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Al-Daghri NM, Wani K, Khattak MNK, Alnaami AM, Al-Saleh Y, Sabico S. The single point insulin sensitivity estimator (SPISE) is associated with bone health in Arab adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2024; 36:136. [PMID: 38904881 PMCID: PMC11192813 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-024-02789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Single Point Insulin Sensitivity Estimator (SPISE) index is a surrogate marker for insulin sensitivity. Given the emerging role of bone as an active endocrine organ, its associations with non-invasive measures of extra-skeletal functions such as insulin sensitivity warrant investigation. AIMS This study aimed to explore the relationship between the SPISE index and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in an adult population. METHODS Data from a total of 1270 Arab adults (84% females, mean age 56.7 ± 8.1 years) from the Osteoporosis Registry Database of the Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases in King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was used in this study. T-scores and SPISE were calculated. Regression models were used to determine associations between SPISE and bone health indices. RESULTS The low BMD group (N = 853; T-score <-1.0) had significantly higher SPISE values than those with normal BMD (N = 417; T-score - 1.0 and above) (4.6 ± 1.3 vs. 4.3 ± 1.2, p < 0.001). Multivariate linear regression, adjusted for covariates, confirmed a significant inverse association between SPISE and BMD for all participants (β=-0.22, p < 0.001), as well as both groups [normal BMD (β = -0.10, p = 0.02) and low BMD groups (β = -0.15, p < 0.001)]. SPISE, family history of T2DM, and history of fractures collectively account for 17% of the variances perceived in T-score for all participants (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A significant inverse association between the SPISE index and BMD was observed in adults, suggesting a link between BMD and extra-skeletal health. Underlying mechanisms need to be investigated prospectively using BMD as secondary outcomes in lifestyle modification programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kaiser Wani
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak N K Khattak
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Alnaami
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Al-Saleh
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, Health Oasis Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaun Sabico
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Alahmadi MA, Almasoud KH, Aljahani AH, Alzaman NS, Al-Nozha OM, Alahmadi OM, Jalloun RA, Alfadhli EM, Alahmadi JM, Zuair AA, Alzahrani NS, Alahmdi AA, Alghamdi MA, Aldayel AA, Aljaloud SO, Alharbi OM, Al-Nuaim A, Alshqaq SS, Alsaedi BS, Alrashidi A, Alamri OA, Alshaikhi AS, Al-Thumali FJ, Alshdokhi KA, Awn AB, Jifri AA, Aljuhani O, Aljaloud KS, Al-Mudarra MF, Ansari MGA, Al-Daghri NM. The prevalence of sedentary behavior among university students in Saudi Arabia. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:605. [PMID: 38408947 PMCID: PMC10895824 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A considerable body of research has demonstrated that reducing sitting time benefits health. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore the prevalence of sedentary behavior (SB) and its patterns. METHODS A total of 6975 university students (49.1% female) were chosen randomly to participate in a face-to-face interview. The original English version of the sedentary behavior questionnaire (SBQ) was previously translated into Arabic. Then, the validated Arabic version of the SBQ was used to assess SB. The Arabic SBQ included 9 types of SB (watching television, playing computer/video games, sitting while listening to music, sitting and talking on the phone, doing paperwork or office work, sitting and reading, playing a musical instrument, doing arts and crafts, and sitting and driving/riding in a car, bus or train) on weekdays and weekends. RESULTS SBQ indicated that the total time of SB was considerably high (478.75 ± 256.60 and 535.86 ± 316.53 (min/day) during weekdays and weekends, respectively). On average, participants spent the most time during the day doing office/paperwork (item number 4) during weekdays (112.47 ± 111.11 min/day) and weekends (122.05 ± 113.49 min/day), followed by sitting time in transportation (item number 9) during weekdays (78.95 ± 83.25 min/day) and weekends (92.84 ± 100.19 min/day). The average total sitting time of the SBQ was 495.09 ± 247.38 (min/day) and 58.4% of the participants reported a high amount of sitting time (≥ 7 hours/day). Independent t-test showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between males and females in all types of SB except with doing office/paperwork (item number 4). The results also showed that male students have a longer daily sitting time (521.73 ± 236.53 min/day) than females (467.38 ± 255.28 min/day). Finally, 64.1% of the males reported a high amount of sitting time (≥ 7 hours/day) compared to females (52.3%). CONCLUSION In conclusion, the total mean length of SB in minutes per day for male and female university students was considerably high. About 58% of the population appeared to spend ≥7 h/day sedentary. Male university students are likelier to sit longer than female students. Our findings also indicated that SB and physical activity interventions are needed to raise awareness of the importance of adopting an active lifestyle and reducing sitting time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alahmadi
