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Moore AR, Hutchinson JC, Winter C, Dalton PC, Bolgla LA, Paolone VJ. Music alters heart rate and psychological responses but not muscle activation during light-intensity isometric exercise. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 6:394-401. [PMID: 39309462 PMCID: PMC11411295 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Listening to music manipulates attention to be more externally focused, which has the potential to improve muscular efficiency. This study aimed to determine the effect of listening to music on muscle activation during an isometric exercise task, and compare this effect to those of other attentional focus conditions. Apparently healthy subjects (n = 35; 16 men/19 women) completed an isometric elbow flexion task for 1 min in three randomized and counterbalanced conditions: internal focus (INT), external focus with a simple distraction task (EXT), or listening to music (MUS). Muscle activation of the biceps and triceps brachii and heart rate (HR) were recorded throughout the exercise tasks. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), affective valence, and motivation were measured at the end of each trial. There was no difference in muscle activation measures among the three conditions. HR during MUS was lower than EXT at 15 s ([89.4 ± 11.8] beats/min vs. [93.1 ± 12.9] beats/min; p = 0.018) and 30 s ([90.6 ± 12.4] beats/min vs. [94.2 ± 12.5] beats/min; p = 0.026), and lower than INT at 60 s ([93.3 ± 13.3] beats/min vs. [96.7 ± 12.0] beats/min; p = 0.016). Overall RPE was higher for INT (13.4 ± 2.2) than for MUS ([12.6 ± 2.0]; p = 0.020) and EXT ([11.94 ± 2.22]; p < 0.001). Affective valence was higher for MUS than for INT ([2.7 ± 1.4] vs. [2.1 ± 1.5]; p = 0.011). Manipulating attentional focus did not alter muscle activation for a light-intensity isometric muscular endurance task, though MUS was reported as more positive and requiring less exertion to complete than INT. Using music can therefore be recommended during light-intensity isometric exercise based on the psychological benefits observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Moore
- Department of Kinesiology, Augusta University, 1120 15 St. Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Exercise Science & Athletic Training, Springfield College, 263 Alden St., Springfield, MA, 01109, USA
| | - Jasmin C. Hutchinson
- Department of Exercise Science & Athletic Training, Springfield College, 263 Alden St., Springfield, MA, 01109, USA
| | - Christa Winter
- Department of Psychology, Springfield College, 263 Alden St., Springfield, MA, 01109, USA
| | - Paul C. Dalton
- Heart & Vascular Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, 500 HMC Crescent Road, North Lobby Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Lori A. Bolgla
- Department of Physical Therapy, Augusta University, 1120 15 St. Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Vincent J. Paolone
- Department of Exercise Science & Athletic Training, Springfield College, 263 Alden St., Springfield, MA, 01109, USA
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Moore AR, Butler BAS. Immersive Virtual Reality Decreases Work Rate and Manipulates Attentional Focus During Self-Regulated Vigorous Exercise. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38941624 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2024.2356893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
To determine the effect of immersive virtual reality use on finishing time of a vigorous-intensity self-regulated exercise task, and on relevant psychological variables. Healthy untrained adults (N = 21; 10 men/11 women; age = 22.9 ± 7.2 years; BMI = 24.0 ± 4.5 kg/m2) completed 1500-m exercise bouts on a rowing ergometer in a counterbalanced and randomized order, with and without use of a headset-delivered virtual reality fitness program. Heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, affective valence, and attentional focus were collected every 300 m, in addition to finishing time. Data were analyzed with repeated measures as appropriate. Intensity of both exercise bouts was considered vigorous according to heart rate results (>77% maximal heart rate). Finishing time was faster in the control condition (449.57 ± 82.39 s) than in the virtual reality condition (463.00 ± 91.78 s), p = .007. Compared to the control condition, the virtual reality condition was characterized by a more external attentional focus (52.38 ± 18.22 vs. 38.76 ± 17.81, p < .001). No differences were observed for remaining variables as a result of condition (p > .05 for all). When a headset-delivered VR program was used during a self-regulated vigorous-intensity exercise task, participants were 13.6 seconds (~3%) slower than in a control condition. Attentional focus was manipulated to be more external with VR use, which may have ultimately distracted from the exercise objective. Recommendations for selecting an appropriate virtual reality experience for a given exercise task are discussed.
