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Selyemová D, Antolová D, Mangová B, Jarošová J, Ličková M, Havlíková SF, Sláviková M, Tarageľová VR, Derdáková M. Cats as a sentinel species for human infectious diseases - toxoplasmosis, trichinellosis, and COVID-19. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2024; 6:100196. [PMID: 39055483 PMCID: PMC11269282 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
In this study, serological screening for Toxoplasma gondii, Trichinella spp., and SARS-CoV-2 in domestic cats was conducted, aiming to identify their exposure to the mentioned pathogens and to assess the risk of potential human infection. In total, serum samples from 481 (310 owned and 171 shelter cats) were collected in Bratislava from September 2020 to September 2021, a period that included the initial outbreak wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study showed a 37.4% (135/441) seroprevalence of T. gondii with a slightly lower seropositivity in shelter cats (35.9%; 61/170) than in owned cats (38.4%; 104/271), but this difference was not statistically significant. Overall, the seroprevalence of Trichinella spp. was 2.0% (9/441), with animals from shelters being positive but not significantly more often (2.9%; 5/170) than owned cats (1.5%; 4/271). SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected in 2.7% (13/481) of cat sera (2.9% in shelter cats; 2.6% in owned cats). Among ten samples positive by virus neutralisation assay, two were positive for the B.1 variant. The presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in buccal and rectal swabs (n = 239) was not detected. The seroprevalence of almost 40% for T. gondii in cats suggests a non-negligible risk of human infection. The study confirmed the possibility of Trichinella spp. infection in cats, and thus the possibility of infection spreading between the sylvatic and synanthropic cycle via this animal species. The presented results also showed that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is likely to circulate in cat populations in Slovakia, not only in cats that may have been in contact with infected persons, but also in shelter cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Selyemová
- Institute of Zoology, SAS, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 06, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Antolová
- Institute of Parasitology, SAS, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Barbara Mangová
- Institute of Zoology, SAS, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 06, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Júlia Jarošová
- Institute of Parasitology, SAS, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martina Ličková
- Biomedical Research Center, SAS, Institute of Virology, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sabína Fumačová Havlíková
- Biomedical Research Center, SAS, Institute of Virology, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Sláviková
- Biomedical Research Center, SAS, Institute of Virology, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Markéta Derdáková
- Institute of Zoology, SAS, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 06, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Petrová M, Hurníková Z, Lauková A, Dvorožňáková E. Antiparasitic Activity of Enterocin M and Durancin-like from Beneficial Enterococci in Mice Experimentally Infected with Trichinella spiralis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:923. [PMID: 38792753 PMCID: PMC11123709 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Beneficial/probiotic strains protect the host from pathogens by competitive displacement and production of antibacterial substances, i.e., bacteriocins. The antiparasitic potential of bacteriocins/enterocins and their producing strains in experimental murine trichinellosis were tested as a new therapeutic strategy. Enterocin M and Durancin-like and their producers Enterococcus faecium CCM8558 and Enterococcus durans ED26E/7 were administered daily to mice that were challenged with Trichinella spiralis. Our study confirmed the antiparasitic effect of enterocins/enterococci, which reduced the number of adults in the intestine (Enterocin M-43.8%, E. faecium CCM8558-54.5%, Durancin-like-16.4%, E. durans ED26E/7-35.7%), suppressed the Trichinella reproductive capacity ex vivo (Enterocin M-61%, E. faecium CCM8558-74%, Durancin-like-38%, E. durans ED26E/7-66%), and reduced the number of muscle larvae (Enterocin M-39.6%, E. faecium CCM8558-55.7%, Durancin-like-15%, E. durans ED26E/7-36.3%). The direct effect of enterocins on Trichinella fecundity was documented by an in vitro test in which Durancin-like showed a comparable reducing effect to Enterocin M (40-60%) in contrast to the ex vivo test. The reducing activity of T.spiralis infection induced by Enterocin M was comparable to its strain E. faecium CCM8558; Durancin-like showed lower antiparasitic activity than its producer E. durans ED26E/7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Petrová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (M.P.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zuzana Hurníková
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (M.P.); (Z.H.)
| | - Andrea Lauková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Emília Dvorožňáková
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (M.P.); (Z.H.)