- Sport Science and Physical Activity Department, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid H Almasoud
- Sport Science and Physical Activity Department, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani H Aljahani
- Physical Sport Science Department, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naweed S Alzaman
- Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar M Al-Nozha
- Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama M Alahmadi
- College of Medicine, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rola A Jalloun
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman M Alfadhli
- Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Areeg A Zuair
- Community Health Nursing Department, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif S Alzahrani
- Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Alahmdi
- College of Medicine, Al-Rayan Colleges, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Obead M Alharbi
- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, Collage of Education, Qassim University, Burayday, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar Al-Nuaim
- Physical Education Department, Education College, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Basim S Alsaedi
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Alrashidi
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama A Alamri
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahed S Alshaikhi
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Khaled A Alshdokhi
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, College of Education, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen Bin Awn
- Department of General Curricula and Instruction, College of Education, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Abdullah Jifri
- Department of Sport Science, College of Sport Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Aljuhani
- Department of Physical Education, College of Sports Science and Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S Aljaloud
- Exercise Physiology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munirah Fayez Al-Mudarra
- Department of Home Economics, College of Education, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Al-Dawasir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed G A Ansari
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Yakout SM, Alfadul H, Ansari MGA, Khattak MNK, Al-Daghri NM. Vitamin D Status Modestly Regulates NOD-Like Receptor Family with a Pyrin Domain 3 Inflammasome and Interleukin Profiles among Arab Adults. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16377. [PMID: 38003567 PMCID: PMC10670975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (VD) deficiency has been associated with inflammation and dysregulation of the immune system. The NLRP3 inflammasome, a critical immune response component, plays a pivotal role in developing inflammatory diseases. VD hinders NLRP3 inflammasome activation and thus exerts anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to analyze the effect of VD deficiency on circulating levels of NLRP3 inflammasomes (NLRP3 and caspase-1) and associated interleukins (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33 and IL-37) in Saudi adults. Methods: A total of 338 Saudi adults (128 males and 210 females) (mean age = 41.2 ± 9.1 years and mean BMI 31.2 ± 6.5 kg/m2) were included. Overnight-fasting serum samples were collected. Participants were stratified according to their VD status. Serum levels of NLRP3 inflammasomes and interleukins of interest were assessed using commercially available immuno-assays. Individuals with VD deficiency had significantly lower mean 25(OH)D levels than those with a normal VD status (29.3 nmol/L vs. 74.2 nmol/L, p < 0.001). The NLRP3 levels were higher in the VD-deficient group than their VD-sufficient counterparts (0.18 vs. 0.16, p = 0.01). Significant inverse associations were observed between NLRP3 levels with age (r = -0.20, p = 0.003) and BMI (r = -0.17, p = 0.01). Stepwise regression analysis identified insulin (β = 0.38, p = 0.005) and NLRP3 (β = -1.33, p = 0.03) as significant predictors of VD status, explaining 18.3% of the variance. The findings suggest that the VD status modestly regulates NLRP3 inflammasome and interleukin activities. This may provide novel insights into the pathogenesis and management of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nasser M. Al-Daghri
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (M.N.K.K.)
