1
|
Xie X, Yu T, Li X, Zhang N, Foster LJ, Peng C, Huang W, He G. Recent advances in targeting the "undruggable" proteins: from drug discovery to clinical trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:335. [PMID: 37669923 PMCID: PMC10480221 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Undruggable proteins are a class of proteins that are often characterized by large, complex structures or functions that are difficult to interfere with using conventional drug design strategies. Targeting such undruggable targets has been considered also a great opportunity for treatment of human diseases and has attracted substantial efforts in the field of medicine. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the recent development of drug discovery targeting "undruggable" proteins and their application in clinic. To make this review well organized, we discuss the design strategies targeting the undruggable proteins, including covalent regulation, allosteric inhibition, protein-protein/DNA interaction inhibition, targeted proteins regulation, nucleic acid-based approach, immunotherapy and others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tingting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
- Department of Dermatology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Leonard J Foster
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China.
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shi CS, Kuan FC, Chin CC, Li JM. Modulation of mitochondrial apoptosis by β2-adrenergic receptor blockage in colorectal cancer after radiotherapy: an in-vivo and in-vitro study. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:3741-3752. [PMID: 37693145 PMCID: PMC10492122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of malignancy-related deaths worldwide. Radiotherapy is often combined with surgery to treat patients with more advanced CRC. Despite impressive initial clinical responses, radiotherapy resistance is the main reason for most treatment failures in colorectal cancer. The G protein-coupled adrenergic receptor (AR) has shown to involve in the development and radiotherapy resistance of CRC. The β2-AR blockage (ICI-118,551) can use to inhibit the progression of CRC through downregulating EGFR-Akt-ERK1/2 signaling. Since catecholamines-activated the G protein-coupled AR activation has been shown to result in radioresistant, co-treatment with both β2-AR blockage and radiation may be improved the clinical outcome of CRC. We demonstrated that selective β2-AR blockage, but not selective β1-AR blockage, significantly enhanced radiation-induced apoptosis in CRC cells with wild-type p53 in vitro. The molecular mechanism of the apoptotic pathway was possibly triggered by a change in the mitochondrial membrane permeability and release of cytosolic cytochrome C through phospho-P53 mitochondrial translocation. We also found that a P53 knockout in the HCT116 cells was correlated with reversing β2-AR blockage-mediated apoptosis induction after radiation treatment. Furthermore, the β2-AR blockage significantly inhibited CRC cell-xenograft growth in vivo. Our study suggests that β2-AR blockage may be used as adjunct agent for improving the clinical outcomes of CRC following radiotherapy by inducing apoptosis in CRC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Sheng Shi
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalChiayi, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Che Kuan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalChiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalChiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Chin
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalChiayi, Taiwan
| | - Jhy-Ming Li
- Department of Animal Science, National Chiayi UniversityChiayi, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chandramohan K, Balan DJ, Devi KP, Nabavi SF, Reshadat S, Khayatkashani M, Mahmoodifar S, Filosa R, Amirkhalili N, Pishvaei S, Aval OS, Nabavi SM. Short interfering RNA in colorectal cancer: is it wise to shoot the messenger? Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 949:175699. [PMID: 37011722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the leading cause of gastrointestinal cancer death. 90% of people diagnosed with colorectal cancer are over the age of 50; nevertheless, the illness is more aggressive among those detected at a younger age. Chemotherapy-based treatment has several adverse effects on both normal and malignant cells. The primary signaling pathways implicated in the advancement of CRC include hedgehog (Hh), janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), Wingless-related integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin, transforming growth factor-β (TNF-β), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and Notch. Loss of heterozygosity in tumor suppressor genes like adenomatous polyposis coli, as well as mutation or deletion of genes like p53 and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS), are all responsible for the occurrence of CRC. Novel therapeutic targets linked to these signal-transduction cascades have been identified as a consequence of advances in small interfering RNA (siRNA) treatments. This study focuses on many innovative siRNA therapies and methodologies for delivering siRNA therapeutics to the malignant site safely and effectively for the treatment of CRC. Treatment of CRC using siRNA-associated nanoparticles (NPs) may inhibit the activity of oncogenes and MDR-related genes by targeting a range of signaling mechanisms. This study summarizes several siRNAs targeting signaling molecules, as well as the therapeutic approaches that might be employed to treat CRC in the future.
Collapse
|
4
|
Weber LI, Hartl M. Strategies to target the cancer driver MYC in tumor cells. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1142111. [PMID: 36969025 PMCID: PMC10032378 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1142111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The MYC oncoprotein functions as a master regulator of cellular transcription and executes non-transcriptional tasks relevant to DNA replication and cell cycle regulation, thereby interacting with multiple proteins. MYC is required for fundamental cellular processes triggering proliferation, growth, differentiation, or apoptosis and also represents a major cancer driver being aberrantly activated in most human tumors. Due to its non-enzymatic biochemical functions and largely unstructured surface, MYC has remained difficult for specific inhibitor compounds to directly address, and consequently, alternative approaches leading to indirect MYC inhibition have evolved. Nowadays, multiple organic compounds, nucleic acids, or peptides specifically interfering with MYC activities are in preclinical or early-stage clinical studies, but none of them have been approved so far for the pharmacological treatment of cancer patients. In addition, specific and efficient delivery technologies to deliver MYC-inhibiting agents into MYC-dependent tumor cells are just beginning to emerge. In this review, an overview of direct and indirect MYC-inhibiting agents and their modes of MYC inhibition is given. Furthermore, we summarize current possibilities to deliver appropriate drugs into cancer cells containing derailed MYC using viral vectors or appropriate nanoparticles. Finding the right formulation to target MYC-dependent cancers and to achieve a high intracellular concentration of compounds blocking or attenuating oncogenic MYC activities could be as important as the development of novel MYC-inhibiting principles.
Collapse
|
5
|
Torres M, Dickson AJ. Combined gene and environmental engineering offers a synergetic strategy to enhance r-protein production in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:550-565. [PMID: 34821376 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Environmental growth-inhibition conditions (GICs) have been used extensively for increasing cell-specific productivity (qP ) of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, with the most common being temperature downshift and sodium butyrate (NaBu) treatment. B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (BLIMP1) overexpression in CHO cells can also inhibit cell growth and increase product titers and qP . Given the similar responses, this study evaluated the individual and combined effects of BLIMP1 expression, low temperature, and NaBu treatment on culture performance, cell metabolism, and recombinant protein production of CHO cells. As expected, all three interventions decreased cell growth, arrested cells in G1/G0 cell cycle phase, and increased qP . However, CHO cells presented different responses when considering cell viability, recombinant gene expression, and cell metabolism that indicated differences in the molecular loci by which BLIMP1 and GICs generated higher productivities. Combinations of BLIMP1 expression and GICs acted synergistically to inhibit cell growth and maximize r-protein production, with the BLIMP1/NaBu condition leading to the most significant improvements in product titers and qP . This latter condition also proved to substantially increase product yields (up to 9.8 g immunoglobulin G1 [IgG1]/L and 2.2 g erythropoietin-Fc [EPO-Fc]/L) and qP (up to 179 pg/cell/day [pcd] for IgG1 and 30 pcd for EPO-Fc) in high-density perfusion cultures. These findings offered mechanistic insights about the productivity-enhancing effects of BLIMP1 and GICs, as well as their complementarity for generating highly productive processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Torres
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alan J Dickson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in the Regulation of the Proto-Oncogene MYC in Different Types of Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080921. [PMID: 34440124 PMCID: PMC8389562 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the expression level of the MYC gene are often found in the cells of various malignant tumors. Overexpressed MYC has been shown to stimulate the main processes of oncogenesis: uncontrolled growth, unlimited cell divisions, avoidance of apoptosis and immune response, changes in cellular metabolism, genomic instability, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Thus, controlling the expression of MYC is considered as an approach for targeted cancer treatment. Since c-Myc is also a crucial regulator of many cellular processes in healthy cells, it is necessary to find ways for selective regulation of MYC expression in tumor cells. Many recent studies have demonstrated that non-coding RNAs play an important role in the regulation of the transcription and translation of this gene and some RNAs directly interact with the c-Myc protein, affecting its stability. In this review, we summarize current data on the regulation of MYC by various non-coding RNAs that can potentially be targeted in specific tumor types.
