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Yoosefian M, Sabaghian H. Silver nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems in the fight against COVID-19: enhancing efficacy, reducing toxicity and improving drug bioavailability. J Drug Target 2024; 32:794-806. [PMID: 38742854 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2356147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have played a pivotal role in various biomedical applications, spanning from sensing to drug delivery, imaging and anti-viral therapy. The therapeutic utilisation of NPs in clinical trials was established in the early 1990s. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess anti-microbial, anti-cancer and anti-viral properties, which make them a possible anti-viral drug to combat the COVID-19 virus. Free radicals and reactive oxygen species are produced by AgNPs, which causes apoptosis induction and prevents viral contamination. The shape and size of AgNPs can influence their interactions and biological activities. Therefore, it is recommended that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) be used as a valuable tool in the management of COVID-19 pandemic. These nanoparticles possess strong anti-microbial properties, allowing them to penetrate and destroy microbial cells. Additionally, the toxicity level of nanoparticles depends on the administered dose, and surface modifications are necessary to reduce toxicity, preventing direct interaction between metal surfaces and cells. By utilising silver nanoparticles, drugs can be targeted to specific areas in the body. For example, in the case of COVID-19, anti-viral drugs can be stimulated as nanoparticles in the lungs to accelerate disease recovery. Nanoparticle-based systems have the capability to transport drugs and treat specific body parts. This review offers an examination of silver nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for combatting COVID-19, with the objective of boosting the bioavailability of existing medications, decreasing their toxicity and raising their efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Yoosefian
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hanieh Sabaghian
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
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Cameron SJ, Sheng J, Hosseinian F, Willmore WG. Nanoparticle Effects on Stress Response Pathways and Nanoparticle-Protein Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7962. [PMID: 35887304 PMCID: PMC9323783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in a wide variety of applications and products; however, NPs may affect stress response pathways and interact with proteins in biological systems. This review article will provide an overview of the beneficial and detrimental effects of NPs on stress response pathways with a focus on NP-protein interactions. Depending upon the particular NP, experimental model system, and dose and exposure conditions, the introduction of NPs may have either positive or negative effects. Cellular processes such as the development of oxidative stress, the initiation of the inflammatory response, mitochondrial function, detoxification, and alterations to signaling pathways are all affected by the introduction of NPs. In terms of tissue-specific effects, the local microenvironment can have a profound effect on whether an NP is beneficial or harmful to cells. Interactions of NPs with metal-binding proteins (zinc, copper, iron and calcium) affect both their structure and function. This review will provide insights into the current knowledge of protein-based nanotoxicology and closely examines the targets of specific NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana J. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
| | - Jessica Sheng
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
| | - Farah Hosseinian
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
| | - William G. Willmore
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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Aphale S, Shinde K, Pandita S, Mahajan M, Raina P, Mishra JN, Kaul-Ghanekar R. Panchvalkala, a traditional Ayurvedic formulation, exhibits antineoplastic and immunomodulatory activity in cervical cancer cells and C57BL/6 mouse papilloma model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 280:114405. [PMID: 34260879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panchvalkala, an Ayurvedic traditional formulation has references in Charak Samhita and Bhavaprakasha Nighantu for the treatment of women with endometriosis-related problems, leucorrhea and vaginal ailments. The formulation comprises of equal ratios of the barks from Ficus glomerata, Ficus virens, Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalensis, and Thespesia populnea. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to evaluate the anticancer and immunomodulatory activity of aqueous extract of Panchvalkala (PVaq) against cervical cancer in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of PVaq on disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential in cervical cancer cell lines, SiHa and HeLa, was studied by using JC1 dye. The expression of generic caspases in the cells after treatment with PVaq was evaluated by ELISA kit. The expression of pRb, p53, E6 and E7 proteins were evaluated by western blotting. Acute oral toxicity and DRF studies were performed in Swiss albino mice by following OECD guidelines 423 and 407, respectively. Tumor retardation study was done in C57BL/6 mouse papilloma model. The mice were divided into six groups: No tumor control (NTC), Tumor control (TC), Cisplatin (Cis) (4 mg/kg b.w.), PVaq 100, 200 mg/kg b.w and combination of PVaq (200 mg/kg b.w.) and Cisplatin (4 mg/kg b.w.). The mice were orally gavaged with PVaq daily for 14 days and cisplatin was given intravenously on every 1st, 5th and 9th day. Hematological and biochemical parameters were studied by using hematology analyzer and kits, respectively. E6 and E7 gene expression in the tumor samples was determined by qPCR. Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels were determined by ELISA. RESULTS PVaq induced mitochondrial depolarization in SiHa and HeLa, and increased the expression of generic caspases, resulting into apoptosis. PVaq upregulated the expression of tumor suppressor proteins (p53 and pRb) and reduced the expression of viral oncoproteins (E6 and E7). Acute toxicity study displayed non-toxicity of PVaq while DRF study ensured its safe dose for further efficacy studies. PVaq reduced tumor volume and weight in mouse papilloma model and induced immunomodulation in the animals. It increased serum levels of IL-2 (Th1) with a concomitant decrease in IL-10 (Th2) cytokines. The drug did not affect body weight, food consumption and organ histopathology of the animals. CONCLUSIONS PVaq exhibited anticancer and immunomodulatory activities against cervical cancer cells and female mouse papilloma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Aphale
- Cancer Research Lab, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Kavita Shinde
- Cancer Research Lab, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Savita Pandita
- Cancer Research Lab, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Minal Mahajan
- Cancer Research Lab, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Prerna Raina
- Cancer Research Lab, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, Maharashtra, India.
| | - J N Mishra
- Bharat Sewa Sansthan, Moti Mahal, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ruchika Kaul-Ghanekar
- Cancer Research Lab, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, Maharashtra, India.
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Pilaquinga F, Morey J, Torres M, Seqqat R, Piña MDLN. Silver nanoparticles as a potential treatment against SARS-CoV-2: A review. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1707. [PMID: 33638618 PMCID: PMC7995207 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are distinguished by the ability to generate epidemics or pandemics, with their corresponding diseases characterized by severe respiratory illness, such as that which occurs in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and, today, in SARS-CoV-2, an outbreak that has struck explosively and uncontrollably beginning in December 2019 and has claimed the lives of more than 1.9 M people worldwide as of January 2021. The development of vaccines has taken one year, which is why it is necessary to investigate whether some already-existing alternatives that have been successfully developed in recent years can mitigate the pandemic's advance. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have proved effective in antiviral action. Thus, in this review, several in vitro and in vivo studies of the effect of AgNPs on viruses that cause respiratory diseases are analyzed and discussed to promote an understanding of the possible interaction of AgNPs with SARS-CoV-2. The study focuses on several in vivo toxicological studies of AgNPs and a dose extrapolation to humans to determine the chief avenue of exposure. It can be concluded that the use of AgNPs as a possible treatment for SARS-CoV-2 could be viable, based on comparing the virus' behavior to that of similar viruses in in vivo studies, and that the suggested route of administration in terms of least degree of adverse effects is inhalation. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Respiratory Disease Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pilaquinga
- School of Chemistry SciencesPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorQuitoEcuador
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of the Balearic IslandsPalma de MallorcaSpain
| | - Jeroni Morey
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of the Balearic IslandsPalma de MallorcaSpain
| | - Marbel Torres
- Immunology and Virology Laboratory, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CenterUniversidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPESangolquíEcuador
| | - Rachid Seqqat
- Immunology and Virology Laboratory, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CenterUniversidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPESangolquíEcuador
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Trivedi MK, Panda P, Sethi KK, Gangwar M, Mondal SC, Jana S. Solid and liquid state characterization of tetrahydrocurcumin using XRPD, FT-IR, DSC, TGA, LC-MS, GC-MS, and NMR and its biological activities. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:334-345. [PMID: 32923007 PMCID: PMC7474126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) is one of the major metabolites of curcumin (CUR), an ancient bioactive natural polyphenolic compound. This research article describes both the solid and liquid state characterization of THC using advanced spectroscopic and thermo-analytical techniques. Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective activities of THC were investigated using in vitro cell lines. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that our sample comprised 95.15% THC, 0.51% tetrahydrodemethoxycurcumin (THDC), 3.40% hexahydrocurcumin, and 0.94% octahydrocurcumin. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis indicated the presence of 96.68% THC and 3.32% THDC. THC in solution existed as keto-enol tautomers in three different forms at different retention time, but the enol form was found to be dominant, which was also supported by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. THC was thermally stable up to 335.55 °C. THC exhibited more suppression of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and MIP-1α) than CUR in a concentration-dependent manner in mouse splenocytes, while NK-cell and phagocytosis activity was increased in macrophages. THC showed a significant reduction of free radicals (LPO) along with improved antioxidant enzymes (SOD and catalase) and increased free radical scavenging activity against ABTS+ radicals in HepG2 cells. THC displayed higher protection capability than CUR from oxidative stress and neuronal damage by improving cell viability against H2O2 induced HepG2 cells and MPP+ induced SH-SY5Y cells, respectively, in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, a variation of the biological activities of THC might rely on its keto-enol form and the presence of other THC analogs as impurities. The present study could be advantageous for further research on THC for better understanding its physicochemical properties and biological variation. Solid and liquid state characterization of THC using advanced analytical techniques. THC existed in 3 different forms viz. one keto form, two enol forms in solution. THC was found to be thermally more stable than curcumin. THC exhibited significant suppression of proinflammatory cytokines, increased NK cells and phagocytosis activities. THC showed higher total anti-oxidant activity and neuroprotective activity than curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parthasarathi Panda
- Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Thane, (W)-400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kalyan Kumar Sethi
- Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Thane, (W)-400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mayank Gangwar
- Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Thane, (W)-400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sambhu Charan Mondal
- Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Thane, (W)-400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Snehasis Jana
- Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Thane, (W)-400604, Maharashtra, India
- Corresponding author.
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Trivedi MK, Mondal SC, Gangwar M, Jana S. Immunomodulatory potential of nanocurcumin-based formulation. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 25:609-619. [PMID: 28921388 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0395-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitamins, minerals, and nanocurcumin play a substantial role in various nutraceutical/pharmaceutical formulations that are widely used in therapeutics, cosmetics, and dietary supplements. The current study aimed to investigate the comparative in vitro immunomodulatory effect of a novel nanocurcumin-based formulation with curcumin in LPS-induced cytokine expression, NK cells' activity, and phagocytosis. The proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and MIP-1α) and NK cells' activity were measured in cell supernatants using ELISA assay; however, phagocytosis activity was performed using colorimetric analysis. The chemical characterization of novel nanocurcumin-based formulation using LC-MS (R t 19.02 min) and mass spectra analysis (m/z 369.04) confirmed the presence of the curcumin in highest peak concentration. MTT assay in three tested cell-lines showed that the formulation was found non-toxic at all the tested concentrations. The expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MIP-1α in splenocytes was significantly (p ≤ 0.001) inhibited. Besides, the NK cells' activity and phagocytosis (macrophage) were increased significantly (p ≤ 0.001). Overall, the promising results of this study indicated the significant immunomodulatory effect of nanocurcumin-based formulation compared to the curcumin, which could be used against various inflammatory disorders such as allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, coeliac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mayank Gangwar
- Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Snehasis Jana
- Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Taylor E, Onditi F, Maina N, Ozwara H. Immunization of mice with soluble lysate of interferon gamma expressing Plasmodium berghei ANKA induces high IFN-γ production. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2017; 3:11. [PMID: 28883981 PMCID: PMC5531070 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-017-0053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts in search of lasting malaria vaccine have led to the development of transgenic rodent malaria parasites. As a result, wild type Plasmodium berghei ANKA (WTPbA) has recently been transformed to express mouse interferon gamma (mIFN-γ). The immunomodulatory effect of this transgenic parasite on WTPbA infection has been demonstrated. However, the protective immune responses after repeated immunization with soluble lysate of this parasite has not been investigated. METHODS Soluble lysate of transgenic PbA (TPbA) was prepared and concentration of IFN-γ in lysate determined by ELISA. Four groups of 20 BALB/c mice each (two treatment groups and two control groups) were setup. Treatment Groups 1 and 2 were primed (at day 0) with lysate of TPbA containing 75 pg/ml IFN-γ and live TPbA parasites respectively. Infection in Group 2 mice was cured with Coartem™ at 450 mg/kg for 3 days. At day 14 post-priming, both groups were boosted twice at day 14 and day 28 with lysate of TPbA containing 75 pg/ml IFN-γ and 35 pg/ml IFN-γ respectively. Blood and spleen samples were collected at day 0, day 14, day 21 and day 28 for preparation of serum and cell cultures respectively. Serum IgG and cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) levels in culture supernatant were measred by ELISA.Survivorship and parasitemia were daily monitored for 21 days. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA student's t test. A p value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS At day 28 post-priming, IFN-γ production in Group 1 was tenfold higher than in RBC control group (p = 0.070) There was significant difference in IFN-γ production among the groups at day 28 (p < 0.0001). TNF-α production in Group 1 mice increased fourfold in Group 2 mice from day 14 to day 28 post-immunization (p = 0.0005). There was no significant effect on serum IgG production. Mice in treatment groups survived 5 to 4 days longer compared to non-immunized group. CONCLUSION The study has demonstrated that, repeated immunization with soluble lysate of TPbA induces Th 1 response leading to increased IFN-γ and TNF-γ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer Taylor
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University, Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation (PAUSTI), P.O. Box 6200-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research (IPR), P.O. Box 24481-00502, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Faith Onditi
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research (IPR), P.O. Box 24481-00502, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Naomi Maina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University, Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation (PAUSTI), P.O. Box 6200-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hastings Ozwara
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research (IPR), P.O. Box 24481-00502, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya
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Park SY, Hwang E, Shin YK, Lee DG, Yang JE, Park JH, Yi TH. Immunostimulatory Effect of Enzyme-Modified Hizikia fusiformein a Mouse Model In Vitro and Ex Vivo. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 19:65-75. [PMID: 28138935 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-017-9727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hizikia fusiforme, a brown seaweed, has been utilized as a health food and in traditional medicine. In this study, we investigated whether enzyme-modified H. fusiforme extracts (EH) have immunological effects compared with normal H. fusiforme extracts (NH). The effects of NH and EH on immune responses were investigated by assessing nitric oxide (NO) production, phagocytosis, and cytokine secretion in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages and mice. Also, fucosterol was evaluated to find the active component of NH and EH by addressing cytotoxicity test and NO production. Both of NH and EH significantly increased cell viability and NO synthesis. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression was more induced by EH with LPS treatment. Phagocytic activity, as the primary function of macrophages, was markedly induced by EH treatment. Additionally, EH encouraged splenocyte proliferation and recovered the levels of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in mice. Finally, fucosterol increased NO production with no cytotoxicity, which means that fucosterol is an active component of EH. In conclusion, EH has the potential to modulate immune function and could offer positive therapeutic effect for immune system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Park
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Eunson Hwang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Yu-Kyong Shin
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Don-Gil Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si, South Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hee Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si, South Korea
| | - Tae-Hoo Yi
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea.
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si, South Korea.
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Vishnu Vardhan GP, Savithri HS, Murthy MRN, Hema M. Biodistribution and toxicity evaluation of sesbania mosaic virus nanoparticles in mice. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2673-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lappas CM. The immunomodulatory effects of titanium dioxide and silver nanoparticles. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 85:78-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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