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Sabico S, Wani K, Grant WB, Al-Daghri NM. Improved HDL Cholesterol through Vitamin D Status Correction Substantially Lowers 10-Year Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score in Vitamin D-Deficient Arab Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030551. [PMID: 36771260 PMCID: PMC9921125 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This interventional study aimed to determine whether correcting vitamin D status in deficient Arab adults [25(OH)D <50 nmol/L] improves their 10-year risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) risk scores. Saudi adults (58 males 62 females) with baseline vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) were given 50,000 IU cholecalciferol weekly for 2 months, then twice a month, followed by daily 1000 IU until month 6. Fasting blood samples were collected pre- and post-intervention and assessed for glucose, lipids, and 25(OH)D levels. The predicted 10-year ASCVD risk scores were calculated at baseline and after intervention. At baseline, significantly higher 10-year ASCDV risk scores were observed in males than females (9% vs. 3%, p < 0.001). After 6 months, only 21% (25 out of 120) achieved 25(OH)D levels above optimal level (≥75 nmol/L). While modest improvements were seen in glucose and lipid profiles, only HDL cholesterol showed favorable significant changes in all participants, which translated to significantly improved 10-year ASCVD risk scores independent of whether they achieved optimum vitamin D status. Still, those who achieved optimal vitamin D levels had a modestly larger decrease in ASCVD risk scores than those with less optimal 25(OH)D levels (-23% versus -18%) and this improvement was slightly more pronounced in males (-26% versus -10%, or 16% improvement) than females (-47% versus -32%, or 15% improvement). In conclusion, vitamin D status correction significantly enhances HDL cholesterol which prospectively reduces 10-year ASCVD risk as vitamin D levels approach optimum status among adult Arabs with baseline vitamin D deficiency. This improvement appears to be slightly more apparent in males than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Sabico
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kaiser Wani
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - William B. Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA
| | - Nasser M. Al-Daghri
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-14675939
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Al-Daghri NM, Alfawaz H, Khan N, Al-Saleh Y, Aljohani NJ, Aldisi D, Alkhaldi G, Alqarni AM, Almasoudi HO, Alshehri LA, Alanzi RM, Khattak MNK, Elsaid MA, Alokail MS. Association of Vitamin D Knowledge, Behavior and Attitude with BMI Status among Arab Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11107. [PMID: 36078823 PMCID: PMC9518129 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191711107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the association of vitamin D (VD) knowledge, behavior, and attitude with BMI status among Saudi adults. This cross-sectional online survey included a total of 774 participants (M/F: 239/535). Knowledge about the overall sources of VD was highest in OB participants in correctly identifying sunlight (95.1%; p < 0.001) while significantly more OW participants answered food (83.1%; p = 0.04) and fortified food (66.5%; p = 0.02). However, 18.9% of OB participants also wrongly identified air as a VD source and this was significantly higher than in other groups (p = 0.03). OW participants were 50% less likely to identify salmon and fish oil (odds ratio, OR 0.5 (95% Confidence interval, CI 0.4-0.7); p < 0.01) and 40% more likely to identify chicken (OR 1.4 (1.0-1.9); p < 0.05) as dietary sources of VD than controls. On the other hand, OB participants were almost three times more likely to know that sunlight exposure is the main source of VD than controls (OR 2.65 (1.2-6.0); p < 0.05). In conclusion, while VD knowledge overall was apparently high in Saudi adults regardless of BMI status, the quality of knowledge among OB and OW individuals appear inconsistent, particularly in terms of identifying the right VD sources. Public health awareness campaigns should include the correction of VD misconceptions so that high-risk populations are able to make well-informed decisions in achieving optimal VD levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M. Al-Daghri
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Alfawaz
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food & Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasiruddin Khan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Applied and Health Sciences, A’Sharqiyah University, Ibra 400, Oman
| | - Yousef Al-Saleh
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 22490, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naji J. Aljohani
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Obesity Endocrine and Metabolism Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dara Aldisi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghadah Alkhaldi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani M. Alqarni
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food & Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel O. Almasoudi
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food & Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lina A. Alshehri
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food & Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rinad M. Alanzi
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food & Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak N. K. Khattak
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Elsaid
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S. Alokail
- Protein Research Chair, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Overview of Nutraceuticals and Cardiometabolic Diseases following Socio-Economic Analysis. ENDOCRINES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines3020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of functional food and nutraceutical products to deal with cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has gained attention in the past few years. The aim of this narrative review is to highlight the potential and effectiveness of nutraceutical in the improvement of CMDs and MetS biomarkers, alongside their burden of disease and economic health expenditure. A science database search was conducted between May and June 2021. A total of 35 studies were included in this paper. We included male and female subjects, children, and adults, in good health or with cardiovascular or metabolic disease. CMDs and MetS have gradually become worldwide health problems, becoming two of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in western countries. The results indicate a positive link between daily consumption of nutraceutical products and an improvement in cardiometabolic and anthropometric biomarkers. In this paper we included a wide range of nutraceutical products. Most of them showed promising data, indicating that nutraceuticals could provide a new therapeutic treatment to reduce prevalence and pharmaceutical expenditures attributed to CMDs and MetS. Unfortunately, there is a huge vacuum of data on nutraceutical usage, savings, and burden reduction. Therefore, further clinical and pharmaco-economic research in the field is highly required.