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Khedr SI, Gomaa MM, Mogahed NMFH, Gamea GA, Khodear GAM, Sheta E, Soliman NAH, El Saadany AA, Salama AM. Trichinella spiralis: A new parasitic target for curcumin nanoformulas in mice models. Parasitol Int 2024; 98:102810. [PMID: 37730195 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Trichinosis spiralis is a global disease with significant economic impact. Albendazole is the current-treatment. Yet, the world-widely emerging antimicrobial resistance necessitates search for therapeutic substitutes. Curcumin is a natural compound with abundant therapeutic benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of crude-curcumin, chitosan and for the first time curcumin-nano-emulsion and curcumin-loaded-chitosan-nanoparticles against Trichinella spiralis adults and larvae in acute and chronic trichinosis models. Trichinosis spiralis was induced in 96 Swiss-albino mice. Infected mice were divided into 2 groups. Group I constituted the acute model, where treatment started 2 h after infection for 5 successive days. Group II constituted the chronic model, where treatment started at the 30th day-post-infection and continued for 10 successive days (Refer to graphical abstract). Each group contained 8 subgroups that were designated Ia-Ih and IIa-IIh and included; a; Untreated-control, b; Albendazole-treated (Alb-treated), c; Crude-curcumin-treated (Cur-treated), d; Curcumin-nanoemulsion-treated (Cur-NE-treated), e; Albendazole and crude-curcumin-treated (Alb-Cur-treated), f; Albendazole and curcumin-nanoemulsion-treated (Alb-Cur-NE-treated), g; Chitosan-nanoparticles-treated (CS-NPs-treated) and h; Curcumin-loaded-chitosan-nanoparticles-treated (Cur-CS-NPs-treated). Additionally, six mice constituted control-uninfected group III. The effects of the used compounds on the parasite tegument, in-vivo parasitic load-worm burden, local pathology and MDA concentration in small intestines of acutely-infected and skeletal muscle of chronically-infected mice were studied. Results showed that albendazole was effective, yet, its combination with Cur-NE showed significant potentiation against adult worms and muscle larvae and alleviated the pathology in both models. Cur-CS-NPs exhibited promising results in both models. Crude-curcumin showed encouraging results especially against muscle larvae on long-term use. Treatments effectively reduced parasite load, local MDA level and CD31 expression with anti-inflammatory effect in intestine and muscle sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Ibrahim Khedr
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Maha Mohamed Gomaa
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | | | - Ghada A Gamea
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Gehan A M Khodear
- Medical technology center, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Eman Sheta
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Nada A H Soliman
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | | | - Amina M Salama
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
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Saleh AS, El-Newary SA, Mohamed WA, Elgamal AM, Farah MA. Pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo subsp. ovifera) decoction promotes Trichinella spiralis expulsion during intestinal phase via "Weep and Sweep" mechanism. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1548. [PMID: 38233460 PMCID: PMC10794180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichinosis is a zoonotic disease of communal health concern as it instigated human outbreaks in several countries. Besides, the development of resistance, traditional therapy has numerous antagonistic effects. Thereby, finding efficient natural alternatives is required. In comparison to albendazole, this study evaluated the impact of pumpkin decoction on Trichinella spiralis in experimentally infected mice. The anthelmintic action of pumpkin decoction (500 mg/kg) was determined using T. spiralis infected mice in enteric phase for 5 days. Pumpkin decoction anthelmintic activity fortified by mixing with honey (1:1). Pumpkin decoction and Pumpkin decoction-honey mixture were evaluated by comprising with reference drug, albendazole (50 mg/kg). The T. spiralis adult count was significantly lower in all treated groups, with the pumpkin decoction-honey mixture showing the largest reduction (83.2%) when compared to the infected group (P ≤ 0.001). The intestinal histological changes and the level of COX-2 expression in the intestinal tissue were both significantly reduced in the same group. The pumpkin decoction improved the immune response, as evidenced by a significant decrease in nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and a significant increase in the expression of the transforming growth factor (TGF-1β) and interleukin-17 (IL-17). The pumpkin decoction's anthelmintic action was facilitated by the TGF-1β and IL-17-driven Weep and Sweep mechanism. Both administration of pumpkin decoction beside honey showed the best treatment group that resulted in high infection reduction besides amelioration of biochemical markers and restoration of histological to normal state. In conclusion, pumpkin decoction is highly effective against T. spiralis which could be a promising alternative herbal drug and the pumpkin decoction effect was higher in the case of combination with honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aml S Saleh
