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Li L, Mo L, Liu Y, Mei T. The Impact of Different Velocity Losses on Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) Effects in Sprint Athletes: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:157. [PMID: 38921851 PMCID: PMC11207782 DOI: 10.3390/sports12060157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) can significantly improve athletic performance. This study investigated the effects of two different velocity loss (10% VL and 20% VL) protocols on PAPE in 20 m sprint performance among sprint athletes. Twenty-four male sprint athletes (100 m sprint time: 10.96 ± 0.15 s) participated in the study. A randomized crossover experimental design was used to compare the traditional group (TG) and 10% VL and 20% VL interventions. Sprint tests were conducted at 4, 8, 12, and 16 min post-intervention. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant interaction effect between group and time on 20 m sprint performance (F = 2.817, p = 0.037, partial η2 = 0.585). Simple main effects analysis revealed significant improvements at 4 min for the 20% VL group (p < 0.05). Cohen's d values indicated improvements in 10 m sprint times at 8 min for all groups (TG: effect size (ES) = -0.270, 10% VL: ES = -0.038, 20% VL: ES = -0.279). Improvements in 20 m sprint times were observed at 4 min for the 20% VL group (ES = -0.296) and at 16 min for the 10% VL group (ES = -0.276). In conclusion, the velocity loss-based PAPE protocol (20% VL) demonstrated a superior induction of PAPE effects in sprint athletes at 4 min compared to traditional 1RM-based PAPE protocols. However, no significant differences were observed between the two protocols at 8, 12, and 16 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.L.); (L.M.); (Y.L.)
- Faculty of Sport Science and Coaching, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjung Malin 35900, Malaysia
| | - Ling Mo
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.L.); (L.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yanxu Liu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.L.); (L.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Tao Mei
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.L.); (L.M.); (Y.L.)
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Eon P, Jubeau M, Cattagni T. Post-activation potentiation after isometric contractions is strongly related to contraction intensity despite the similar torque-time integral. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:915-925. [PMID: 38595307 PMCID: PMC11140177 DOI: 10.1113/ep091700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Post-activation potentiation (PAP) is defined as an enhanced contractile response of a muscle following its own contractile activity and is influenced by the intensity and duration of the conditioning contraction. The aim of this study was to determine if the combination of intensity and duration, that is, torque-time integral (TTI) is a determinant of PAP amplitude. We compared PAP amplitude following low-to-maximal voluntary conditioning contraction intensities with and without similar TTI in the knee extensors. Twelve healthy males completed two experimental sessions. Femoral nerve stimulation was applied to evoke single twitches on the relaxed quadriceps before and after isometric conditioning contractions of knee extensors. In one session, participants performed conditioning contractions without similar TTI (6 s at 100, 80, 60, 40 and 20% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)), while they performed conditioning contractions with similar TTI in the other session (6 s at 100%, 7.5 s at 80%, 10 s at 60%, 15 s at 40%, and 30 s at 20% MVC). In both sessions, PAP amplitude was related to conditioning contraction intensity. The higher the conditioning contraction intensity with or without similar TTI, the higher PAP. Significant correlations were found (i) between PAP and conditioning contraction intensity with (r2 = 0.70; P < 0.001) or without similar TTI (r2 = 0.64; P < 0.001), and (ii) between PAP with and without similar TTI (r2 = 0.82; P < 0.001). The results provide evidence that TTI has a minor influence on PAP in the knee extensors. This suggests that to optimize the effect of PAP, it is more relevant to control the intensity of the contraction rather than the TTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Eon
- Nantes Université, Movement ‐ Interactions ‐ Performance, MIP, UR 4334NantesFrance
- Laboratory Culture Sport Health Society (UR 4660), Sport and Performance DepartmentUFR STAPS, University of Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéBesançonFrance
| | - Marc Jubeau
- Nantes Université, Movement ‐ Interactions ‐ Performance, MIP, UR 4334NantesFrance
| | - Thomas Cattagni
- Nantes Université, Movement ‐ Interactions ‐ Performance, MIP, UR 4334NantesFrance