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Amer OE, Sabico S, Khattak MNK, Alnaami AM, Aljohani NJ, Alfawaz H, AlHameidi A, Al-Daghri NM. Increasing Prevalence of Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components among Arab Youth: A Time-Series Study from 2010-2019. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:children8121129. [PMID: 34943325 PMCID: PMC8700288 DOI: 10.3390/children8121129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiometabolic disorders, mostly studied in adults with certain ethnic groups, such as Arabs with higher predisposition and heritability. In this time-series study, we tried to determine the prevalence of MetS in the Arabic pediatric population from 2010–2019 to gauge the need to intervene in the younger population. Methods: A total of 7985 Saudi school children aged 12–18 coming from different sets of cohorts in different timepoints were included in this time-series studies (Year 2010, n = 2081, 877 boys and 1204 girls; Year 2015, n = 3360, 1625 boys and 1735 girls, Year 2019, n = 2544, 956 boys and 1588 girls). Anthropometrics were measured as well as fasting blood samples for the assessment of lipids and glucose. Screening for MetS was conducted using the pediatric definition obtained from the 2004 definition of de Ferranti et al. Results: In 2010, the prevalence of MetS was 11.8%, which increased sharply to 20.1% in 2015 and again in 2019 to 20.6%. Stratified according to sex, the increased prevalence of MetS was more evident in boys with only 7.8% in 2010 jumping to 25.3% in 2019. In girls, the increase in prevalence was modest with 14.8% in 2010 to 17.7% in 2019. In both boys and girls, the highest increase in prevalence among MetS components was observed to be low HDL-cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, and central obesity, respectively. Conclusions: The alarming increase in pediatric MetS among Arab children and adolescents over a short timespan have significant clinical and economic implications if not addressed immediately. Health policy makers should implement lifestyle interventions aimed at high-risk children or overweight youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama E. Amer
- Biochemistry Department, King Saud University College of Science, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (O.E.A.); (S.S.); (M.N.K.K.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Shaun Sabico
- Biochemistry Department, King Saud University College of Science, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (O.E.A.); (S.S.); (M.N.K.K.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Malak N. K. Khattak
- Biochemistry Department, King Saud University College of Science, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (O.E.A.); (S.S.); (M.N.K.K.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Abdullah M. Alnaami
- Biochemistry Department, King Saud University College of Science, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (O.E.A.); (S.S.); (M.N.K.K.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Naji J. Aljohani
- Obesity, Endocrine and Metabolic Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hanan Alfawaz
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Nasser M. Al-Daghri
- Biochemistry Department, King Saud University College of Science, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (O.E.A.); (S.S.); (M.N.K.K.); (A.M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +96-61-1467-5939; Fax: +96-61-1467-5931
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8
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Ansari MGA, Mohammed AK, Wani KA, Hussain SD, Alnaami AM, Abdi S, Aljohani NJ, Al-Daghri NM. Vitamin D Receptor Gene Variants Susceptible to Osteoporosis in Arab Post-Menopausal Women. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1325-1334. [PMID: 34698098 PMCID: PMC8929051 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-menopausal osteoporosis (PMO) is a multifactorial bone disorder in elderly women. Various vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene variants have been studied and associated with osteoporosis in other populations, but not in a homogenous Arab ethnic group. Herein, the current study explores the association between VDR polymorphisms and susceptibility to osteoporosis in Saudi postmenopausal women. In total, 600 Saudi postmenopausal women (N = 300 osteoporosis; N = 300 control) were genotyped for VDR gene variants (rs7975232, rs1544410, rs731236) using TaqMan® SNP genotyping assays. Bone mineral density (BMD) for the lumbar spine and femur was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The heterozygous frequency distributions AC of rs7975232, CT of rs1544410, and AG of rs731236 were significantly higher in the osteoporosis group than controls (p < 0.05). Heterozygous AC of rs7975232 (1.6; 95% CI 1.1–2.3; p < 0.023), CT of rs1544410 (1.6; 95% CI 1.1–2.4; p < 0.022), and AG of rs731236 (1.6; 95% CI 1.1–2.4; p < 0.024) were significantly associated with increased risk of osteoporosis, independent of age and BMI. In conclusion, VDR gene variants rs7975232, rs1544410, rs731236 had a significant effect on BMD and were associated with osteoporosis risk in Saudi postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed. G. A. Ansari
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.G.A.A.); (A.K.M.); (K.A.W.); (S.D.H.); (A.M.A.); (N.J.A.)
| | - Abdul Khader Mohammed
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.G.A.A.); (A.K.M.); (K.A.W.); (S.D.H.); (A.M.A.); (N.J.A.)