Collapse
|
7
|
Overexpression of transcription factor BLIMP1/prdm1 leads to growth inhibition and enhanced secretory capacity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Metab Eng 2021; 67:237-249. [PMID: 34265400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells present inherent limitations for processing and secretion of large amounts of recombinant proteins, especially for those requiring complex post-translational processing. To tackle these limitations, we engineered CHO host cells (CHOK1 and CHOS) to overexpress the transcription factor BLIMP1/prdm1 (a master regulator of the highly-secreting phenotype of antibody-producing plasma cells), generating novel CHO cell lines (referred to as CHOB). The CHOB cell lines exhibited decreased cell densities, prolonged stationary phase and arrested cell cycle in G1/G0 phase but simultaneously had significantly greater product titre for recombinant IgG1 (> 2-fold increase) coupled with a significantly greater cell-specific productivities (> 3-fold increase). We demonstrated that the improved productive phenotype of CHOB cells resulted from a series of changes to cell physiology and metabolism. CHOB cells showed a significantly greater ER size and increased protein synthesis and secretion capacity compared to control cells. In addition, CHOB cells presented a metabolic profile that favoured energy production to support increased recombinant protein production. This study indicated that a cell engineering approach based on BLIMP1 expression offers great potential for improving the secretory capacity of CHO cell hosts utilised for manufacture of recombinant biopharmaceuticals. Our findings also provides a greater understanding of the relationship between cell growth and productivity, valuable generic information for improving productive phenotypes for CHO cell lines during industrial cell line development.
Collapse
|
8
|
Li T, Copeland C, Le A. Glutamine Metabolism in Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1311:17-38. [PMID: 34014532 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65768-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism is a fundamental process for all cellular functions. For decades, there has been growing evidence of a relationship between metabolism and malignant cell proliferation. Unlike normal differentiated cells, cancer cells have reprogrammed metabolism in order to fulfill their energy requirements. These cells display crucial modifications in many metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and glutaminolysis, which include the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the electron transport chain (ETC), and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) [1]. Since the discovery of the Warburg effect, it has been shown that the metabolism of cancer cells plays a critical role in cancer survival and growth. More recent research suggests that the involvement of glutamine in cancer metabolism is more significant than previously thought. Glutamine, a nonessential amino acid with both amine and amide functional groups, is the most abundant amino acid circulating in the bloodstream [2]. This chapter discusses the characteristic features of glutamine metabolism in cancers and the therapeutic options to target glutamine metabolism for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Anne Le
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sabit H, Tombuloglu H, Cevik E, Abdel-Ghany S, El-Zawahri E, El-Sawy A, Isik S, Al-Suhaimi E. Knockdown of c-MYC Controls the Proliferation of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells in vitro via Dynamic Regulation of Key Apoptotic Marker Genes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2021; 10:45-55. [PMID: 34268253 PMCID: PMC8256829 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.10.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant epithelial cancer occurring in the oral cavity, where it accounts for nearly 90% of all oral cavity neoplasms. The c-MYC transcription factor plays an important role in the control of programmed cell death, normal-to-malignant cellular transformation, and progression of the cell cycle. However, the role of c-MYC in controlling the proliferation of OSCC cells is not well known. In this study, c-MYC gene was silenced in OSCC cells (ORL-136T), and molecular and cellular responses were screened. To identify the pathway through which cell death occurred, cytotoxicity, colony formation, western blotting, caspase-3, and RT-qPCR analyzes were performed. Results indicated that knockdown of c-MYC has resulted in a significant decrease in the cell viability and c-MYC protein synthesis. Furthermore, caspase-3 was shown to be upregulated leading to apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway. In response to c-MYC knockdown, eight cell proliferation-associated genes showed variable expression profiles: c-MYC (-21.2), p21 (-2.5), CCNA1(1.8), BCL2 (-1.4), p53(-3.7), BAX(1.1), and CYCS (19.3). p27 expression was dramatically decreased in c-MYC-silenced cells in comparison with control, and this might indicate that the relative absence of c-MYC triggered intrinsic apoptosis in OSCC cells via p27 and CYCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Sabit
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huseyin Tombuloglu
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emre Cevik
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaimaa Abdel-Ghany
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Engy El-Zawahri
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amr El-Sawy
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sevim Isik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey.,SANKARA Brain & Biotechnology Research Center, Istanbul Biotechnology Inc, Technocity, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebtesam Al-Suhaimi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bridging the Metabolic Parallels Between Neurological Diseases and Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1311:229-248. [PMID: 34014547 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65768-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the many recent breakthroughs in cancer research, oncology has traditionally been seen as a distinct field from other diseases. Recently, more attention has been paid to repurposing established therapeutic strategies and targets of other diseases towards cancer treatment, with some of these attempts generating promising outcomes [1, 2]. Recent studies using advanced metabolomics technologies [3] have shown evidence of close metabolic similarities between cancer and neurological diseases. These studies have unveiled several metabolic characteristics shared by these two categories of diseases, including metabolism of glutamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) [4-6]. The striking metabolic overlap between cancer and neurological diseases sheds light on novel therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. For example, 2-(phosphonomethyl) pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA), one of the glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II) inhibitors that prevent the conversion of NAAG to glutamate, has been shown to suppress cancer growth [6, 7]. These promising results have led to an increased interest in integrating this metabolic overlap between cancer and neurological diseases into the study of cancer metabolism. The advantages of studying this metabolic overlap include not only drug repurposing but also translating existing knowledge from neurological diseases to the field of cancer research. This chapter discusses the specific overlapping metabolic features between cancer and neurological diseases, focusing on glutamine, GABA, and NAAG metabolisms. Understanding the interconnections between cancer and neurological diseases will guide researchers and clinicians to find more effective cancer treatments.