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Samah A El-Newary
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former EL Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Mohamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelbaset M Elgamal
- Department of Chemistry of Microbial and Natural Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona A Farah
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Salama MA, Alabiad MA, Saleh AA. Impact of resveratrol and zinc on biomarkers of oxidative stress induced by Trichinella spiralis infection. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e100. [PMID: 38099459 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a re-emerging worldwide foodborne zoonosis. Oxidative stress is one of the most common detrimental effects caused by trichinellosis. In addition, Trichinella infection poses an infinite and major challenge to the host's immune system. Resistance and side effects limit the efficiency of the existing anti-trichinella medication. Given that concern, this work aimed to investigate the anti-helminthic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of resveratrol and zinc during both phases of Trichinella spiralis infection. Sixty-four Swiss albino mice were divided into four equal groups: non-infected control, infected control, infected and treated with resveratrol, and infected and treated with zinc. Animals were sacrificed on the 7th and 35th days post-infection for intestinal and muscular phase assessments. Drug efficacy was assessed by biochemical, parasitological, histopathological, immunological, and immunohistochemical assays. Resveratrol and zinc can be promising antiparasitic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory agents, as evidenced by the significant decrease in parasite burden, the significant improvement of liver and kidney function parameters, the increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) level, the increase in nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like-2 factor expression, and the improvement in histopathological findings. Moreover, both drugs enhanced the immune system and restored the disturbed immune balance by increasing the interleukin 12 (IL-12) level. In conclusion, resveratrol and zinc provide protection for the host against oxidative harm and the detrimental effects produced by the host's defense response during Trichinella spiralis infection, making them promising natural alternatives for the treatment of trichinellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Salama
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - M A Alabiad
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - A A Saleh
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Khalifa MM, Ramadan RM, Youssef FS, Auda HM, El-Bahy MM, Taha NM. Trichinocidal activity of a novel formulation of curcumin-olive oil nanocomposite in vitro. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 41:100880. [PMID: 37208086 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin-olive oil nanocomposite (CO-NC), a novel formulation of nano-curcumin, was produced and characterized. By evaluating the death rate and DNA damage inflicted on adult Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) worms using the comet test and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, the effectiveness of the substance against these worms was assessed in vitro. The mortality effects of CO-NC on the parasite adult worms were increased with the upgrading in the concentration and exposure time from 1 to 24 h using concentrations from 10 to 100 ppm. LC50 was determined to be 10.0 ppm/18 h, 20.0 ppm/9 h, 40.0 ppm/6 h, 80.0 ppm/2 h, and 100.0 ppm/1 h, while LC100 was 40.0 ppm/24 h, 80.0 ppm/12 h, and 100.0 ppm/6 h. The comet assay was utilized to examine DNA damage in control and dead worms exposed to varying doses. A direct correlation (P ≤ 0.05) was found between the increase in CO-NC dose and the degree of DNA damage as indicated by alterations in DNA % in the tail segment, tail length (μm), tail moment (μm), and olive tail moment with the control samples. The sub-epidermal layer was detached, the cuticle was partially sloughed off, and the usual creases, ridges, and annulations were altered in the T. spiralis exposed worms. As a result, the tested new trichinocidal drug formulation of nano-curcumin on an oil base was confirmed to be an efficient, secure, and environmentally friendly alternative. The medication has the potential to severely and irreversibly harm the DNA and ultrastructural morphology of adult worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Khalifa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 1221 Giza, Egypt
| | - Reem M Ramadan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 1221 Giza, Egypt.