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kaiser A. Wani
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.G.A.A.); (A.K.M.); (K.A.W.); (S.D.H.); (A.M.A.); (N.J.A.)
| | - Syed D. Hussain
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.G.A.A.); (A.K.M.); (K.A.W.); (S.D.H.); (A.M.A.); (N.J.A.)
| | - Abdullah M. Alnaami
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.G.A.A.); (A.K.M.); (K.A.W.); (S.D.H.); (A.M.A.); (N.J.A.)
| | - Saba Abdi
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Naji J. Aljohani
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.G.A.A.); (A.K.M.); (K.A.W.); (S.D.H.); (A.M.A.); (N.J.A.)
- Obesity, Endocrine, and Metabolic Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 59046, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M. Al-Daghri
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.G.A.A.); (A.K.M.); (K.A.W.); (S.D.H.); (A.M.A.); (N.J.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-1-4675939
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Abboud M, Al Anouti F, Papandreou D, Rizk R, Mahboub N, Haidar S. Vitamin D status and blood pressure in children and adolescents: a systematic review of observational studies. Syst Rev 2021; 10:60. [PMID: 33618764 PMCID: PMC7898425 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-021-01584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood hypertension is a growing public health problem. Simultaneously, hypovitaminosis D is widespread in this population and could be associated with hypertension. This study systematically reviewed the literature on the relationship between vitamin D status and blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents. METHODS Following the PRISMA guidelines, PUBMED, MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov and the gray literature without language or time restrictions were searched. We included observational studies, assessed their risk of bias, and extracted data on population characteristics, vitamin D status and BP measurements, and the association between the two variables. A narrative analysis of the studies was performed. RESULTS In total, 85 studies were included. Prospective cohort studies showed no association between vitamin D and BP, and generally, they were flawed. Also, the majority of non-prospective cohort studies (cross-sectional, retrospective, case-control) did not report an association between vitamin D and BP. They were mostly flawed regarding BP measurement and adjusting to potential confounders. CONCLUSION The results on the relationship between vitamin D status and BP in children and adolescents varied between the studies, and mainly pointed towards lack of association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Abboud
- Department of Health, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatme Al Anouti
- Department of Health, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dimitrios Papandreou
- Department of Health, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rana Rizk
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie (INSPECT-Lb), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Mahboub
- Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan Haidar
- Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Aljohani NJ, Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas OS, Alokail MS, Alkhrafy KM, Al-Othman A, Yakout S, Alkabba AF, Al-Ghamdi AS, Almalki M, Buhary BM, Sabico S. Differences and associations of metabolic and vitamin D status among patients with and without sub-clinical hypothyroid dysfunction. BMC Endocr Disord 2013; 13:31. [PMID: 23962199 PMCID: PMC3751774 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-13-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sub-clinical hypothyroid dysfunction, a relatively understudied disorder in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), has significant clinical implications if not properly monitored. Also from KSA, more than 50% of the population suffer from hypovitaminosis D (<50 nmol/l). In this cross-sectional case-control study, we described the differences and associations in the metabolic patterns of adult Saudis with and without hypothyroid dysfunction in relation to their vitamin D status, PTH, calcium and lipid profile. METHODS A total of 94 consenting adult Saudis [52 controls (without subclinical hypothyroidism), 42 cases (previously diagnosed subjects)] were included in this cross-sectional study. Anthropometrics were obtained and fasting blood samples were taken for ascertaining lipid and thyroid profile, as well as measuring PTH, 25(OH) vitamin D and calcium. RESULTS Cases had a significantly higher body mass index than the controls (p < 0.001). Circulating triglycerides was also significantly higher in cases than the controls (p = 0.001). A significant positive association between HDL-cholesterol and PTH (R = 0.56; p = 0.001), as well as a negative and modestly significant negative association between LDL-cholesterol and PTH (R = - 20.0; p = 0.04) were observed. FT3 was inversely associated with circulating 25 (OH) vitamin D (R = -0.25; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Patients with hypothyroid dysfunction possess several cardiometabolic risk factors that include obesity and dyslipidemia. The association between PTH and cholesterol levels as well as the inverse association between vitamin D status and FT3 needs to be reassessed prospectively on a larger scale to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naji J Aljohani
- Faculty of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biochemistry Department, Biomarkers Research Program, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar S Al-Attas