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Chen CF, Chuang CY, Wang CC, Liu SA, Chang HW, Chan KH. Lower Repetition Induces Similar Postactivation Performance Enhancement to Repetition Maximum After a Single Set of Heavy-Resistance Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:848-855. [PMID: 38039426 PMCID: PMC11042524 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chen, C-F, Chuang, C-Y, Wang, C-C, Liu, S-A, Chang, H-W, and Chan, K-H. Lower repetition induces similar postactivation performance enhancement to repetition maximum after a single set of heavy-resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 848-855, 2024-The study was divided into 2 parts to investigate the acute postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) responses to lower repetitions at the same load of 87% 1 repetition maximum (1RM) in the upper and lower body. In part 1, 14 athletes performed plyometric push-up (PPU) after the conditioning activity (CA) of bench press (BP). In part 2, 13 athletes performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) after the CA of parallel squat (PS). Subjects completed 3, 4, or 5 repetitions (trials CA-3, CA-4, or CA-5) of BP or PS in randomized and counterbalanced order. The velocity of each movement of the trial was recorded. The PPU or CMJ was tested every 2 minutes after the trial up to 12 minutes to assess the Post-Max and optimal individual PAPE time. The mean velocity of the last movement of BP in CA-5 was significantly lower than that in CA-3 (0.23 ± 0.06 vs. 0.28 ± 0.06 m·second -1 , p < 0.05), and the velocity of PS in CA-4 or CA-5 was significantly lower than that in CA-3 (0.53 ± 0.07 and 0.50 ± 0.05 vs. 0.57 ± 0.07 m·second -1 , p < 0.05). The peak force of PPU and jump height of CMJ at Post-Max in the 3 trials were significantly greater than those at Pre ( p < 0.05). There were no significant differences among trials in the optimal individual PAPE times in either part of the study. A single set of 87% 1RM resistance exercises with 3 or 4 repetitions in both the upper body and the lower body induces similar PAPE to repetition maximum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Feei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Office of General Affairs, University of Taipei, Taipei City, Taiwan; and
| | - Chih-Yuan Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Wang
- Physical Education Office, National Taipei University of Business, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-An Liu
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Hui Chan
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Fischer J, Paternoster FK. Post-Activation-Performance Enhancement: Possible Contributing Factors. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:34-45. [PMID: 38455437 PMCID: PMC10915613 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to narrow down the possible mechanisms of Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE), especially if they are exclusively found in the muscle. It was therefore investigated whether (1) the PAPE effect is influenced by neural factors and (2) if Post-Activation-Potentiation (PAP) influences PAPE. Thirteen strength-trained participants (26.5 ± 3.2 years) took part in at least one of three interventions (PAP, PAPE-Electrical (PAPEE), and PAPE-Voluntary (PAPEV)). Conditioning contractions (CC) and testing involved isometric knee extensions performed on an isokinetic device at an 80° knee flexion angle. The CC was either performed voluntarily (PAP, PAPEV) or was evoked through electrical stimulation (PAPEE). Testing was performed at baseline and after two seconds, four minutes, eight minutes, and twelve minutes of the CC. Maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) for the PAPE trials and supramaximal twitches for the PAP trial were used for testing. Parameters of interest were peak torque and rate of torque development (RTD), and electromyography (EMG) amplitude of the quadriceps (only PAPE). Repeated measures ANOVA and simple contrast comparisons were used for statistical analysis. Peak torque (p < 0.001, η2p = 0.715) and RTD (p = 0. 005, η2p = 0.570) increased significantly during the PAP protocol immediately two seconds after the CC and decreased to near baseline values for the following time points (p > 0.05). Peak torque, RTD, and peak EMG showed no significant differences during PAPEE and PAPEV trials (p > 0.05). Due to the lack of a visible PAPE effect, the question of whether neural mechanisms influence PAPE cannot be answered. Due to the time course of the PAP analysis, it is questionable if these mechanisms play a role in PAPE. The assumption that the PAP mechanism influences PAPE cannot be confirmed for the same reason.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Fischer
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Technical University of Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Austria
