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Asencio P, Moreno FJ, Hernández-Davó JL, Sabido R. Effects of variable intensity and constant intensity flywheel resistance training programs on specific soccer players' performance. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1375438. [PMID: 38872837 PMCID: PMC11169896 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1375438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Resistance training programs play a crucial role in optimizing soccer performance. The aim of this study is to compare performance outcomes in sport-specific tasks after implementing two different flywheel resistance training (FRT) programs: variable intensity (VI) and constant intensity (CI). Seventeen (n = 17) amateur footballers were divided into VI and CI groups with the same training volume. For the VI group, a decrease in inertial load was implemented every four sessions, whereas the CI group maintained a constant load during the entire program. After different familiarization sessions and testing (sprint, change of direction, jump, one-repetition maximum and flywheel strength variables), ten sessions of FRT were performed over 5 weeks. Both groups showed similar improvements in the one-repetition maximum (p < 0.01) but the CI group had significant improvements in the 10-m sprint (p = 0.04; ES = 0.72), emphasizing the potential benefits of medium inertial loads to maximize power and specificity in sport tasks. However, no significant differences were observed in the countermovement jump, change of direction and 30-m sprint, possibly attributed to neuromuscular fatigue from a high-volume training schedule and friendly matches. The study highlights the importance of considering training load distribution in FRT programs. The findings emphasize the need for complementary training to maximize the jump and change of direction abilities and caution against high-volume training and friendly match scenarios. In conclusion, FRT programs, whether varying in intensity or not, can yield medium-term performance improvements for soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Asencio
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Moreno
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Sabido
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
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Parrino RL, Martinez KJ, Konlian JA, Conti JM, Signorile JF. Leg Press and Chest Press Power Normative Values by Half Decade in Older Women. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:991-998. [PMID: 38241469 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Parrino, RL, Martinez, KJ, Konlian, JA, Conti, JM, and Signorile, JF. Leg press and chest press power normative values by half decade in older women. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 991-998, 2024-Neuromuscular power is essential for the performance of most activities of daily living and the maintenance of functional independence throughout the aging process. Power declines rapidly in later life; however, this decline may be reduced or delayed with early detection and intervention. Therefore, this study provides leg press and chest press power normative values for older women. Women's power data for this analysis included 229 participants, 60-90 years of age. Power testing was conducted on Keiser A420 pneumatic leg press and chest press machines following a standardized protocol. Data were stratified into half-decade age groups and analyzed using a 1-way ANOVA. Descriptive statistics and quartile rankings are reported, and significant differences between age groups are outlined. There were significant differences in absolute and relative leg press peak power between the age groups ( p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in absolute or relative chest press peak power between the age groups. This research established normative values and quartile rankings for leg press and chest press power in older women 60-90 years of age, allowing comparative evaluations with patients and subjects by clinicians and researchers, respectively. These values should improve exercise interventions designed to improve power production by providing assessments of subjects' current status and allowing comprehensive monitoring of progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia L Parrino
- Department of Kinesiology and Sports Sciences, Laboratory of Neuromuscular Research and Active Aging, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
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Beato M, de Keijzer KL, Muñoz-Lopez A, Raya-González J, Pozzo M, Alkner BA, Dello Iacono A, Vicens-Bordas J, Coratella G, Maroto-Izquierdo S, Gonzalo-Skok O, McErlain-Naylor SA, Martin-Rivera F, Hernandez-Davo JL, Arrones LS, Sabido R, de Hoyo M, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Norrbrand L. Current Guidelines for the Implementation of Flywheel Resistance Training Technology in Sports: A Consensus Statement. Sports Med 2024; 54:541-556. [PMID: 38175461 PMCID: PMC10978721 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flywheel resistance training has become more integrated within resistance training programs in a variety of sports due to the neuromuscular, strength, and task-specific enhancements reported with this training. OBJECTIVE This paper aimed to present the consensus reached by internationally recognized experts during a meeting on current definitions and guidelines for the implementation of flywheel resistance training technology in sports. METHODS Nineteen experts from different