- Biochemistry Department, Biomarkers Research Program, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Biochemistry Department, Biomarkers Research Program, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M Alkhrafy
- Biochemistry Department, Biomarkers Research Program, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Al-Othman
- Biochemistry Department, Biomarkers Research Program, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sobhy Yakout
- Biochemistry Department, Biomarkers Research Program, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz F Alkabba
- Faculty of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S Al-Ghamdi
- Faculty of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mussa Almalki
- Faculty of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badurudeen Mahmood Buhary
- Faculty of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaun Sabico
- Biochemistry Department, Biomarkers Research Program, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Al-Daghri NM, Alkharfy KM, Al-Othman A, El-Kholie E, Moharram O, Alokail MS, Al-Saleh Y, Sabico S, Kumar S, Chrousos GP. Vitamin D supplementation as an adjuvant therapy for patients with T2DM: an 18-month prospective interventional study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:85. [PMID: 22809461 PMCID: PMC3461474 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with impaired human insulin action, suggesting a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM). In this prospective interventional study we investigated the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on the metabolic profiles of Saudi T2DM subjects pre- and post-vitamin D supplementation over an 18-month period. Methods T2DM Saudi subjects (men, N = 34: Age: 56.6 ± 8.7 yr, BMI, 29.1 ± 3.3 kg/m2; women, N = 58: Age: 51.2 ± 10.6 yr, BMI 34.3 ± 4.9 kg/m2;) were recruited and given 2000 IU vitamin D3 daily for 18 months. Anthropometrics and fasting blood were collected (0, 6, 12, 18 months) to monitor serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D using specific ELISA, and to determine metabolic profiles by standard methods. Results In all subjects there was a significant increase in mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels from baseline (32.2 ± 1.5 nmol/L) to 18 months (54.7 ± 1.5 nmol/L; p < 0.001), as well as serum calcium (baseline = 2.3 ± 0.23 mmol/L vs. 18 months = 2.6 ± 0.1 mmol/L; p = 0.003). A significant decrease in LDL- (baseline = 4.4 ± 0.8 mmol/L vs. 18 months = 3.6 ± 0.8 mmol/L, p < 0.001] and total cholesterol (baseline = 5.4 ± 0.2 mmol/L vs. 18 months = 4.9 ± 0.3 mmol/L, p < 0.001) were noted, as well as a significant improvement in HOMA-β function ( p = 0.002). Majority of the improvements elicited were more prominent in women than men. Conclusion In the Saudi T2DM population receiving oral Vitamin D3 supplementation (2000 IU/day), circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels remained below normal 18 months after the onset of treatment. Yet, this “suboptimal” supplementation significantly improved lipid profile with a favorable change in HDL/LDL ratio, and HOMA-β function, which were more pronounced in T2DM females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box, 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Al-Othman A, Al-Musharaf S, Al-Daghri NM, Krishnaswamy S, Yusuf DS, Alkharfy KM, Al-Saleh Y, Al-Attas OS, Alokail MS, Moharram O, Sabico S, Chrousos GP. Effect of physical activity and sun exposure on vitamin D status of Saudi children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr 2012; 12:92. [PMID: 22759399 PMCID: PMC3407533 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence suggests an increased prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the Middle East. In this context, we aimed to determine whether the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is related to degree of physical activity and sun exposure among apparently healthy Saudi children and adolescents, a little studied population. Methods A total of 331 Saudi children aged 6–17 years (153 boys and 178 girls) were included in this cross sectional study. Levels of physical activity and sun exposure were determined using a standard questionnaire. Anthropometry, serum calcium and 25-(OH) vitamin D were analyzed. Results All subjects were vitamin D deficient, the majority being moderately deficient (71.6%). Age was the single most significant predictor affecting 25 (OH) Vitamin D levels, explaining 21% of the variance perceived (p = 1.68 x 10-14). Age-matched comparisons revealed that for groups having the same amount of sun exposure, those with moderate or are physically active will have higher levels of vitamin D status, though levels in across groups remained deficient. Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency is common among Saudi children and adolescents, and is influenced by both sun exposure and physical activity. Promotion of an active outdoor lifestyle among Saudi children in both homes and schools may counteract the vitamin D deficiency epidemic in this vulnerable population. Vitamin D supplementation is suggested in all groups, including those with the highest sun exposure and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Al-Othman