| | - Florian K Paternoster
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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Anders JPV, Neltner TJ, Smith RW, Arnett JE, Housh TJ, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. Unilateral and Bilateral Isokinetic Leg Extensions Exhibit No Differences in Neuromuscular Excitation Under Maximal and Fatiguing Conditions. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:474-480. [PMID: 38090801 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Abstract
Anders, JPV, Neltner, TJ, Smith, RW, Arnett, JE, Housh, TJ, Schmidt, RJ, and Johnson, GO. Unilateral and bilateral isokinetic leg extensions exhibit no differences in neuromuscular activation under maximal and fatiguing conditions. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 474–480, 2024—The bilateral deficit is a phenomenon where force production during a bilateral (BL) muscle action is less than the sum of force produced when the muscle action is performed unilaterally (UL) with both limbs. The purpose of this study was to compare peak force, electromyographic (EMG) amplitude (AMP), and mean power frequency (MPF) of the nondominant leg between UL and BL isokinetic leg extensions. Eleven recreationally trained men (mean ± SD; age = 20.8 ± 1.7 years; body mass = 84.0 ± 16.2 kg; height = 179.3 ± 7.2 cm) volunteered to participate in this study. The 2 test visits included UL and BL maximal isokinetic leg extensions at 180°·second−1 followed by a fatiguing task of either 50 UL or 25 UL followed immediately by 25 BL (ULBL) maximal, isokinetic leg extensions at 180°·second−1, in random order on separate days. The results demonstrated a significant (p = 0.015,
= 0.460) bilateral deficit in force (UL = 56.29 ± 11.20 kg; BL = 50.32 ± 7.35 kg; d = 0.63; 95% CI [1.42, 10.52]) but no significant bilateral deficit in EMG AMP (p = 0.892,
= 0.002). The peak force during the fatiguing task demonstrated a significant main effect for repetition (p < 0.001,
= 0.943) characterized by a reduced peak force from repetitions 20–50. Similarly, EMG MPF demonstrated a significant main effect for repetition (p < 0.001,
= 0.702) characterized by a reduced EMG MPF from repetitions 35–50. There were no significant effects (p = 0.102–0.387,
= 0.096–0.203) for EMG AMP. These findings suggested that the bilateral deficit was not associated with a neuromuscular deficit and UL muscle actions may be used to potentiate force production of subsequent BL muscle actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul V Anders
- The Exercise Science Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Tyler J Neltner
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Robert W Smith
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Jocelyn E Arnett
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Terry J Housh
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Richard J Schmidt
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Glen O Johnson
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Nieto-Acevedo R, Romero-Moraleda B, Montalvo-Pérez A, García-Sánchez C, Marquina-Nieto M, Mon-López D. Sex Differences in the Load-Velocity Profiles of Three Different Row Exercises. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:220. [PMID: 37999437 PMCID: PMC10675667 DOI: 10.3390/sports11110220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the force-velocity profile differences between men and women in three variations of row exercises. Twenty-eight participants (14 men and 14 women) underwent maximum dynamic strength assessments in the free prone bench row (PBR), bent-over barbell row (BBOR), and Smith machine bent-over row (SMBOR) in a randomized order. Subjects performed a progressive loading test from 30 to 100% of 1-RM (repetition maximum), and the mean propulsive velocity was measured in all attempts. Linear regression analyses were conducted to establish the relationships between the different measures of bar velocity and % 1-RM. The ANOVAs applied to the mean velocity achieved in each % 1-RM tested revealed significantly higher velocity values for loads < 65% 1-RM in SMBOR compared to BBOR (p < 0.05) and higher velocities for loads < 90% 1-RM in SMBOR compared to PBR (p < 0.05) for both sexes. Furthermore, men provided significantly higher velocity values than women (PBR 55-100% 1-RM; BBOR and SMBOR < 85% 1-RM; p < 0.05) and significant differences were found between exercises and sex for 30-40% 1-RM. These results confirm that men have higher velocities at different relative loads (i.e., % 1-RM) compared to women during upper-body rowing exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Nieto-Acevedo
- Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro, 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.N.-A.); (C.G.-S.); (M.M.-N.); (D.M.-L.)