Collapse
|
11
|
Habib S, Ariatti M, Singh M. Anti- c-myc RNAi-Based Onconanotherapeutics. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E612. [PMID: 33333729 PMCID: PMC7765184 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the c-myc proto-oncogene features prominently in most human cancers. Early studies established that inhibiting the expression of oncogenic c-myc, produced potent anti-cancer effects. This gave rise to the notion that an appropriate c-myc silencing agent might provide a broadly applicable and more effective form of cancer treatment than is currently available. The endogenous mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi), through which small RNA molecules induce gene silencing by binding to complementary mRNA transcripts, represents an attractive avenue for c-myc inhibition. However, the development of a clinically viable, anti-c-myc RNAi-based platform is largely dependent upon the design of an appropriate carrier of the effector nucleic acids. To date, organic and inorganic nanoparticles were assessed both in vitro and in vivo, as carriers of small interfering RNA (siRNA), DICER-substrate siRNA (DsiRNA), and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression plasmids, directed against the c-myc oncogene. We review here the various anti-c-myc RNAi-based nanosystems that have come to the fore, especially between 2005 and 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moganavelli Singh
- Nano-Gene and Drug Delivery Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag, Durban X54001, South Africa; (S.H.); (M.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen TWW, Burns J, Jones RL, Huang PH. Optimal Clinical Management and the Molecular Biology of Angiosarcomas. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3321. [PMID: 33182685 PMCID: PMC7696056 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiosarcomas comprise less than 3% of all soft tissue sarcomas but have a poor prognosis. Most angiosarcomas occur without obvious risk factors but secondary angiosarcoma could arise after radiotherapy or chronic lymphedema. Surgery remains the standard treatment for localized angiosarcoma but neoadjuvant systemic treatment may improve the curability. For advanced angiosarcoma, anthracyclines and taxanes are the main chemotherapy options. Anti-angiogenic agents have a substantial role but the failure of a randomized phase 3 trial of pazopanib with or without an anti-endoglin antibody brings a challenge to future trials in angiosarcomas. Immune checkpoint inhibitors as single agents or in combination with oncolytic virus may play an important role but the optimal duration remains to be investigated. We also report the current understanding of the molecular pathways involved in angiosarcoma pathogenesis including MYC amplification, activation of angiogenic pathways and different molecular alterations that are associated with angiosarcomas of different aetiology. The success of the patient-partnered Angiosarcoma Project (ASCProject) has provided not only detailed insights into the molecular features of angiosarcomas of different origins but also offers a template for future fruitful collaborations between patients, physicians, and researchers. Lastly, we provide our perspective of future developments in optimizing the clinical management of angiosarcomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Wei-Wu Chen
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Jessica Burns
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK;
| | - Robin L. Jones
- Sarcoma Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JJ, UK;
| | - Paul H. Huang
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Habib S, Daniels A, Ariatti M, Singh M. Anti- c-myc cholesterol based lipoplexes as onco-nanotherapeutic agents in vitro. F1000Res 2020; 9:770. [PMID: 33391729 PMCID: PMC7745184 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.25142.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Strategies aimed at inhibiting the expression of the c-myc oncogene could provide the basis for alternative cancer treatment. In this regard, silencing c-myc expression using small interfering RNA (siRNA) is an attractive option. However, the development of a clinically viable, siRNA-based, c-myc silencing system is largely dependent upon the design of an appropriate siRNA carrier that can be easily prepared. Nanostructures formed by the electrostatic association of siRNA and cationic lipid vesicles represent uncomplicated siRNA delivery systems. Methods: This study has focused on cationic liposomes prepared with equimolar quantities of the cytofectin, N,N-dimethylaminopropylamido-succinylcholesteryl-formylhydrazide (MS09), and cholesterol (Chol) for the development of a simple, but effective anti- c-myc onco-nanotherapeutic agent. Liposomes formulated with dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) in place of Chol as the co-lipid were included for comparative purposes. Results: Liposomes successfully bound siRNA forming lipoplexes of less than 150 nm in size, which assumed bilamellar aggregrates. The liposome formulations were well tolerated in the human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and colon carcinoma (HT-29) cells, which overexpress c-myc. Lipoplexes directed against the c-myc transcript mediated a dramatic reduction in c-myc mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, oncogene knockdown and anti-cancer effects were superior to that of Lipofectamine™ 3000. Conclusion: This anti- c-myc MS09:Chol lipoplex exemplifies a simple anticancer agent with enhanced c-myc gene silencing potential in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saffiya Habib
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 4000, South Africa
| | - Aliscia Daniels
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 4000, South Africa
| | - Mario Ariatti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 4000, South Africa
| | - Moganavelli Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 4000, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang J, Cao C, Luo D, Lan S, Luo M, Shan H, Ma X, Liu Y, Yu S, Zhong X, Li R. Discovery of 4-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-(((4-methoxyphenethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)-N-phenylaniline as a novel c-myc inhibitor against colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 198:112336. [PMID: 32387836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proto-oncogene c-Myc plays an essential role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), since downregulation of c-Myc inhibits intestinal polyposis, which is the most cardinal pathological change in the development of CRC. Herein, a series of novel phenoxy-N-phenylaniline derivatives were designed and synthesized. The cytotoxicity activities of all the derivatives were measured by MTT assay in different colon cancer cells, 4-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-(((4-methoxyphenethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)-N-phenylaniline (42) was discovered, the lead compound 42 with excellent cytotoxicity activity of IC50 = 0.32 μM, IC50 = 0.51 μM, in HT29 and HCT 15 cells, respectively. Compound 42 had a good inhibitory activity of c-Myc/MAX dimerization and DNA binding. Besides, compound 42 could effectively induce apoptosis and induced G2/M arrest in low concentration and G0/G1 arrest in high concentration to prevent the proliferation and differentiation in colon cancer cells. Western blot analysis confirmed the 42 strongly down-regulated expression of c-Myc. Furthermore, during 30 days treatment 42 exhibited excellent efficacy in HT29 tumor xenograft model without causing significant weight loss and toxicity. Consequently, 42 could be a promising drug candidate for CRC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chaoguo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Suke Lan
- College of Chemistry & Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Meng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Huifang Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Su Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinxin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Anwar M, Malhotra P, Kochhar R, Bhatia A, Mahmood A, Singh R, Mahmood S. TCF 4 tumor suppressor: a molecular target in the prognosis of sporadic colorectal cancer in humans. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:24. [PMID: 32265994 PMCID: PMC7110825 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A huge array of function is played by the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in development by balancing gene expression through the modulation of cell-specific DNA binding downstream effectors such as T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF). The β-catenin/TCF-4 complex is a central regulatory switch for differentiation and proliferation of intestinal cells (both normal and malignant). Thus, in the present study we evaluated each of 60 cases of sporadic adenocarcinoma, alongside adjoining and normal mucosa specimens of colorectum in humans, for mutation and expression analysis of the gene coding for TCF-4 protein. Methods DNA sequencing following PCR amplification and SSCP analysis (single strand conformation polymorphism) was employed to detect TCF-4 gene mutations in the case of exon 1. Quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), confocal microscopy and western blot analysis were used to detect TCF-4 gene/protein expression. Results Sequencing analysis confirmed 5/60 patients with a point mutation in exon 1 of the TCF-4 gene in tumor samples. mRNA expression using qRT-PCR showed approximately 83% decreased TCF-4 mRNA expression in tumor tissue and adjoining mucosa compared to normal mucosa. Similarly, a significant decrease in protein expression using IHC showed decreased TCF-4 protein expression in tumor tissue and adjoining mucosa compared to normal mucosa, which also corresponds to some important clinicopathological factors, including disease metastasis and tumor grade. Mutational alterations and downregulation of TCF-4 mRNA and hence decreased expression of TCF-4 protein in tumors suggest its involvement in the pathogenesis of CRC. Conclusions A remarkable decrease in TCF-4 mRNA and protein expression was detected in tumorous and adjoining tissues compared to normal mucosa. Hence the alterations in genomic architecture along with downregulation of TCF-4 mRNA and decreased expression of TCF-4 protein in tumors, which is in accordance with clinical features, suggest its involvement in the pathogenesis of CRC. Thus, deregulation and collaboration of TCF-4 with CRC could be a concrete and distinctive feature in the prognosis of the disease at an early stage of development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mumtaz Anwar
