually scavenges H2O2 in mammals; however, this enzyme is absent in parasitic platyhelminths. Thus, the architecture of the antioxidant systems is different, depending primarily on the superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and peroxiredoxin enzymes represented mainly in the tegument. Here, we discuss the adaptations that parasitic flatworms have developed to be able to transit from the different metabolic conditions to those they are exposed to during their life cycle.
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da Silva SVS, Barboza OM, Souza JT, Soares ÉN, dos Santos CC, Pacheco LV, Santos IP, Magalhães TBDS, Soares MBP, Guimarães ET, Meira CS, Costa SL, da Silva VDA, de Santana LLB, de Freitas Santos Júnior A. Structural Design, Synthesis and Antioxidant, Antileishmania, Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Activities of a Novel Quercetin Acetylated Derivative. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226923. [PMID: 34834016 PMCID: PMC8623808 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin (Q) is a bioflavonoid with biological potential; however, poor solubility in water, extensive enzymatic metabolism and a reduced bioavailability limit its biopharmacological use. The aim of this study was to perform structural modification in Q by acetylation, thus, obtaining the quercetin pentaacetate (Q5) analogue, in order to investigate the biological potentials (antioxidant, antileishmania, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities) in cell cultures. Q5 was characterized by FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR spectra. The antioxidant potential was evaluated against the radical ABTS•+. The anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated by measuring the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and the production of nitric oxide (NO) in peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice. Cytotoxicity tests were performed using the AlamarBlue method in cancer cells HepG2 (human hepatocarcinoma), HL-60 (promyelocytic leukemia) and MCR-5 (healthy human lung fibroblasts) as well as the MTT method for C6 cell cultures (rat glioma). Q and Q5 showed antioxidant activity of 29% and 18%, respectively, which is justified by the replacement of hydroxyls by acetyl groups. Q and Q5 showed concentration-dependent reductions in NO and TNF production (p < 0.05); Q and Q5 showed higher activity at concentrations > 40µM when compared to dexamethasone (20 µM). For the HL-60 lineage, Q5 demonstrated selectivity, inducing death in cancer cells, when compared to the healthy cell line MRC-5 (IC50 > 80 µM). Finally, the cytotoxic superiority of Q5 was verified (IC50 = 11 µM), which, at 50 µM for 24 h, induced changes in the morphology of C6 glioma cells characterized by a round body shape (not yet reported in the literature). The analogue Q5 had potential biological effects and may be promising for further investigations against other cell cultures, particularly neural ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Vislei Simões da Silva
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia (UNEB), Salvador 41150-000, BA, Brazil; (S.V.S.d.S.); (O.M.B.); (L.V.P.); (T.B.d.S.M.); (E.T.G.); (C.S.M.); (L.L.B.d.S.)
| | - Orlando Maia Barboza
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia (UNEB), Salvador 41150-000, BA, Brazil; (S.V.S.d.S.); (O.M.B.); (L.V.P.); (T.B.d.S.M.); (E.T.G.); (C.S.M.); (L.L.B.d.S.)
| | - Jéssica Teles Souza
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40231-300, BA, Brazil; (J.T.S.); (É.N.S.); (C.C.d.S.); (S.L.C.); (V.D.A.d.S.)
| | - Érica Novaes Soares
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40231-300, BA, Brazil; (J.T.S.); (É.N.S.); (C.C.d.S.); (S.L.C.); (V.D.A.d.S.)
| | - Cleonice Creusa dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40231-300, BA, Brazil; (J.T.S.); (É.N.S.); (C.C.d.S.); (S.L.C.); (V.D.A.d.S.)
| | - Luciano Vasconcellos Pacheco
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia (UNEB), Salvador 41150-000, BA, Brazil; (S.V.S.d.S.); (O.M.B.); (L.V.P.); (T.B.d.S.M.); (E.T.G.); (C.S.M.); (L.L.B.d.S.)
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil; (I.P.S.); (M.B.P.S.)
| | | | - Tatiana Barbosa dos Santos Magalhães
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia (UNEB), Salvador 41150-000, BA, Brazil; (S.V.S.d.S.); (O.M.B.); (L.V.P.); (T.B.d.S.M.); (E.T.G.); (C.S.M.); (L.L.B.d.S.)
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil; (I.P.S.); (M.B.P.S.)
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
| | - Elisalva Teixeira Guimarães
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia (UNEB), Salvador 41150-000, BA, Brazil; (S.V.S.d.S.); (O.M.B.); (L.V.P.); (T.B.d.S.M.); (E.T.G.); (C.S.M.); (L.L.B.d.S.)
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil; (I.P.S.); (M.B.P.S.)
| | - Cássio Santana Meira
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia (UNEB), Salvador 41150-000, BA, Brazil; (S.V.S.d.S.); (O.M.B.); (L.V.P.); (T.B.d.S.M.); (E.T.G.); (C.S.M.); (L.L.B.d.S.)