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Al-Musharaf S, Al-Othman A, Al-Daghri NM, Krishnaswamy S, Yusuf DS, Alkharfy KM, Al-Saleh Y, Al-Attas OS, Alokail MS, Moharram O, Yakout S, Sabico S, Chrousos GP. Vitamin D deficiency and calcium intake in reference to increased body mass index in children and adolescents. Eur J Pediatr 2012; 171:1081-6. [PMID: 22311168 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-012-1686-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to several chronic diseases in adults. Studies focusing on children and adolescents, however, are limited. In this randomized cross-sectional study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its relationship with childhood obesity and dietary calcium intake among a population of healthy urban Saudi children and adolescents. To achieve this, 331 randomly selected Saudi children (53.8% females and 46.2% males) aged 6-17 years were included. Demographic, medical, and dietary information were collected; anthropometrics were measured. Levels of serum fasting glucose, lipid profile, 25(OH) D, and for albumin corrected calcium were analyzed. Vitamin D deficiency was noted in all subjects, with girls having significantly lower vitamin D levels than boys. Mean calcium intake was found to be 60% of the required dietary allowance (RDA), while the mean vitamin D intake was 23% of RDA. Vitamin D status and calcium intake were comparable in both normal and overweight/obese children and adolescents. Vitamin D status was highest among children who had calcium intake >800 mg/day. In adolescents there was insignificant but decreasing trend in BMI, which was observed to be highest among those whose calcium intake was <250 mg/day and lowest among those taking >800 mg/day. CONCLUSION results from this study suggest the importance of vitamin D fortification and increased dietary calcium in the Saudi diet to meet RDA requirements and avoid onset of vitamin D deficiency-related diseases in Saudi children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Al-Musharaf
- College of Science, King Saud University Women's Section, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Al-Attas OS, Al-Daghri NM, Alokail MS, Alkharfy KM, Alfadda AA, McTernan P, Gibson GC, Sabico SB, Chrousos GP. Circulating leukocyte telomere length is highly heritable among families of Arab descent. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 13:38. [PMID: 22606980 PMCID: PMC3458987 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-13-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Telomere length, an indicator of ageing and longevity, has been correlated with several biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease in both Arab children and adults. It is not known, however, whether or not telomere length is a highly conserved inheritable trait in this homogeneous cohort, where age-related diseases are highly prevalent. As such, the aim of this study was to address the inheritability of telomere length in Saudi families and the impact of cardiometabolic disease biomarkers on telomere length. Methods A total of 119 randomly selected Saudi families (123 adults and 131 children) were included in this cross-sectional study. Anthropometrics were obtained and fasting blood samples were taken for routine analyses of fasting glucose and lipid profile. Leukocyte telomere length was determined using quantitative real time PCR. Results Telomere length was highly heritable as assessed by a parent-offspring regression [h2 = 0.64 (p = 0.0006)]. Telomere length was modestly associated with BMI (R2 0.07; p-value 0.0087), total cholesterol (R2 0.08; p-value 0.0033), and LDL-cholesterol (R2 0.15; p-value 3 x 10-5) after adjustments for gender, age and age within generation. Conclusion The high heritability of telomere length in Arab families, and the associations of telomere length with various cardiometabolic parameters suggest heritable genetic fetal and/or epigenetic influences on the early predisposition of Arab children to age-related diseases and accelerated ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar S Al-Attas
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Al-Daghri NM, Alkharfy KM, Al-Saleh Y, Al-Attas OS, Alokail MS, Al-Othman A, Moharram O, El-Kholie E, Sabico S, Kumar S, Chrousos GP. Modest reversal of metabolic syndrome manifestations with vitamin D status correction: a 12-month prospective study. Metabolism 2012; 61:661-6. [PMID: 22075268 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Numerous cross-sectional studies have noted significant negative associations between circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cardiometabolic risk factors, highlighting potential extraskeletal functions of this sterol hormone. Prospective studies, however, have been limited; and hence, no cause-and-effect relations can be inferred. This study aims to determine whether vitamin D status correction can reverse already established manifestations of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). A total of 59 adult nondiabetic, overweight, and obese Saudis (31 male, 28 female) were prospectively enrolled in this 1-year interventional study. Anthropometry and biochemical evaluation were performed, including determination of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium, and phosphorous concentrations, as well as fasting blood glucose and lipid profile. Subjects were advised to regularly expose themselves to sunlight and increase intake of vitamin D-rich foods. All measurements were repeated 6 and 12 months later. At the initial baseline visit, the prevalence of both low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and hypertension was significantly increased among patients with 25-vitamin D deficiency (P < .05), even after adjusting for sex and body mass index. Overall prevalence of MetS patients by the modified National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Adult Treatment Panel III definition decreased from 25.2% to 13.0%; and this was largely due to a parallel decrease in the prevalence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and hypertension. Optimization of vitamin D status through sun exposure and increased intake of a vitamin D-rich diet can lead to an improved cardiometabolic profile, offering a promising nonpharmacologic approach in the prevention of MetS manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA.