- 1Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012 India.,2Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India.,3Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, 60612 USA
| | - Pooja Malhotra
- 2Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India.,4Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, 60612 USA
| | - Rakesh Kochhar
- 2Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- 1Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Akhtar Mahmood
- 5Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014 India
| | - Rajinder Singh
- 6Department of Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Safrun Mahmood
- 1Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mao W, Lee S, Shin JU, Yoo HS. Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Polymerized Anionic Corona on Gold Nanoparticles for Anti-Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030261. [PMID: 32183045 PMCID: PMC7150926 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) documented a simple but efficient technique to grow a dense polymer layer on any surface. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) give a broad surface to immobilize sulfhyryl group-containing initiators for SI-ATRP; in addition, AuNPs are the major nanoparticulate carriers for delivery of anti-cancer therapeutics, since they are biocompatible and bioinert. In this work, AuNPs with a disulfide initiator were polymerized with sulfoethyl methacrylate by SI-ATRP to decorate the particles with anionic corona, and branched polyethyeleneimine (PEI) and siRNA were sequentially layered onto the anionic corona of AuNP by electrostatic interaction. The in vitro anti-cancer effect confirmed that AuNP with anionic corona showed higher degrees of apoptosis as well as suppression of the oncogene expression in a siRNA dose-dependent manner. The in vivo study of tumor-bearing nude mice revealed that mice treated with c-Myc siRNA-incorporated AuNPs showed dramatically decreased tumor size in comparison to those with free siRNA for 4 weeks. Furthermore, histological examination and gene expression study revealed that the decorated AuNP significantly suppressed c-Myc expression. Thus, we envision that the layer-by-layer assembly on the anionic brushes can be potentially used to incorporate nucleic acids onto metallic particles with high transfection efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (W.M.); (S.L.); (J.U.S.)
| | - Sol Lee
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (W.M.); (S.L.); (J.U.S.)
| | - Ji Un Shin
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (W.M.); (S.L.); (J.U.S.)
| | - Hyuk Sang Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (W.M.); (S.L.); (J.U.S.)
- Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-6563
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Aghamiri S, Jafarpour A, Malekshahi ZV, Mahmoudi Gomari M, Negahdari B. Targeting siRNA in colorectal cancer therapy: Nanotechnology comes into view. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14818-14827. [PMID: 30919964 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is known as one of the most important causes of death and mortality worldwide. Although several efforts have been made for finding new therapies, no achievements have been made in this area. Multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms are one of the key factors that could lead to the failure of chemotherapy. Moreover, it has been shown that various chemotherapy drugs are associated with several side effects. Hence, it seems that finding new drugs or new therapeutic platforms is required. Among different therapeutic approaches, utilization of nanoparticles (NPs) for targeting a variety of molecules such as siRNAs are associated with good results for the treatment of CRC. Targeting siRNA-mediated NPs could turn off the effects of oncogenes and MDR-related genes. In the current study, we summarized various siRNAs targeted by NPs which could be used for the treatment of CRC. Moreover, we highlighted other routes such as liposome for targeting siRNAs in CRC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Aghamiri
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Jafarpour
- Virology Division, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ziba Veisi Malekshahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudi Gomari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Butler CT, Kennedy SA, Buckley A, Doyle R, Conroy E, Gallagher WM, O'Sullivan J, Kennedy BN. 1,4-dihydroxy quininib attenuates growth of colorectal cancer cells and xenografts and regulates the TIE-2 signaling pathway in patient tumours. Oncotarget 2019; 10:3725-3744. [PMID: 31217905 PMCID: PMC6557215 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer associated deaths in developed countries. Cancer progression and metastatic spread is reliant on new blood vasculature, or angiogenesis. Tumour-related angiogenesis is regulated by pro- and anti-angiogenic factors secreted from malignant tissue in a stepwise process. Previously we structurally modified the small anti-angiogenic molecule quininib and discovered a more potent anti-angiogenic compound 1, 4 dihydroxy quininib (Q8), an antagonist of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 with VEGF-independent bioactivity. Here, Q8, quininib (Q1) and five structural analogues were assayed for anti-tumorigenic effects in pre-clinical cancer models. Q8 reduced clone formation of the human colorectal cancer cell line HT29-Luc2. Gene silencing of CysLT1 in HT29-Luc2 cells significantly reduced expression of calpain-2. In human ex vivo colorectal cancer tumour explants, Q8 significantly decreased the secretion of both TIE-2 and VCAM-1 expression. In vivo Q8 was well tolerated up to 50 mg/kg by Balb/C mice and significantly more effective at reducing tumour volume in colorectal tumour xenografts compared to the parent drug quininib. In tumour xenografts, Q8 significantly reduced expression of the angiogenic marker calpain-2. In summary, we propose Q8 may act on the TIE-2-Angiopoietin signalling pathway to significantly inhibit the process of tumour angiogenesis in colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare T Butler
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan A Kennedy
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amy Buckley
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ronan Doyle
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin Central Pathology Laboratory, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emer Conroy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William M Gallagher
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O'Sullivan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Breandán N Kennedy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sato K, Masuda T, Hu Q, Tobo T, Gillaspie S, Niida A, Thornton M, Kuroda Y, Eguchi H, Nakagawa T, Asano K, Mimori K. Novel oncogene 5MP1 reprograms c-Myc translation initiation to drive malignant phenotypes in colorectal cancer. EBioMedicine 2019; 44:387-402. [PMID: 31175057 PMCID: PMC6606960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Translational reprogramming through controlled initiation from non-AUG start codons is considered a crucial driving force in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. However, its clinical impact and underlying mechanism are not fully understood. METHODS Using a bioinformatics approach, we identified translation initiation regulator 5MP1/BZW2 on chromosome 7p as a potential oncogenic driver gene in colorectal cancer (CRC), and explored the biological effect of 5MP1 in CRC in vitro or in vivo. Pathway analysis was performed to identify the downstream target of 5MP1, which was verified with transcriptomic and biochemical analyses. Finally, we assessed the clinical significance of 5MP1 expression in CRC patients. FINDINGS 5MP1 was ubiquitously amplified and overexpressed in CRC. 5MP1 promoted tumor growth and induced cell cycle progression of CRC. c-Myc was identified as its potential downstream effector. c-Myc has two in-frame start codons, AUG and CUG (non-AUG) located upstream of the AUG. 5MP1 expression increased the AUG-initiated c-Myc isoform relative to the CUG-initiated isoform. The AUG-initiated c-Myc isoform displayed higher protein stability and a stronger transactivation activity for oncogenic pathways than the CUG-initiated isoform, accounting for 5MP1-driven cell cycle progression and tumor growth. Clinically, high 5MP1 expression predicts poor survival of CRC patients. INTERPRETATION 5MP1 is a novel oncogene that reprograms c-Myc translation in CRC. 5MP1 could be a potential therapeutic target to overcome therapeutic resistance conferred by tumor heterogeneity of CRC. FUND: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Priority Issue on Post-K computer; National Institutes of Health; National Science Foundation; KSU Johnson Cancer Center.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Sato