| | - Fady Sayed Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Hend M Auda
- Department of Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M El-Bahy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 1221 Giza, Egypt
| | - Noha Madbouly Taha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Jiang Y, Zong Y, Du Y, Zhang M, Ye F, Zhang J, Yang Y, Zhu C, Tang Z. Curcumin inhibits the pruritus in mice through mast cell MrgprB2 receptor. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:933-945. [PMID: 36997814 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin is a diketone compound extracted from the rhizomes of some plants in the Zingiberaceae and Araceae family. It possesses a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. However, the cellular and molecular antipruritic mechanisms of curcumin remain to be explored. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to study the role of curcumin in pruritus and determine whether its antipruritic effect is related to MrgprB2 receptor. METHODS The effect of curcumin on pruritus in mice was examined by scratching behavior test. The antipruritic mechanism of curcumin was explored by using transgenic mice (MrgprB2-/- mice, MrgprB2CreTd/tomato mice), histological analysis, western blot and immunofluorescence. In addition, the relationship between curcumin and MrgprB2/X2 receptor was studied in vitro by using calcium imaging, plasmid transfection and molecular docking RESULTS: In the current study, we found that curcumin had obvious antipruritic effect. Its antipruritic effect was related to the regulation of MrgprB2 receptor activation and mast cells tryptase release. In vitro, mouse peritoneal mast cells activated by compound 48/80 could be inhibited by curcumin. In addition, curcumin was also found to suppress the calcium flux in MrgprX2 or MrgprB2-overexpression HEK cells induced by compound 48/80, substance P, and PAMP 9-20, displaying the specific relation with the MrgprB2/X2 receptor. Moreover, molecular docking results showed that curcumin had affinity to MrgprX2 protein. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results indicated that curcumin has the potential to treat pruritus induced by mast cell MrgprB2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Jiang
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Chinese Medicine and School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingxin Zong
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Du
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Ye
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chan Zhu
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongxiang Tang
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Li Z, Dong S, Huang S, Sun Y, Sun Y, Zhao B, Qi Q, Xiong L, Hong F, Jiang Y. Role of CD34 in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1144980. [PMID: 37051017 PMCID: PMC10083274 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1144980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is caused by a variety of pathogenic factors, including chronic recurrent inflammation of the ileum, rectum, and colon. Immune cells and adhesion molecules play an important role in the course of the disease, which is actually an autoimmune disease. During IBD, CD34 is involved in mediating the migration of a variety of immune cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells) to the inflammatory site, and its interaction with various adhesion molecules is involved in the occurrence and development of IBD. Although the function of CD34 as a partial cell marker is well known, little is known on its role in IBD. Therefore, this article describes the structure and biological function of CD34, as well as on its potential mechanism in the development of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Li
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Virus-Related Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Shuyan Dong
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Virus-Related Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shichen Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yingzhi Sun
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Virus-Related Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Beibei Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Qiulan Qi
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Virus-Related Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- *Correspondence: Yuxin Jiang, ; Feng Hong, ; Lei Xiong,
| | - Feng Hong
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Yuxin Jiang, ; Feng Hong, ; Lei Xiong,
| | - Yuxin Jiang
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Virus-Related Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Yuxin Jiang, ; Feng Hong, ; Lei Xiong,
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