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Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas OS, Alokail MS, Alkharfy KM, El-Kholie E, Yousef M, Al-Othman A, Al-Saleh Y, Sabico S, Kumar S, Chrousos GP. Increased vitamin D supplementation recommended during summer season in the gulf region: a counterintuitive seasonal effect in vitamin D levels in adult, overweight and obese Middle Eastern residents. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 76:346-50. [PMID: 21906116 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Seasonal variations in circulating vitamin D levels provide vital information as to the most appropriate time to either start or increase vitamin D supplementation to maintain optimal vitamin D levels. In this follow-up study, we determined seasonal differences in serum 25(OH)-vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels, as well as parallel changes in metabolic parameters, in a cohort of adult, overweight and obese Saudis. METHODS A total of 121 adult, overweight, obese, and consenting Saudis aged 18-70 years were randomly recruited from four Primary Health Care Centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. They were divided according to the season when baseline measurements were made [74 summer (April-October); 47 winter (November-March)]. Anthropometrics were obtained, and fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and every 3 months for 1 year. Fasting blood glucose, corrected calcium levels, and lipid profiles were measured routinely. Serum 25(OH)-vitamin D was quantified using a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Age- and BMI-matched mean 25(OH)-vitamin D levels from the winter group were significantly higher than those of the summer group (P < 0·001). In both groups, HDL-C levels improved significantly as 25(OH)-vitamin D levels increased with subsequent follow-ups, even after adjusting for age, gender and BMI (P < 0·001). CONCLUSION Seasonal differences in serum 25(OH)-vitamin D levels in Saudi Arabia are counterintuitive, with circulating levels being higher during the winter than the summer season. Increased vitamin D supplementation is thus recommended to maintain optimal serum 25(OH)-vitamin D levels during the summer season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas OS, Alokail MS, Alkharfy KM, Yousef M, Sabico SL, Chrousos GP. Diabetes mellitus type 2 and other chronic non-communicable diseases in the central region, Saudi Arabia (Riyadh cohort 2): a decade of an epidemic. BMC Med 2011; 9:76. [PMID: 21689399 PMCID: PMC3141541 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-9-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Follow-up epidemiologic studies are needed to assess trends and patterns of disease spread. No follow-up epidemiologic study has been done in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to assess the current prevalence of major chronic, noncommunicable diseases, specifically in the urban region, where modifiable risk factors remain rampant. This study aims to fill this gap. METHODS A total of 9,149 adult Saudis ages seven to eighty years (5,357 males (58.6%) and 3,792 females (41.4%)) were randomly selected from the Riyadh Cohort Study for inclusion. Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2) and obesity were based on the World Health Organization definitions. Diagnoses of hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) were based on the Seventh Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure and American Heart Association criteria, respectively. RESULTS The overall crude prevalence of DMT2 was 23.1% (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 20.47 to 22.15). The age-adjusted prevalence of DMT2 was 31.6%. DMT2 prevalence was significantly higher in males, with an overall age-adjusted prevalence of 34.7% (95% CI 32.6 to 35.4), than in females, who had an overall age-adjusted prevalence of 28.6% (95% CI 26.7 to 29.3) (P < 0.001). The overall crude prevalence of obesity was 31.1% (95% CI 30.1 to 32.0). The age-adjusted prevalence of obesity was 40.0%. The prevalence of obesity was higher in females, with an overall prevalence of 36.5% (95% CI 35.1 to 37.83), than in males (25.1% (95% CI 23.7 to 26.3)) (P < 0.001). The age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension and CAD were 32.6% (95% CI 31.7 to 33.6) and 6.9% (95% CI 6.4 to 7.4), respectively. CONCLUSION Comparisons of our findings with earlier data show that the prevalence of DMT2, hypertension and CAD in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, has alarmingly worsened. Aggressive promotion of public awareness, continued screening and early intervention are pivotal to boosting a positive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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