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu, Oita 874-0838, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takaaki Masuda
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu, Oita 874-0838, Japan
| | - Qingjiang Hu
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu, Oita 874-0838, Japan
| | - Taro Tobo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu, Oita 874-0838, Japan
| | - Sarah Gillaspie
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Atsushi Niida
- Division of Health Medical Computational Science, Health Intelligence Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Mackenzie Thornton
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Yousuke Kuroda
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu, Oita 874-0838, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu, Oita 874-0838, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 860-8556, Japan
| | - Katsura Asano
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Koshi Mimori
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu, Oita 874-0838, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang J, Ren P, Xu D, Liu X, Liu Z, Zhang C, Li Y, Wang L, Du X, Xing B. Human UTP14a promotes colorectal cancer progression by forming a positive regulation loop with c-Myc. Cancer Lett 2019; 440-441:106-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
21
|
Koido M, Tani Y, Tsukahara S, Okamoto Y, Tomida A. InDePTH: detection of hub genes for developing gene expression networks under anticancer drug treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 9:29097-29111. [PMID: 30018738 PMCID: PMC6044382 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been difficult to elucidate the structure of gene regulatory networks under anticancer drug treatment. Here, we developed an algorithm to highlight the hub genes that play a major role in creating the upstream and downstream relationships within a given set of differentially expressed genes. The directionality of the relationships between genes was defined using information from comprehensive collections of transcriptome profiles after gene knockdown and overexpression. As expected, among the drug-perturbed genes, our algorithm tended to derive plausible hub genes, such as transcription factors. Our validation experiments successfully showed the anticipated activity of certain hub gene in establishing the gene regulatory network that was associated with cell growth inhibition. Notably, giving such top priority to the hub gene was not achieved by ranking fold change in expression and by the conventional gene set enrichment analysis of drug-induced transcriptome data. Thus, our data-driven approach can facilitate to understand drug-induced gene regulatory networks for finding potential functional genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Koido
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yuri Tani
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Satomi Tsukahara
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yuka Okamoto
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tomida
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kim HS, Son YJ, Mao W, Leong KW, Yoo HS. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Multishelled Cationic Corona for the Systemic Delivery of siRNA. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:314-325. [PMID: 29232130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose an effective siRNA delivery system by preparing poly(DAMA-HEMA)-multilayered gold nanoparticles using multiple surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization processes. The polymeric multilayer structure is characterized by transmission electron microscopy, matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and ζ-potential. The amount of siRNA electrostatically incorporated into the nanoparticle can be tuned by the number of polymeric shells, which in turn influences the cellular uptake and gene silencing effect. In a bioreductive environment, the interlayer disulfide bond breaks to release the siRNA from the degraded polymeric shells. Intravenously injected c-Myc siRNA-incorporated particles accumulate in the tumor site of a murine lung carcinoma model and significantly suppress the tumor growth. Therefore, the combination of a size-tunable AuNP core and an ATRP-functionalized shell offers control and versatility in the effective delivery of siRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Son
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Mao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Hyuk Sang Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Xu JX, Xiong W, Zeng Z, Tang Y, Wang YL, Xiao M, Li M, Li QS, Song GL, Kuang J. Effect of ART1 on the proliferation and migration of mouse colon carcinoma CT26 cells in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1222-1228. [PMID: 28138708 PMCID: PMC5367323 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine-specific mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase 1 (ART1) is an important enzyme that catalyzes arginine-specific mono-ADP-ribosylation. There is evidence that arginine-specific mono-ADP-ribosylation may affect the proliferation of smooth muscle cells via the Rho-dependent signaling pathway. Previous studies have demonstrated that ART1 may have a role in the proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of colon carcinoma in vitro. However, the effect of ART1 on the proliferation and invasion of colon carcinoma in vivo has yet to be elucidated. In the present study, mouse colon carcinoma CT26 cells were infected with a lentivirus to produce ART1 gene silencing or overexpression, and were then subcutaneously transplanted. To observe the effect of ART1 on tumor growth or liver metastasis in vivo, a spleen transplant tumor model of CT26 cells in BALB/c mice was successfully constructed. Expression levels of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) and the downstream factors, c-myc, c-fos and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins, were measured in vivo. The results demonstrated that ART1 gene silencing inhibited the growth of the spleen transplanted tumor and its ability to spread to the liver via metastasis. There was also an accompanying increase in expression of FAK, RhoA, c-myc, c-fos and COX-2, whereas CT26 cells with ART1 overexpression demonstrated the opposite effect. These results suggest a potential role for ART1 in the proliferation and invasion of CT26 cells and a possible mechanism in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xia Xu
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Lan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qing Shu Li
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Lin Song
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jing Kuang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhao LJ, Loewenstein PM, Green M. The adenoviral E1A N-terminal domain represses MYC transcription in human cancer cells by targeting both p300 and TRRAP and inhibiting MYC promoter acetylation of H3K18 and H4K16. Genes Cancer 2016; 7:98-109. [PMID: 27382434 PMCID: PMC4918948 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cancers frequently arise from increased expression of proto-oncogenes, such as MYC and HER2. Understanding the cellular pathways regulating the transcription and expression of proto-oncogenes is important for targeted therapies for cancer treatment. Adenoviral (Ad) E1A 243R (243 aa residues) is a viral oncoprotein that interacts with key regulators of gene transcription and cell proliferation. We have shown previously that the 80 amino acid N-terminal transcriptional repression domain of E1A 243R (E1A 1-80) can target the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) p300 and repress HER2 in the HER2-overexpressing human breast cancer cell line SKBR3. Expression of E1A 1-80 induces death of SKBR3 and other cancer cell lines. In this study, we performed total cell RNA sequence analysis and identified MYC as the regulatory gene for cellular proliferation most strongly repressed by E1A 1-80. By RT-quantitative PCR analysis we show that repression of MYC in SKBR3 cells occurs early after expression of E1A 1-80, suggesting that MYC may be an early responder of E1A 1-80-mediated transcriptional repression. Of interest, while E1A 1-80 repression of MYC occurs in all eight human cancer cell lines examined, repression of HER2 is cell-type dependent. We demonstrate by ChIP analysis that MYC transcriptional repression by E1A 1-80 is associated with inhibition of acetylation of H3K18 and H4K16 on the MYC promoter, as well as inhibition of RNA Pol II binding to the MYC promoter. Deletion mutant analysis of E1A 1-80 suggests that both p300/CBP and TRRAP are involved in E1A 1-80 repression of MYC transcription. Further, E1A 1-80 interaction with p300/CBP and TRRAP is correlated with inhibition of H3K18 and H4K16 acetylation on the MYC promoter, respectively. Our results indicate that E1A 1-80 may target two important pathways for histone modification to repress transcription in human cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jun Zhao