countries took part in the consensus process; 16 of them were present at the consensus meeting (18 May 2023) while three submitted their recommendations by e-mail. Prior to the meeting, evidence summaries were developed relating to areas of priority. This paper discusses the available evidence and consensus process from which recommendations were made regarding the appropriate use of flywheel resistance training technology in sports. The process to gain consensus had five steps: (1) performing a systematic review of systematic reviews, (2) updating the most recent umbrella review published on this topic, (3) first round discussion among a sample of the research group included in this consensus statement, (4) selection of research group members-process of the consensus meeting and formulation of the recommendations, and (5) the consensus process. The systematic analysis of the literature was performed to select the most up-to-date review papers available on the topic, which resulted in nine articles; their methodological quality was assessed according to AMSTAR 2 (Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Review 2) and GRADE (Grading Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation). Statements and recommendations scoring 7-9 were considered appropriate. RESULTS The recommendations were based on the evidence summary and researchers' expertise; the consensus statement included three statements and seven recommendations for the use of flywheel resistance training technology. These statements and recommendations were anonymously voted on and qualitatively analyzed. The three statements reported a score ranging from 8.1 to 8.8, and therefore, all statements included in this consensus were considered appropriate. The recommendations (1-7) had a score ranging from 7.7 to 8.6, and therefore, all recommendations were considered appropriate. CONCLUSIONS Because of the consensus achieved among the experts in this project, it is suggested that practitioners and researchers should adopt the guidelines reported in this consensus statement regarding the use of flywheel resistance technology in sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK.
| | | | - Alejandro Muñoz-Lopez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Marco Pozzo
- Master de Fútbol, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- SmartCoach Technologies, Inc., Seville, Spain
| | - Björn A Alkner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eksjö, Region Jönköping County, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Antonio Dello Iacono
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland
| | - Jordi Vicens-Bordas
- Sport, Exercise, and Human Movement (SEaHM), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Oliver Gonzalo-Skok
- Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Martin-Rivera
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Rafael Sabido
- Sport Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Moises de Hoyo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Performance Department, Aston Villa Football Club, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Norrbrand
- Division of Environmental Physiology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
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Younes-Egaña O, Bird SP, Calleja-González J. From Theory to Practice: A Worldwide Cross-Sectional Survey About Flywheel Training in Basketball. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:185-194. [PMID: 38134893 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the global implementation of flywheel training (FT) by basketball strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches in various contexts, encompassing daily practice, games, and sessions. METHODS Survey data were collected from 117 basketball S&C coaches who participated in a 24-question online survey. The survey was structured into 6 key areas, including country and competition, S&C coach context, training methodology, flywheel and competition, postactivation performance enhancement, and recovery. RESULTS Notably, all respondents emphasized the necessity of a familiarization period with flywheel technology, with a substantial 96% indicating that FT yielded improved player performance on the court. The predominant mention was the conical pulley system. During the season, the prevalent approach involved integrating FT into training twice a week, allocating <15 minutes per session, often in conjunction with traditional strength training. A diverse array of lower-body closed kinetic chain exercises were reported, encompassing squats, decelerations, and backward lunges. Intriguingly, FT implementation on match days was unlikely (77%), with the primary aims cited as injury prevention (34%) and enhancing players' strength levels during various phases of the regular season (27%). CONCLUSIONS Recognizing its inherent limitations, this descriptive study provides valuable contextual insights and practical applications for professional basketball practitioners grappling with the utilization of FT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen P Bird
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD, Australia