| | - Blanca Romero-Moraleda
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Applied Biomechanics and Sports Technology Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carlos García-Sánchez
- Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro, 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.N.-A.); (C.G.-S.); (M.M.-N.); (D.M.-L.)
| | - Moisés Marquina-Nieto
- Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro, 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.N.-A.); (C.G.-S.); (M.M.-N.); (D.M.-L.)
| | - Daniel Mon-López
- Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro, 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.N.-A.); (C.G.-S.); (M.M.-N.); (D.M.-L.)
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Garbisu-Hualde A, Gutierrez L, Santos-Concejero J. Post-Activation Performance Enhancement as a Strategy to Improve Bench Press Performance to Volitional Failure. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:199-206. [PMID: 37559774 PMCID: PMC10407312 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/162958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) has been commonly used as a strategy to improve acute force production, although its effects on performance to volitional failure are still unknown. The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of a PAPE protocol on bench press performance in a training set to volitional failure in trained individuals. Fourteen participants with at least two years of resistance training experience (age 24.57 ± 2.7 years; body mass 77.47 ± 12.2 kg; body height 174.21 ± 7.4 cm; medium grip bench press 1 repetition maximum (1RM): 101.6 ± 25.8 kg), of which 14 completed the control protocol and 12 completed the experimental protocol, took part in the study. After a standardised warm-up, participants completed three sessions: 1) a 1RM test for the medium grip bench press, 2) a control condition consisting of a set of the bench press to volitional failure with 80% 1RM (CON), and 3) an experimental condition consisting of a set of the bench press to volitional failure with 80% 1RM after a PAPE protocol (PAPE). The PAPE protocol consisted of a heavy set of one repetition with their 93% 1RM as the conditioning activity. Under the PAPE condition, participants performed significantly more repetitions than under the CON condition (p = 0.008, ES = 0.5, small effect), their last repetition was slower (p = 0.02, ES = 0.52, small effect) and presented a higher velocity loss (p = 0.004, ES = 0.75, moderate effect). These results suggest that a traditional PAPE protocol improves the number of repetitions performed to volitional failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkaitz Garbisu-Hualde
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Laura Gutierrez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Chen Y, Su Q, Yang J, Li G, Zhang S, Lv Y, Yu L. Effects of rest interval and training intensity on jumping performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating post-activation performance enhancement. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1202789. [PMID: 37427408 PMCID: PMC10328417 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1202789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is no clear agreement regarding the ideal rest interval and training intensity to optimize post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) after barbell squat (BS). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rest interval and training intensity on jumping performance due to PAPE. Methods: Searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases. We included studies that satisfied the following criteria: (1) eligible studies should be randomized controlled trials; (2) eligible studies should investigate the acute effect of barbell squat-induced PAPE on jump performance; (3) eligible studies should use countermovement jump, squat jump, or vertical jump as the outcome measure. Results: From 2518 search records initially identified, 19 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis results showed that BS had no significant effect on improving jumping performance due to PAPE (Cohen's d = 0.09, p = 0.08). Subgroup analysis showed that rest interval between 0-1 min was detrimental to jumping performance (Cohen's d = -0.33, p < 0.01), while rest intervals between 4-7 min (Cohen's d = 0.31, p < 0.01) and 8-9 min (Cohen's d = 0.26, p = 0.02) provided favorable jumping performance outcomes. In addition, low-intensity and moderate-intensity BS had no significant effect on jump performance, while high-intensity BS showed results consistent with rest interval. Conclusion: Our study indicated that both low-intensity and moderate-intensity BS failed to induce PAPE, and it is recommended that future studies use high-intensity BS to induce PAPE. A rest interval of 4-9 min had a beneficial impact on jump height, and an interval range of 4-7 min seems to be the best rest interval between conditioning activity and jumping performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Su
- Ersha Sports Training Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyan Zhang