- Institute for Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Paul M Loewenstein
- Institute for Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Maurice Green
- Institute for Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Park EJ, Sang-Ngern M, Chang LC, Pezzuto JM. Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis with downregulation of Hsp90 client proteins and histone modification by 4β-hydroxywithanolide E isolated from Physalis peruviana. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1482-500. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy; University of Hawai‘i at Hilo; Hilo HI USA
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; Long Island University; Brooklyn NY USA
| | - Mayuramas Sang-Ngern
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy; University of Hawai‘i at Hilo; Hilo HI USA
| | - Leng Chee Chang
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy; University of Hawai‘i at Hilo; Hilo HI USA
| | - John M. Pezzuto
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy; University of Hawai‘i at Hilo; Hilo HI USA
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; Long Island University; Brooklyn NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ji HG, Piao JY, Kim SJ, Kim DH, Lee HN, Na HK, Surh YJ. Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits Helicobacter pylori-induced STAT3 phosphorylation through activation of PPARγ. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1448-57. [PMID: 27079734 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The health beneficial effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been attributed to its anti-inflammatory properties. However, the molecular mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory effects of DHA remains largely elusive. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, DHA was found to suppress the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) induced by Helicobacter pylori infection in human gastric cancer AGS cells. Notably, DHA induced expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), a negative regulator of STAT3. Knockdown of SOCS3 abolished the suppressive effect of DHA on STAT3(Tyr705) phosphorylation induced by H. pylori infection. DHA also induced nuclear translocation, DNA binding, and transcriptional activities of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in AGS cells. Knockdown of PPARγ inhibited the transcription of SOCS3 and attenuated the suppressive effect of DHA on phosphorylation of STAT3(Tyr705) induced by H. pylori. The PPARγ antagonist bisphenol A diglycidyl ether also mitigated the suppressive effect of DHA on H. pylori-induced phosphorylation of STAT3(Tyr705) . In addition, DHA inhibited the expression of c-Myc, which was attenuated in the AGS cells harboring SOCS3 specific siRNA. DHA also markedly decreased anchorage-independent growth of AGS cells infected by H. pylori. CONCLUSION DHA inhibits H. pylori-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in a PPARγ/SOCS3-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Geun Ji
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Juan-Yu Piao
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su-Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ha-Na Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tögel L, Nightingale R, Chueh AC, Jayachandran A, Tran H, Phesse T, Wu R, Sieber OM, Arango D, Dhillon AS, Dawson MA, Diez-Dacal B, Gahman TC, Filippakopoulos P, Shiau AK, Mariadason JM. Dual Targeting of Bromodomain and Extraterminal Domain Proteins, and WNT or MAPK Signaling, Inhibits c-MYC Expression and Proliferation of Colorectal Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1217-26. [PMID: 26983878 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) protein family attenuate the proliferation of several tumor cell lines. These effects are mediated, at least in part, through repression of c-MYC. In colorectal cancer, overexpression of c-MYC due to hyperactive WNT/β-catenin/TCF signaling is a key driver of tumor progression; however, effective strategies to target this oncogene remain elusive. Here, we investigated the effect of BET inhibitors (BETi) on colorectal cancer cell proliferation and c-MYC expression. Treatment of 20 colorectal cancer cell lines with the BETi JQ1 identified a subset of highly sensitive lines. JQ1 sensitivity was higher in cell lines with microsatellite instability but was not associated with the CpG island methylator phenotype, c-MYC expression or amplification status, BET protein expression, or mutation status of TP53, KRAS/BRAF, or PIK3CA/PTEN Conversely, JQ1 sensitivity correlated significantly with the magnitude of c-MYC mRNA and protein repression. JQ1-mediated c-MYC repression was not due to generalized attenuation of β-catenin/TCF-mediated transcription, as JQ1 had minimal effects on other β-catenin/TCF target genes or β-catenin/TCF reporter activity. BETi preferentially target super-enhancer-regulated genes, and a super-enhancer in c-MYC was recently identified in HCT116 cells to which BRD4 and effector transcription factors of the WNT/β-catenin/TCF and MEK/ERK pathways are recruited. Combined targeting of c-MYC with JQ1 and inhibitors of these pathways additively repressed c-MYC and proliferation of HCT116 cells. These findings demonstrate that BETi downregulate c-MYC expression and inhibit colorectal cancer cell proliferation and identify strategies for enhancing the effects of BETi on c-MYC repression by combinatorial targeting the c-MYC super-enhancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(6); 1217-26. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Tögel
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Nightingale
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anderly C Chueh
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Hoanh Tran
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Toby Phesse
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rui Wu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oliver M Sieber
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Diego Arango
- CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mark A Dawson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Beatriz Diez-Dacal
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and UK and Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy C Gahman
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California
| | - Panagis Filippakopoulos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and UK and Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K Shiau
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Barathidasan R, Pawaiya RS, Rai RB, Dhama K. Upregulated Myc expression in N-methyl nitrosourea (MNU)- induced rat mammary tumours. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:4883-9. [PMID: 24083763 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.8.4883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common incident cancer and cause of cancer-related deaths in women is breast cancer. The Myc gene is upregulated in many cancer types including breast cancer, and it is considered as a potential anti-cancer drug target. The present study was conducted to evaluate the Myc (gene and protein) expression pattern in an experimental mammary tumour model in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty six Sprague Dawley rats were divided into: Experimental group (26 animals), which received the chemical carcinogen N-methyl nitrosourea (MNU) and a control group (10 animals), which received vehicle only. c-Myc oncoprotein and its mRNA expression pattern were evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively, in normal rat mammary tissue and mammary tumours. The rat glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene was used as internal control for semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Histopathological examination of mammary tissues and tumours from MNU treated animals revealed the presence of premalignant lesions, benign tumours, in situ carcinomas and invasive carcinomas. Immunohistochemical evaluation of tumour tissues showed upregulation and heterogeneous cellular localization of c-Myc oncoprotein. The expression levels of c-Myc oncoprotein were significantly elevated (75- 91%) in all the tumours. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed increased expression of c-Myc mRNA in mammary tumours compared to normal mammary tissues. CONCLUSIONS Further large-scale investigation study is needed to adopt this experimental rat mammary tumour model as an in vivo model to study anti-cancer strategies directed against Myc or its downstream partners at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajamani Barathidasan
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India E-mail :