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Poon ETC, Kwan WL, Chow CC, Chan DKC. Music Timing Differentiates Fatigue Perception and Performance during Isometric Strength Exercises: A Crossover Randomised Trial. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:258-264. [PMID: 38455446 PMCID: PMC10915614 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Music is well-known to elicit ergogenic effects on exercise performance; however, the moderating role of application timing remains unclear. This study examined the effects of the timing of music on fatigue perception and performance during isometric strength exercises. Using a within-subject, randomised crossover design, twelve recreationally active young adults performed two isometric strength tasks (plank-hold and wall-sit) in three separate conditions (MEE: music played during the entire exercise task; MDF: music played during fatigue alone; CON: no music). The total time to volitional exhaustion (TTE), time to the onset of fatigue perception (TFP), heart rate, and blood lactate responses were assessed during each trial. MEE resulted in a significantly longer TTE than CON in both the plank-hold (p < 0.05, d = 0.76) and wall-sit exercises (p < 0.05, d = 0.72), whereas MDF led to a significantly longer TTE than CON in wall-sit exercises alone (p < 0.05, d = 0.60). TFP was significantly longer in MEE than in CON in both the plank-hold (p < 0.05, d = 0.54) and wall-sit exercises (p < 0.05, d = 0.64). The music condition did not influence the heart rate or blood lactate changes in any of the trials. Our results suggest that listening to music during the entire exercise can delay the onset of fatigue perception in isometric strength tasks, whereas listening to music during fatigue has only a modest effect. Athletes and exercisers should consider extending music exposure throughout the entire exercise task to maximise performance benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tsz-Chun Poon
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Taipo, Hong Kong
| | - Wing Lam Kwan
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Taipo, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Ching Chow
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Taipo, Hong Kong
| | - Derwin King Chung Chan
- Department of Early Childhood Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Taipo, Hong Kong
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Jebabli N, Ouerghi N, Abassi W, Yagin FH, Khlifi M, Boujabli M, Bouassida A, Ben Abderrahman A, Ardigò LP. Acute effect of hydrogen-rich water on physical, perceptual and cardiac responses during aerobic and anaerobic exercises: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded cross-over trial. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1240871. [PMID: 38162831 PMCID: PMC10757640 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1240871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2 gas) dissolved in water to produce Hydrogen-Rich Water. Hydrogen-Rich Water (HRW) is considered as ergogenic aid in different exercise modes. However, acute pre-exercise HRW ingestion effect is unclear regarding athlete performance. This study aimed at investigating acute effect of HRW ingestion on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance. Twenty-two male amateur middle-distance runners volunteered to participate in this study. In a randomized, double-blind study design, all players ingested 500 mL of HRW or placebo (PLA) supplement 30 min before the start of the tests. Over 4 days, maximal aerobic speed of Vameval test (MAS), time to exhaustion at MAS (Tlim), squat jump (SJ), counter-movement jump (CMJ) and five jump test (5JT) were evaluated. Also, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and peak heart rate (HRpeak) were measured during the aerobic tests. For Vameval test, HRW ingestion improved MAS, HRpeak and RPE compared with the placebo condition. For Tlim test, HRW ingestion demonstrated improvements in time to exhaustion, RPE and HRpeak. However, no significant change was observed between HW and placebo conditions in SJ, CMJ, 5JT. 500 mL of HRW can significantly improve HRpeak, time to exhaustion, RPE, with no significant effect on MAS, jumping performance in amateur endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhal Jebabli
- Research Unit: “Sport Sciences, Health and Movement”, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia
| | - Nejmeddine Ouerghi
- Research Unit: “Sport Sciences, Health and Movement”, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Rabta Hospital, University of Tunis El Manar, LR99ES11, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Wissal Abassi
- Research Unit: “Sport Sciences, Health and Movement”, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Hilal Yagin
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Mariem Khlifi
- Research Unit: “Sport Sciences, Health and Movement”, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia
| | - Manar Boujabli
- Research Unit: “Sport Sciences, Health and Movement”, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia
| | - Anissa Bouassida
- Research Unit: “Sport Sciences, Health and Movement”, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia
| | - Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS) LR09SEP01, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Oslo, Norway