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Shimizu T, Tsuchiya Y, Ueda H, Izumi S, Ochi E. Effects of single and repeated bouts of flywheel exercise on jump performance and muscle damage in athletes and non athletes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:9. [PMID: 38167075 PMCID: PMC10763137 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although recent studies have investigated the effects of flywheel (FW) training on muscle function, the effects of transient FW exercise on jump performance in athletes are unknown. This study examined the effects of single and repeated bouts of FW squat exercises on jump performance and muscle damage in male collegiate basketball players. METHODS The participants were 10 healthy college-age men (nonathletes) and 11 male basketball players (athletes). The intervention involved 100 squat exercises (10 repetitions × 10 sets) using an FW device. To examine the repeated-bout effects, the protocol was conducted again after a 2-week interval. Squat jumps, countermovement jumps, drop jumps, and rebound jumps were evaluated as jump performance, while isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque in knee extension, muscle soreness, range of motion, thigh circumference, muscle thickness, and echo intensity were evaluated as markers of muscle damage. Measurements were taken at baseline, immediately after exercise, 24 h later, and 72 h later. RESULTS The jump performance of nonathletes decreased after exercise (p < 0.05), while that of the athletes did not. The results were similar for muscle soreness. MVC torque decreased significantly after the first exercise in both groups (p < 0.05) and was significantly lower in the nonathletes versus athletes. Significant repeated-bout effects were found for muscle soreness in nonathletes but not athletes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a single bout of FW exercise reduces jump performance in male nonathletes but not basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shimizu
- Faculty of Health Care, Teikyo Heisei University, 2-51-4, Higashiikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo, 170-8445, Japan
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, 4342, Aihara-Cho, Machida, Tokyo, 194-0298, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tsuchiya
- Center for Liberal Arts, Laboratory of Health and Sports Sciences, Meiji Gakuin University, 1518, Kamikurata-Cho, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-8539, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ueda
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-1, Uruidominami, Ichihara, Chiba, 290-0193, Japan
| | - Shigeki Izumi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, 4342, Aihara-Cho, Machida, Tokyo, 194-0298, Japan
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, 4342, Aihara-Cho, Machida, Tokyo, 194-0298, Japan.
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584, Japan.
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Younes-Egana O, Mielgo-Ayuso J, M. Stojanović MD, Bird SP, Calleja-González J. Effectiveness of Eccentric Overload Training in Basketball Players: A Systematic Review. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:243-257. [PMID: 37559764 PMCID: PMC10407313 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/167469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have confirmed the efficacy of flywheel eccentric overload training in order to improve or increase muscle volume and strength, as well as several performance-related fitness attributes, but to date, there are no studies that have reviewed the effects of these training methods in basketball. Therefore, the present systematic review aimed to collect the updated information about the influence of flywheel training on performance of basketball players. A search in four electronic databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) was conducted up to November 20, 2022. Articles were selected as valid for review if: (i) they were an experimental trial published in English; (ii) participants were basketball players without illnesses or injuries, and (iii) a rotational inertial overload method was used as a performance-dependent variable. A total of 93 articles were found. After filtering procedures, only seven studies were considered in this systematic review. In the selected studies, 203 participants were included, 58 females and 145 males. Focusing on basketball related performance variables, all the studies included the countermovement jump (CMJ), while five included sprinting and a change of direction test (COD). The results showed an improvement in performance-related variables associated with basketball (sprint, CMJ, and COD) through the use of inertial methods. Improvements were reported in professional, semi-professional and amateur players as well as both male and female players. However, given the low number of studies, additional investigations on this topic are warranted before a "clear picture" can be drawn concerning the effects of flywheel eccentric overload training in basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephen P. Bird
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain