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cruz-Bravo RK, Guevara-González RG, Ramos-Gómez M, Oomah BD, Wiersma P, Campos-Vega R, Loarca-Piña G. The fermented non-digestible fraction of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) triggers cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma cells. GENES AND NUTRITION 2013; 9:359. [PMID: 24293398 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-013-0359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide with colorectal cancer (CRC) ranking as the third contributing to overall cancer mortality. Non-digestible compounds such as dietary fiber have been inversely associated with CRC in epidemiological in vivo and in vitro studies. In order to investigate the effect of fermentation products from a whole non-digestible fraction of common bean versus the short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) on colon cancer cells, we evaluated the human gut microbiota fermented non-digestible fraction (hgm-FNDF) of cooked common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar Negro 8025 and a synthetic mixture SCFAs, mimicking their concentration in the lethal concentration 50 (SCFA-LC50) of FNDF (hgm-FNDF-LC50), on the molecular changes in human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29). Total mRNA from hgm-FNDF-LC50 and SCFA-LC50 treated HT-29 cells were used to perform qPCR arrays to determine the effect of the treatments on the transcriptional expression of 84 genes related to the p53-pathway. This study showed that both treatments inhibited cell proliferation in accordance with modulating RB1, CDC2, CDC25A, NFKB and E2F genes. Furthermore, we found an association between the induction of apoptosis and the modulation of APAF1, BID, CASP9, FASLG, TNFR10B and BCL2A genes. The results suggest a mechanism of action by which the fermentation of non-digestible compounds of common bean exert a beneficial effect better than the SCFA mixture by modulating the expression of antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic genes in HT-29 cells to a greater extent, supporting previous results on cell behavior, probably due to the participation of other compounds, such as phenolic fatty acids derivatives and biopetides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R K Cruz-Bravo
- Programa de Posgrado en Alimentos del Centro de la República (PROPAC), Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, 76010, Querétaro, QRO, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zheng J, Hu JD, Chen YY, Chen BY, Huang Y, Zheng ZH, Liu TB. Baicalin induces apoptosis in leukemia HL-60/ADR cells via possible down-regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:1119-24. [PMID: 22799292 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.4.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect and possible mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine, baicalin, on the PI3K/ Akt signaling pathway in drug-resistant human myeloid leukemia HL-60/ADR cells have been investigated in this current study. METHODS HL-60/ADR cells were treated by 20, 40, 80 μmol/L baicalin followed by cell cycle analysis at 24h. The mRNA expression level of the apoptosis related gene, Bcl-2 and bad, were measured by RT-PCR on cells treated with 80 μmol/L baicalin at 12, 24 and 48hr. Western blot was performed to detect the changes in the expression of the proteins related to HL-60/ADR cell apoptosis and the signaling pathway before and after baicalin treatment, including Bcl-2, PARP, Bad, Caspase 3, Akt, p-Akt, NF-κB, p-NF-κB, mTOR and p-mTOR. RESULTS Sub-G1 peak of HL-60/ADR cells appeared 24 h after 20 μmol/L baicalin treatment, and the ratio increased as baicalin concentration increased. Cell cycle analysis showed 44.9% G0/G1 phase cells 24 h after baicalin treatment compared to 39.6% in the control group. Cells treated with 80 μmol/L baicalin displayed a trend in decreasing of Bcl-2 mRNA expression over time. Expression level of the Bcl-2 and PARP proteins decreased significantly while that of the PARP, Caspase-3, and Bad proteins gradually increased. No significant difference in Akt expression was observed between treated and the control groups. However, the expression levels of p-Akt, NF-κB, p-NF-κB, mTOR and p-mTOR decreased significantly in a time-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that baicalin may induce HL-60/ADR cell apoptosis through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zheng
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Emerging nanodelivery strategies of RNAi molecules for colon cancer therapy: preclinical developments. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:1117-30. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although local colonic delivery is achievable through several strategies, colon cancer is still considered one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Failure of chemotherapeutics to exhibit efficient anticancer activity might be attributed to the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms including the overexpression of certain oncogenes such as MDR1/P-gp. One of the major reasons for the shortcoming of P-gp inhibitors in clinic is the nonspecific distribution of them to nontarget organs, which leads to reduced elimination and increased toxicity of its substrates including anticancer agents. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of gene-silencing approaches in reversing the P-gp-mediated MDR. However, none have reached clinical trials yet. Several drug-delivery systems have been investigated primarily to address P-gp and the observed improved anticancer efficacy suggests that nanomedicine provides new opportunities to overcome MDR in cancer. In this review, novel therapeutic strategies for colon cancer therapy will be discussed in the context of P-gp inhibition by low-molecular-weight agents and RNAi molecules.
Collapse
|
33
|
Bordignon V, Cordiali-Fei P, Rinaldi M, Signori E, Cottarelli A, Zonfrillo M, Ensoli F, Rasi G, Fuggetta MP. Evaluation of antigen specific recognition and cell mediated cytotoxicity by a modified lysispot assay in a rat colon carcinoma model. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2012; 31:9. [PMID: 22296726 PMCID: PMC3395825 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes represent potent effector cells of the adaptive immune response against viruses as well as tumours. Therefore assays capable at exploring the generation and function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes represent an important objective for both clinical and experimental settings. Methods Here we show a simple and reproducible assay for the evaluation of antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes based on a LysiSpot technique for the simultaneous determination of antigen-specific IFN-γ production and assessment of tumor cytolysis. The assay was developed within an experimental model of colorectal carcinoma, induced by the colorectal tumor cell line DHD-K12 that induces tumors in BDIX rats and, in turn, elicits a tumor- specific immune response. Results Using DHD-K12 cells transfected to express Escherichia coli β-galactosidase as target cells, and by the fine setting of spot colours detection, we have developed an in vitro assay that allows the recognition of cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced in BDIX rats as well as the assessment of anti-tumour cytotoxicity. The method highlighted that in the present experimental model the tumour antigen-specific immune response was bound to killing target cells in the proportion of 55%, while 45% of activated cells were not cytotoxic but released IFN-γ. Moreover in this model by an ELISPOT assay we demonstrated the specific recognition of a nonapeptide epitope called CSH-275 constitutionally express in DHD-K12 cells. Conclusions The assay proved to be highly sensitive and specific, detecting even low frequencies of cytotoxic/activated cells and providing the evaluation of cytokine-expressing T cells as well as the extent of cytotoxicity against the target cells as independent functions. This assay may represent an important tool to be adopted in experimental settings including the development of vaccines or immune therapeutic strategies
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bordignon
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Benfer M, Kissel T. Cellular uptake mechanism and knockdown activity of siRNA-loaded biodegradable DEAPA-PVA-g-PLGA nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 80:247-56. [PMID: 22085653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Efficient downregulation of gene expression depends on the uptake, intracellular distribution and efficient release of siRNA from their carrier. Therefore, the cellular uptake behavior and mechanism and intracellular localization of siRNA-loaded biodegradable nanoparticles were investigated. A biodegradable polymer, composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) modified with diamine moieties and grafted with PLGA, abbreviated as DEAPA-PVA-g-PLGA, was used for the preparation of siRNA-loaded nanoparticles by solvent displacement. Particle sizes and morphology were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The dependence of particle uptake into H1299-EGFP cells (lung cancer cells expressing green fluorescent protein) on both incubation time and temperature was studied by flow cytometry. Inhibition experiments focusing on clathrin- or caveolae-mediated uptake or uptake by macropinocytosis were performed. The intracellular localization was investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The GFP knockdown efficiency was determined in vitro to establish the potential of the nanoparticles for the downregulation of gene expression. Nanoparticles with diameters of 120-180nm were successfully generated. In contrast to the uptake of standard PEI-polyplexes, which increased continuously over a period of 4h, nanoparticle uptake was complete within 2h. A decrease in particle uptake at 4°C (in comparison with 37°C) suggests an active uptake process. Inhibition experiments revealed the predominance of clathrin-mediated uptake for siRNA-loaded nanoparticles. The siRNA-loaded nanoparticles could be clearly located within cells, mainly in intracellular vesicles. Particle uptake could be increased by the addition of lung surfactant to the formulation. Bioactivity in terms of successful GFP knockdown in vitro was demonstrated and could be further optimized by the use of surfactant-modified particles. In conclusion, a high and rapid cellular uptake was shown for siRNA-loaded nanoparticles. Cell internalization is based on an energy-dependent and predominantly clathrin-mediated process. Particle localization in endosomes and lysosomes was demonstrated. Evidence for the efficient delivery of bioactive siRNA and specific GFP knockdown provides a solid basis for the application of DEAPA-PVA-g-PLGA-based particles for gene silencing in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Benfer