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil; (I.P.S.); (M.B.P.S.)
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
| | - Silvia Lima Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40231-300, BA, Brazil; (J.T.S.); (É.N.S.); (C.C.d.S.); (S.L.C.); (V.D.A.d.S.)
| | - Victor Diógenes Amaral da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40231-300, BA, Brazil; (J.T.S.); (É.N.S.); (C.C.d.S.); (S.L.C.); (V.D.A.d.S.)
| | - Lourenço Luís Botelho de Santana
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia (UNEB), Salvador 41150-000, BA, Brazil; (S.V.S.d.S.); (O.M.B.); (L.V.P.); (T.B.d.S.M.); (E.T.G.); (C.S.M.); (L.L.B.d.S.)
| | - Aníbal de Freitas Santos Júnior
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia (UNEB), Salvador 41150-000, BA, Brazil; (S.V.S.d.S.); (O.M.B.); (L.V.P.); (T.B.d.S.M.); (E.T.G.); (C.S.M.); (L.L.B.d.S.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +55-71-3117-5313
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Di Chio C, Previti S, De Luca F, Allegra A, Zappalà M, Ettari R. Drug combination studies of PS-1 and quercetin against rhodesain of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:4282-4286. [PMID: 34533390 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1978993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rhodesain is a cysteine protease crucial for the survival of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, the parasite able to induce the acute lethal form of Human African Trypanosomiasis. PS-1 is a synthetic peptidyl inhibitor of rhodesain, characterised by a picomolar binding affinity (Ki = 1.1 pM). Thus, considering the well-known antiparasitic properties of quercetin, in this study, we decided to carry out drug combination studies of PS-1 and quercetin against rhodesain, according to Chou and Talalay method, which allowed us to obtain for the most relevant fa values a nearly additive effect for the reduction of rhodesain activity from 40% to 90%, thus considering a promising strategy their use in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Di Chio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Santo Previti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Fabiola De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Pathological Anatomy and Oncology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Kreshchenko N, Terenina N, Ermakov A. Serotonin Signalling in Flatworms: An Immunocytochemical Localisation of 5-HT 7 Type of Serotonin Receptors in Opisthorchis felineus and Hymenolepis diminuta. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1212. [PMID: 34439878 PMCID: PMC8394519 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study is dedicated to the investigation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and 5-HT7 type serotonin receptor of localisation in larvae of two parasitic flatworms Opisthorchis felineus (Rivolta, 1884) Blanchard, 1895 and Hymenolepis diminuta Rudolphi, 1819, performed using the immunocytochemical method and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Using whole mount preparations and specific antibodies, a microscopic analysis of the spatial distribution of 5-HT7-immunoreactivity(-IR) was revealed in worm tissue. In metacercariae of O. felineus 5-HT7-IR was observed in the main nerve cords and in the head commissure connecting the head ganglia. The presence of 5-HT7-IR was also found in several structures located on the oral sucker. 5-HT7-IR was evident in the round glandular cells scattered throughout the larva body. In cysticercoids of H. diminuta immunostaining to 5-HT7 was found in flame cells of the excretory system. Weak staining to 5-HT7 was observed along the longitudinal and transverse muscle fibres comprising the body wall and musculature of suckers, in thin longitudinal nerve cords and a connective commissure of the central nervous system. Available publications on serotonin action in flatworms and serotonin receptors identification were reviewed. Own results and the published data indicate that the muscular structures of flatworms are deeply supplied by 5-HT7-IR elements. It suggests that the 5-HT7 type receptor can mediate the serotonin action in the investigated species and is an important component of the flatworm motor control system. The study of the neurochemical basis of parasitic flatworms can play an important role in the solution of fundamental problems in early development of the nervous system and the evolution of neuronal signalling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kreshchenko
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Terenina
- Center of Parasitology A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Artem Ermakov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
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Křen V. Chirality Matters: Biological Activity of Optically Pure Silybin and Its Congeners. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157885. [PMID: 34360650 PMCID: PMC8346157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the specific biological effects of optically pure silymarin flavo-nolignans, mainly silybins A and B, isosilybins A and B, silychristins A and B, and their 2,3-dehydro derivatives. The chirality of these flavonolignans is also discussed in terms of their analysis, preparative separation and chemical reactions. We demonstrated the specific activities of the respective diastereomers of flavonolignans and also the enantiomers of their 2,3-dehydro derivatives in the 3D anisotropic systems typically represented by biological systems. In vivo, silymarin flavonolignans do not act as redox antioxidants, but they play a role as specific ligands of biological targets, according to the "lock-and-key" concept. Estrogenic, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiviral, and antiparasitic effects have been demonstrated in optically pure flavonolignans. Potential application of pure flavonolignans has also been shown in cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes and modulation of multidrug resistance activity by these compounds are discussed in detail. The future of "silymarin applications" lies in the use of optically pure components that can be applied directly or used as valuable lead structures, and in the exploration of their true molecular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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