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Ryan S, Ramirez-Campillo R, Browne D, Moody JA, Byrne PJ. Intra- and Inter-Day Reliability of Inertial Loads with Cluster Sets When Performed during a Quarter Squat on a Flywheel Device. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:121. [PMID: 37368571 DOI: 10.3390/sports11060121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to (i) estimate the intra- and inter-day reliability of mean concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) power at different inertial loads during a flywheel quarter-squat using a cluster set approach and (ii) to determine the acute effect of internal and external attentional focus on mean power when performing the flywheel quarter squat. Twelve collegiate field sport male athletes (age 22.4 ± 3.2 years, weight 81.4 ± 10.3 kg, height 1.81 ± 0.06 m) attended four cluster set testing sessions separated by 7 days. Sessions consisted of 4 sets of 15 repetitions using 4 inertial loads (0.025, 0.050, 0.075, and 0.100 kg·m2). A cluster block consisted of 5 repetitions, including "momentum repetitions" (4 × 5 + 5 + 5). Mean power (MP), CON power, ECC power, and ECC overload were recorded for both internal and external attentional focus groups. The external instructional group attained familiarization after two flywheel sessions (ES = 0.03-0.15) with little volatility between performance measures (CV% = 3.39-9.22). The internal instructional group showed large differences in MP output from session 2 to session 3 for all loads (ES = 0.59-1.25). In conclusion, the flywheel cluster set approach is a reliable training modality for maintaining MP output during all repetitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Ryan
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, South East Technological University, Kilkenny Road Campus, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7550196, Chile
| | - Declan Browne
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, South East Technological University, Kilkenny Road Campus, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland
| | - Jeremy A Moody
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK
| | - Paul J Byrne
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, South East Technological University, Kilkenny Road Campus, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland
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Bright TE, Handford MJ, Mundy P, Lake J, Theis N, Hughes JD. Building for the Future: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Eccentric Resistance Training on Measures of Physical Performance in Youth Athletes. Sports Med 2023; 53:1219-1254. [PMID: 37097414 PMCID: PMC10185653 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eccentric resistance training is recognised as an effective stimulus for enhancing measures of muscular strength and power in adult populations; however, its value in youth athletes is currently not well understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to critically appraise the effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance (i.e. muscular strength, jump, sprint and change of direction) in youth athletes 18 years of age and under. METHODS Original journal articles published between 1950 and June 2022 were retrieved from electronic search engines of PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar's advanced search option. Full journal articles investigating the acute and chronic effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance in youth athletes (i.e. a person 18 years of age or under who competes in sport) were included. The methodological quality and bias of each study were assessed prior to data extraction using a modified Downs and Black checklist. RESULTS The search yielded 749 studies, of which 436 were duplicates. Three-hundred studies were excluded based upon title and abstract review and a further 5 studies were removed following the modified Downs and Black checklist. An additional 14 studies were identified during backward screening. Accordingly, 22 studies were included in our systematic review. The Nordic hamstring exercise and flywheel inertial training were the most frequently used eccentric resistance training methods in youth athletes. Improvements in physical performance following the Nordic hamstring exercise are dependent upon an increase in the breakpoint angle, rather than training volume (sets and repetitions), and are further elevated with the addition of hip extension exercises or high-speed running. A minimum of 3 familiarisation trials is necessary to elicit meaningful adaptations following flywheel inertial training. Furthermore, an emphasis should be placed upon decelerating the rotating flywheel during the final one to two thirds of the eccentric phase, rather than gradually throughout the entire eccentric phase. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this systematic review support the inclusion of eccentric resistance training in youth athletes to improve measures of muscular strength, jump, sprint and change of direction performance. The current eccentric resistance training methods are predominantly limited to the Nordic hamstring exercise and flywheel inertial training; however, the efficacy of accentuated eccentric loading to improve jump performance warrants attention in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Bright
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth Marjon University, Derriford Rd, Plymouth, PL6 8BH UK
| | - Matthew J. Handford
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - Jason Lake
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Chichester University, Chichester, UK
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia
| | - Nicola Theis
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Jonathan D. Hughes
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