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Jebabli N, Khlifi M, Ouerghi N, Boujabli M, Bouassida A, Abderrahman AB, van den Tillaar R. Single and Combined Effects of Preferred Music and Endpoint Knowledge on Jump Performance in Basketball Players. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11050105. [PMID: 37234061 DOI: 10.3390/sports11050105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Both music and endpoint knowledge of exercise have been shown to independently influence exercise performance. However, whether these factors work as synergists or counteract one another during exercise is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the single and combined effect of listening to preferred music and types of endpoint knowledge on repeated countermovement jump (CMJ) test performance. Twenty-four (n = 24) current or previously competitive basketball players underwent CMJ testing under the following endpoint knowledge conditions: (1) unknown/no knowledge, (2) knowledge of the number of jumps, and (3) knowledge of exercise duration. For each of these, participants listened to either their preferred music or no music during the duration of testing. For the exercise portion, participants completed repeated CMJs where participants were encouraged to jump as high as possible with jump height, contact time, and flight time as outcomes. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and feeling scale were measured before and after exercise. The results showed that, regardless of knowledge type, preferred music resulted in a significant decrease in both contact time and flight time (F ≥ 10.4, p ≤ 0.004, and ηp2 ≥ 0.35), and a significant improvement of jump height (F = 11.36, p = 0.001, and ηp2 = 0.09) and feeling scale ratings (F = 36.9, p < 0.001, and ηp2 = 0.66) compared to no-music condition, while RPE was not significantly affected. Regardless of the presence of music, knowledge of the number of jumps and duration resulted in lower contact time (p < 0.001, 0.9 < d < 1.56) versus unknown condition during CMJs. Moreover, a significant decrease in RPE values was found during prior endpoint knowledge of number (p = 0.005; d = 0.72) and duration (p = 0.045; d = 0.63) compared to unknown condition. However, feeling scale ratings were not significantly affected. Moreover, no interactions with significance findings were found for any parameters. Overall, data suggest that listening to music and endpoint knowledge alter exercise responses in basketball players, but they do not interact with one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhal Jebabli
- Research Unit: Sports Science, Health and Movement, UR22JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Le Kef 7001, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Khlifi
- Research Unit: Sports Science, Health and Movement, UR22JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Le Kef 7001, Tunisia
| | - Nejmeddine Ouerghi
- Research Unit: Sports Science, Health and Movement, UR22JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Le Kef 7001, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Rabta Hospital, LR99ES11, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
| | - Manar Boujabli
- Research Unit: Sports Science, Health and Movement, UR22JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Le Kef 7001, Tunisia
| | - Anissa Bouassida
- Research Unit: Sports Science, Health and Movement, UR22JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Le Kef 7001, Tunisia
| | - Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba University, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS) LR09SEP01, Tunis 1003, Tunisia
| | - Roland van den Tillaar
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, 8026 Levanger, Norway
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Vasconcelos GC, Brietzke C, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Hettinga FJ, Pires FO. Music Alters Conscious Distance Monitoring without Changing Pacing and Performance during a Cycling Time Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3890. [PMID: 36900900 PMCID: PMC10001465 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Athletes use their own perception to monitor distance and regulate their pace during exercise, avoiding premature fatigue before the endpoint. On the other hand, they may also listen to music while training and exercising. Given the potential role of music as a distractor, we verified if music influenced the athletes' ability to monitor the distance covered during a 20-km cycling time trial (TT20km). We hypothesized that music would elongate cyclists' perceived distance due to reduced attentional focus on exercise-derived signals, which would also change their ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). We also expected that the motivational role of music would also be beneficial in pacing and performance. After familiarization sessions, ten recreational cyclists performed an in-laboratory TT20km while either listening to music or not (control). They reported their RPE, associative thoughts to exercise (ATE), and motivation when they each perceived they had completed 2-km. Power output and heart rate (HR) were continuously recorded. Cyclists elongated their distance perception with music, increasing the distance covered for each perceived 2 km (p = 0.003). However, music reduced the error of conscious distance monitoring (p = 0.021), pushing the perceived distance towards the actual distance. Music increased the actual distance-RPE relationship (p = 0.004) and reduced ATE (p < 0.001). However, music affected neither performance assessed as mean power output (p = 0.564) and time (p = 0.524) nor psychophysiological responses such as HR (p = 0.066), RPE (p = 0.069), and motivation (p = 0.515). Cyclists elongated their distance perception during the TT20km and changed the actual distance-RPE relationship, which is likely due to a music-distractive effect. Although there was a reduced error of conscious distance monitoring, music affected neither pacing nor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo C. Vasconcelos
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil
- PhD Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil
- PhD Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Paulo E. Franco-Alvarenga
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil
- PhD Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Estácio de Sá University, Resende 27515-010, Brazil
| | - Florentina J. Hettinga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, London E1 7HT, UK
| | - Flávio O. Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil
- PhD Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
- PhD Program in Sciences of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
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