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Laikang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Garbisu-Hualde A, Gutierrez L, Fernández-Peña E, Santos-Concejero J. Intermittent Voluntary Isometric Contractions Effects on Performance Enhancement and Sticking Region Kinematics in the Bench Press. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:105-118. [PMID: 37229417 PMCID: PMC10203844 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/161777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last years, post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) has gained notorious popularity due to the capacity to improve the acute rate of force development (RFD) using different strategies with different muscle contraction regimes as conditioning stimuli. The aim of the present study was to analyse the role of a maximal isometric post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocol in performance and its effects on the kinematics of the sticking region. Twenty-one trained participants (age 26.4 ± 5.4 years) underwent two experimental sessions: an experimental session consisting of a single set and a single repetition of the bench press at the 93% of 1RM (which is considered a traditional conditioning activity to induce PAPE) (TRAD) and an isometric experimental session (ISO) consisting of 15 maximal voluntary isometric contractions in the sticking region of the medium grip bench press lasting 1 s with a 1 s rest interval between contractions. Both TRAD and ISO experimental conditions improved performance from post0 to post4, post8, post12 and post16, but only the ISO condition improved performance from the start of the lift to the start of the sticking region from pre to post (p < 0.001), and only the ISO condition improved maximum (p = 0.005) and minimum (p = 0.025) peak velocities. The results of this study suggest that short duration maximal voluntary isometric contractions improve the velocity of the lift prior to the initiation of the sticking region, which ultimately improves the impulse and facilitates the lift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkaitz Garbisu-Hualde
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Laura Gutierrez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Eneko Fernández-Peña
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Wojdała G, Krzysztofik M. The Effects of the "Sling Shot" Device on Bench Press Performance, Mechanical Properties of Muscle, and Movement Kinematics. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:780-786. [PMID: 36399664 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Wojdała, G and Krzysztofik, M. The effects of the "sling shot" device on bench press performance, mechanical properties of muscle, and movement kinematics. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 780-786, 2023-This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the sling shot support device at various external loads and intensities of effort, taking into account acute changes in power performance, mechanical muscle properties, and bench press kinematics. For this purpose, 12 resistance-trained men (age: 27.1 ± 4.2 years, body mass: 90.3 ± 16.9 kg, bench press [BP] 1 repetition maximum [1RM]: 112.7 ± 23.1 kg) (resistance training experience: 6.9 ± 3.8 years) participated in the study. Each subject completed 2 experimental sessions that differed in the use of the sling shot (SS) or nonuse (CONT) of the SS and an appropriate external load. The 2 experimental sessions consisted of the 1RM test, 3 sets of 2 repetitions of BP with the load increased in each set (50-70-90% 1RM), and a fourth set of the BP efforts to muscle failure with a 70% 1RM load. Before and after each set, the changes in triceps brachii oscillation frequency and stiffness were assessed by means of myotonometry. Results indicated a significant main effect of the SS to increase peak power ( p < 0.0001, η 2 = 0.733). Furthermore, a significantly higher 1RM (129 ± 26 vs. 113 ± 23 kg, p < 0.001, effect size [ES]: 0.63), number of repetitions (15 ± 3 vs. 13 ± 2, p = 0.013, ES: 0.76), and time under tension (34 ± 10 vs. 29 ± 6 seconds, p = 0.017, ES: 0.59) were found during the set to failure for SS in comparison to the CONT condition. Moreover, there was a significant main effect of time to increase oscillation frequency ( p = 0.001; η 2 = 0.666) and stiffness ( p = 0.002; η 2 = 0.613) from pre- to postset measure. In addition, the main effect of the side ( p = 0.034; η 2 = 0.348) was reported to show higher stiffness on the dominant than on the nondominant side in the CONT condition. The results suggest that an independent 1RM measurement and a correspondingly higher workload are required to take full advantage of the SS device. Moreover, the SS can also be used successfully to increase training volume and the involvement of nondominant limbs during a bench press.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Wojdała