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Križaj L, Kozinc Ž, Löfler S, Šarabon N. The chronic effects of eccentric exercise interventions in different populations: an umbrella review. Eur J Transl Myol 2022; 32:10876. [PMID: 36269123 PMCID: PMC9830406 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2022.10876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of eccentric exercise interventions (EEI) has been extensively explored in different populations. The aim of our umbrella review was to combine all systematic reviews about the chronic efficiency of EEI and to summarize the literature on the chronic effects of different types of eccentric exercise protocols, with or without extra loads and devices (e.g., Flywheel device), compared to other therapeutic interventions, exercise interventions, or no intervention. We screened four major electronic scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PEDro), using one combined string for all included databases (eccentric exercise OR flywheel OR isoinertial exercise OR eccentric training). Included reviews needed to be based on any human population, that executed EEI in comparison with any other type of intervention. The methodological quality of the included reviews was assessed using AMSTAR 2 tool. Considering the inclusion criteria, we included 35 reviews. EEI were found suitable for chronic or long-term pain reduction in patient populations. EEI largely improved muscle performance (muscle strength, and muscle power), muscle architecture (e.g., pennation angle, fascicle length, cross-sectional area, muscle thickness, and muscle mass), decreased risk of injury, incidence, and severity of the injury, and increased range of motion of the joints There is less evidence about the effects of EEI in older adult populations, compared to athletes and younger populations, however, eccentric exercise seems promising for these populations as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Križaj
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Kozinc
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia, University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Stefan Löfler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, Vienna, Austria, InnoRenew CoE, Human Health Department, Izola, Slovenia, S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, Ljubljana, Slovenia,University of Primorska Faculty of Health Sciences, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia ORCID ID: 0000-0003-0747-3735
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Burton I, McCormack A. Inertial Flywheel Resistance Training in Tendinopathy Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:775-786. [PMID: 35949372 PMCID: PMC9340832 DOI: 10.26603/001c.36437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inertial Flywheel Resistance Training (IFRT) has recently emerged as a beneficial rehabilitation option for some musculoskeletal disorders. Although the use of resistance training as treatment for tendinopathy has become widespread, it is unclear if IFRT has efficacy as a treatment option for tendinopathies. Objective To identify current evidence on IFRT in the treatment of tendinopathy, evaluating intervention parameters and outcomes. Methods This scoping review was reported in accordance with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Databases searched included MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, EMBase, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane library (Controlled trials, Systematic reviews), and five trial registries. Two independent reviewers screened studies at title, abstract and full text. Following screening, data were extracted and charted, and presented as figures and tables alongside a narrative synthesis. Any study design conducted on adults, investigating the effects of IFRT for tendinopathy were included. Data were extracted on intervention parameters and outcomes of IFRT interventions. Results Four studies on patellar tendinopathy were included. A variety of outcomes were assessed, including pain, function, strength, power, and tendon morphological and mechanical properties, particularly changes in tendon thickness. IFRT intervention parameters were largely homogenously prescribed, with slight variances. Conclusion Despite a paucity of studies to date on the effects of IFRT for treating tendinopathy, preliminary evidence for beneficial effects of IFRT on clinical outcomes in patellar tendinopathy is encouraging. As IFRT is a relatively new and unexplored method in tendinopathy rehabilitation, definitive conclusions, and recommendations cannot be made at present, which should be addressed in future research, due to the potential therapeutic benefits highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Burton
- Musculoskeletal physiotherapy, NHS Grampian
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Smajla D, Spudić D, Kozinc Ž, Šarabon N. Differences in Force-Velocity Profiles During Countermovement Jump and Flywheel Squats and Associations With a Different Change of Direction Tests in Elite Karatekas. Front Physiol 2022; 13:828394. [PMID: 35800347 PMCID: PMC9253395 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.828394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The force-velocity (F-v) relationship has been proposed as a biomechanical characteristic to comprehensively evaluate neuromuscular capabilities within different tasks such as vertical jumping, sprinting and bench pressing. F-v relationship during flywheel (FW) squats was already validated, however, it was never compared to F-v profile of vertical jumps or associated with change of direction (CoD) performance. The aims of our study were (1) to compare F-v profiles measured during counter movement jumps (CMJs) and FW squats, (2) to determine correlations of F-v mechanical capacities with different CoD tests, (3) to investigate the portion of explained variance in CoD tests with the F-v outcome measures. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 39 elite karatekas. They performed CMJs and FW squats using progressive loads to calculate F-v profile outcome variables and different CoD tests (CoD at 90°, CoD at 180°, t-test, short karate specific test (KST) and long KST). Our results showed significantly higher values in all F-v outcome variables (F0—theoretical maximal force, V0—maximal unloaded velocity, Pmax—maximal power output, F-vslope—the slope of F-v relationship) calculated from CMJs compared to FW squats (all p < 0.01). Significant positive moderate correlations between the tasks were found for F0 and Pmax (r = 0.323–0.378, p = 0.018–0.045). In comparison to F-v outcome variables obtained in FW squats, higher correlations were found between F-v outcome variables calculated from CMJs and CoD tests. The only significant correlation in F-v outcome variables calculated from FW squats was found between Pmax and short KST time. For all CoD tests, only one F-v predictor was included; more specifically—CMJ-F0 for CoD 90°, CoD 180° and t-test, and FW-Pmax for short KST performance. To conclude, our results showed that F-v relationship between CMJs and FW squats differed significantly and cannot be used interchangeably for F-v profiling. Moreover, we confirmed that high force and power production is important for the successful performance of general and karate specific CoD tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darjan Smajla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Darjan Spudić
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Kozinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
- S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Nejc Šarabon,
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de Keijzer KL, McErlain-Naylor SA, Beato M. The Effect of Flywheel Inertia on Peak Power and Its Inter-session Reliability During Two Unilateral Hamstring Exercises: Leg Curl and Hip Extension. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:898649. [PMID: 35755611 PMCID: PMC9226424 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.898649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of flywheel moment of inertia (0.029, 0.061, and 0.089 kg·m2) on concentric and eccentric peak power and eccentric:concentric peak power ratio during unilateral flywheel leg curl and hip extension exercises. Moreover, the inter-session reliability of peak power was analyzed during both exercises. Twenty amateur male soccer athletes attended five visits-performing three sets of eight repetitions of either unilateral leg curl or hip extension (all three moments of inertias) during each visit. For the unilateral leg curl, there were no differences in any measure between moments of inertia (p = 0.479) but a higher eccentric than concentric peak power for all moments of inertia (p < 0.001). For the unilateral hip extension, differences between moments of inertia were reported for all measures (p < 0.05). Specifically, the lowest moment of inertia elicited the greatest concentric peak power (p = 0.022), there were no differences with the medium inertia (p = 0.391), and the greatest moment of inertia obtained the greatest eccentric peak power (p = 0.036). Peak power measures obtained acceptable to excellent reliability while the eccentric:concentric ratio reported unacceptable to good reliability for both exercises. A variety of moments of inertia can elicit high eccentric knee flexor demands during unilateral leg curls, whereas higher moments of inertia are needed to achieve an eccentric-overload in peak power during hip extensions. Different exercises may have different inertia-power relationships. Concentric and eccentric peak power measures should continue to inform training, while the eccentric:concentric ratio should not be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. de Keijzer
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A. McErlain-Naylor
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
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Effect of Flywheel versus Traditional Resistance Training on Change of Direction Performance in Male Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127061. [PMID: 35742311 PMCID: PMC9223129 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze the effect of flywheel resistance training (FRT) versus traditional resistance training (TRT) on change of direction (CoD) performance in male athletes. Methods: Five databases were screened up to December 2021. Results: Seven studies were included. The results indicated a significantly larger effect of FRT compared with TRT (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.64). A within-group comparison indicated a significant large effect of FRT on CoD performance (SMD = 1.63). For TRT, a significant moderate effect was observed (SMD = 0.62). FRT of ≤2 sessions/week resulted in a significant large effect (SMD = 1.33), whereas no significant effect was noted for >2 sessions/week. Additionally, a significant large effect of ≤12 FRT sessions (SMD = 1.83) was observed, with no effect of >12 sessions. Regarding TRT, no significant effects of any of the training factors were detected (p > 0.05). Conclusions: FRT appears to be more effective than TRT in improving CoD performance in male athletes. Independently computed single training factor analyses for FRT indicated that ≤2 sessions/week resulted in a larger effect on CoD performance than >2 sessions/week. Additionally, a total of ≤12 FRT sessions induced a larger effect than >12 training sessions. Practitioners in sports, in which accelerative and decelerative actions occur in quick succession to change direction, should regularly implement FRT.