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
De Robertis M, Massi E, Poeta ML, Carotti S, Morini S, Cecchetelli L, Signori E, Fazio VM. The AOM/DSS murine model for the study of colon carcinogenesis: From pathways to diagnosis and therapy studies. J Carcinog 2011; 10:9. [PMID: 21483655 PMCID: PMC3072657 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.78279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health problem in industrialized countries. Although inflammation-linked carcinogenesis is a well accepted concept and is often observed within the gastrointestinal tract, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Inflammation can indeed provide initiating and promoting stimuli and mediators, generating a tumour-prone microenvironment. Many murine models of sporadic and inflammation-related colon carcinogenesis have been developed in the last decade, including chemically induced CRC models, genetically engineered mouse models, and xenoplants. Among the chemically induced CRC models, the combination of a single hit of azoxymethane (AOM) with 1 week exposure to the inflammatory agent dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) in rodents has proven to dramatically shorten the latency time for induction of CRC and to rapidly recapitulate the aberrant crypt foci–adenoma–carcinoma sequence that occurs in human CRC. Because of its high reproducibility and potency, as well as the simple and affordable mode of application, the AOM/DSS has become an outstanding model for studying colon carcinogenesis and a powerful platform for chemopreventive intervention studies. In this article we highlight the histopathological and molecular features and describe the principal genetic and epigenetic alterations and inflammatory pathways involved in carcinogenesis in AOM/DSS–treated mice; we also present a general overview of recent experimental applications and preclinical testing of novel therapeutics in the AOM/DSS model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela De Robertis
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, CIR, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21 - 00128 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Takigami I, Ohno T, Kitade Y, Hara A, Nagano A, Kawai G, Saitou M, Matsuhashi A, Yamada K, Shimizu K. Synthetic siRNA targeting the breakpoint of EWS/Fli-1 inhibits growth of Ewing sarcoma xenografts in a mouse model. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:216-26. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
37
|
Touchefeu Y, Harrington KJ, Galmiche JP, Vassaux G. Review article: gene therapy, recent developments and future prospects in gastrointestinal oncology. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32:953-68. [PMID: 20937041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene therapy consists of the introduction of genetic material into cells for a therapeutic purpose. A wide range of gene therapy vectors have been developed and used for applications in gastrointestinal oncology. AIM To review recent developments and published clinical trials concerning the application of gene therapy in the treatment of liver, colon and pancreatic cancers. METHODS Search of the literature published in English using the PubMed database. RESULTS A large variety of therapeutic genes are under investigation, such as tumour suppressor, suicide, antiangiogenesis, inflammatory cytokine and micro-RNA genes. Recent progress concerns new vectors, such as oncolytic viruses, and the synergy between viral gene therapy, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. As evidence of these basic developments, recently published phase I and II clinical trials, using both single agents and combination strategies, in adjuvant or advanced disease settings, have shown encouraging results and good safety records. CONCLUSIONS Cancer gene therapy is not yet indicated in clinical practice. However, basic and clinical advances have been reported and gene therapy is a promising, new therapeutic approach for the treatment of gastrointestinal tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Touchefeu
- Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, INSERM U, University Hospital, Nantes, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is an evolutionary conserved mechanism for specific gene silencing. This mechanism has great potential for use in targeted cancer therapy. Understanding the RNAi mechanism has led to the development of several novel RNAi-based therapeutic approaches currently in the early phases of clinical trials. It remains difficult to effectively deliver the nucleic acids required in vivo to initiate RNAi, and intense effort is under way in developing effective and targeted systemic delivery systems for RNAi. Description of in vivo delivery systems is not the focus of this review. In this review, we cover the rationale for pursuing personalised cancer therapy with RNAi, briefly review the mechanism of each major RNAi therapeutic technique, summarise and sample recent results with animal models applying RNAi for cancer, and provide an update on current clinical trials with RNAi-based therapeutic agents for cancer therapy. RNAi-based cancer therapy is still in its infancy, and there are numerous obstacles and issues that need to be resolved before its application in personalised therapy focusing on patient-cancer-specific targets can become standard cancer treatment, either alone or in combination with other treatments.
Collapse
|
39
|
Munkácsy G, Abdul-Ghani R, Mihály Z, Tegze B, Tchernitsa O, Surowiak P, Schäfer R, Györffy B. PSMB7 is associated with anthracycline resistance and is a prognostic biomarker in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:361-8. [PMID: 20010949 PMCID: PMC2816652 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date individual markers have failed to correctly predict resistance against anticancer agents in breast cancer. We used gene expression patterns attributable to chemotherapy-resistant cells to detect potential new biomarkers related to anthracycline resistance. One of the genes, PSMB7, was selected for further functional studies and clinical validation. METHODS We contrasted the expression profiles of four pairs of different human tumour cell lines and of their counterparts resistant to doxorubicin. Observed overexpression of PSMB7 in resistant cell lines was validated by immunohistochemistry. To examine its function in chemoresistance, we silenced the gene by RNA interference (RNAi) in doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells, then cell vitality was measured after doxorubicin treatment. Microarray gene expression from GEO raw microarray samples with available progression-free survival data was downloaded, and expression of PSMB7 was used for grouping samples. RESULTS After doxorubicin treatment, 79.8+/-13.3% of resistant cells survived. Silencing of PSMB7 in resistant cells decreased survival to 31.8+/-6.4% (P>0.001). A similar effect was observed after paclitaxel treatment. In 1592 microarray samples, the patients with high PSMB7 expression had a significantly shorter survival than the patients with low expression (P<0.001). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that high PSMB7 expression is an unfavourable prognostic marker in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Munkácsy
- Joint Research Laboratory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Semmelweis University 1st Department of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - R Abdul-Ghani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Z Mihály
- Joint Research Laboratory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Semmelweis University 1st Department of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Tegze
- Joint Research Laboratory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Semmelweis University 1st Department of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - O Tchernitsa
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - P Surowiak
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology, University School of Medicine, Wrocław, Poland
| | - R Schäfer
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Györffy
- Joint Research Laboratory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Semmelweis University 1st Department of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers of humans. To experimentally investigate this common disease, numerous murine models have been established. These models accurately recapitulate the molecular and pathologic characteristics of human colorectal cancers, including activation of the myelocytomatosis oncogene (MYC), which has recently been suggested to be a key mediator of colorectal cancer development. This review focuses on the variety of murine models of human colorectal cancer that are available to the research community and on their use to identify common and distinct characteristics of colorectal cancer.
Collapse
|