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Liu M, Zhou K, Li B, Guo Z, Chen Y, Miao G, Zhou L, Liu H, Bao D, Zhou J. Effect of 12 weeks of complex training on occupational activities, strength, and power in professional firefighters. Front Physiol 2022; 13:962546. [PMID: 36060691 PMCID: PMC9428679 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.962546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study examined the effects of 12-week complex training (CT) programs on professional firefighters’ occupational activities, strength, and power. Methods: Thirty men professional firefighters were randomly assigned to the CT group (n = 15) and control group (n = 15). The CT group performed complex training and the control group completed resistance training (RT) twice a week over 12 weeks. The occupational activities, strength, and power were assessed at baseline and immediately after the intervention by measuring the performance of 100 m load-bearing run (100 m LR), 60 m shoulder ladder run (60 m SLR), 5 m × 20 m shuttle run (5 m × 20 m SR), 4th-floor climbing rope (4th-floor CR), countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJas), seated medicine-ball throw (SMT), one-repetition maximum bench press (1RM BP), and one-repetition maximum back squat (1RM BS). Results: The results showed that compared to RT, CT induced significantly greater improvements in 60 m SLR (p = 0.007), 4th-floor CR (p = 0.020), CMJas (p = 0.001), and SMT (p < 0.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest that CT is a novel intervention with great promise of improving professional firefighters’ occupational activities, strength, and power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhou
- College of Sports and Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Li
- Cycling and Fencing Sports Administrative Center Under the General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxiang Guo
- Department of Physical Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhen Miao
- Hebrew SeniorLife Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Bos-ton, MA, United States
- Maranatha High School, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Limingfei Zhou
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyang Liu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Haoyang Liu, ; Dapeng Bao,
| | - Dapeng Bao
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Haoyang Liu, ; Dapeng Bao,
| | - Junhong Zhou
- Maranatha High School, Pasadena, CA, United States
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12
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Cormier P, Freitas TT, Loturco I, Turner A, Virgile A, Haff GG, Blazevich AJ, Agar-Newman D, Henneberry M, Baker DG, McGuigan M, Alcaraz PE, Bishop C. Within Session Exercise Sequencing During Programming for Complex Training: Historical Perspectives, Terminology, and Training Considerations. Sports Med 2022; 52:2371-2389. [PMID: 35816233 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this narrative review was to outline the historical genesis of resistance training strategies that incorporate high-load, low-velocity exercises and low-load, high-velocity exercises in the same training session allowing for different "exercise sequences" to be simultaneously implemented. Discrepancies between scientific works and the terminology used within contemporary sport science publications are identified. Upon review of the literature, we propose "complex training" to be considered an umbrella term with 4 different implementations, generally used to indicate a method in which movement velocity or load is altered between sets and/or exercises within the same session with the aim of improving slow and fast force expression. We propose the following terminology for said implementations: contrast training-exercise sequence with alternating high-load and low-load (higher-velocity) exercises in a set-by-set fashion within the same session (corresponding with 'contrast pairs' and 'intra-contrast rest'); descending training-several sets of high-load (e.g., back squat) exercises completed before the execution of several sets of low-load, higher-velocity (e.g., vertical jump) exercises within the same session; ascending training-several sets of low-load, higher-velocity exercises completed before several sets of high-load exercises within the same session; and French contrast training-subset of contrast training in which a series of exercises are performed in sequence within a single session: heavy compound exercise, plyometric exercise, light-to-moderate load compound exercise that maximises movement speed (i.e., external power), and a plyometric exercise (often assisted). Finally, practical applications and training considerations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cormier
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, UCAM, Murcia, Spain. .,NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil. .,SCS, Strength & Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy. .,Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anthony Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Adam Virgile
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Vermont, USA
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- SCS, Strength & Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Dana Agar-Newman
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Molly Henneberry
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel G Baker
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Michael McGuigan
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, UCAM, Murcia, Spain.,SCS, Strength & Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
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