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de Keijzer KL, Gonzalez JR, Beato M. The effect of flywheel training on strength and physical capacities in sporting and healthy populations: An umbrella review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264375. [PMID: 35213634 PMCID: PMC8880830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this umbrella review was to provide a detailed summary of how flywheel training enhances strength and physical capacities in healthy and athletic populations. The eleven reviews included were analyzed for methodological quality according to the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Review 2 (AMSTAR 2) and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Two were systematic reviews, six were systematic reviews with meta-analyses and three were narrative reviews. Although the included reviews support use of flywheel training with athletic and healthy populations, the umbrella review highlights disparity in methodological quality and over-reporting of studies (38 studies were included overall). Flywheel post-activation performance enhancement protocols can effectively enhance strength and physical capacities acutely with athletes and healthy populations. All relevant reviews support flywheel training as a valid alternative to traditional resistance training for enhancing muscular strength, power, and jump performance with untrained and trained populations alike. Similarly, reviews included report flywheel training enhances change of direction performance—although conclusions are based on a limited number of investigations. However, the reviews investigating the effect of flywheel training on sprint performance highlight some inconsistency in attained improvements with elite athletes (e.g., soccer players). To optimize training outcomes, it is recommended practitioners individualize (i.e., create inertia-power or inertia-velocity profiles) and periodize flywheel training using the latest guidelines. This umbrella review provides an analysis of the literature’s strengths and limitations, creating a clear scope for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. de Keijzer
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Beato M, Maroto-Izquierdo S, Hernández-Davó JL, Raya-González J. Flywheel Training Periodization in Team Sports. Front Physiol 2021; 12:732802. [PMID: 34819871 PMCID: PMC8606557 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.732802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom.,Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
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Assessment and Evaluation of Force–Velocity Variables in Flywheel Squats: Validity and Reliability of Force Plates, a Linear Encoder Sensor, and a Rotary Encoder Sensor. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112210541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Research into flywheel (FW) resistance training and force–velocity–power (F–v–P) profiling has recently gained attention. Ground reaction force (GRF) and velocity (v) during FW squats can be predicted from shaft rotational data. Our study aimed to compare the inter-set reliability of GRF, v, and F–v–P relationship output variables calculated from force plates and linear encoder (presumed gold-standard) and rotary encoder data. Fifty participants performed two sets of FW squats at four inertias. Peak and mean concentric and eccentric GRF, v, and F–v–P outcomes from mean variables during the concentric phase of the squat were calculated. Good to excellent reliability was found for GRF and v (ICC > 0.85), regardless of the measure and the variable type. The F–v–P outcomes showed moderate to good reliability (ICC > 0.74). Inter-measure bias (p < 0.05) was found in the majority of GRF and v variables, as well as for all the calculated F–v–P outcomes (trivial to large TEs) with very large to perfect correlations for v (r 0.797–0.948), GRF (r 0.712–0.959), and, finally, F–v–P outcomes (ICC 0.737–0.943). Rotary encoder overestimated the force plates and linear encoder variables, and the differences were dependent on the level of inertia. Despite high reliability, FW device users should be aware of the discrepancy between the measures.
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