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Pei J, Wang B, Wang D. Current Studies on Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance. J Diabetes Res 2022; 2022:1863429. [PMID: 36589630 PMCID: PMC9803571 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1863429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disease that raises the risk of microvascular and neurological disorders. Insensitivity to insulin is a characteristic of type II diabetes, which accounts for 85-90 percent of all diabetic patients. The fundamental molecular factor of insulin resistance may be impaired cell signal transduction mediated by the insulin receptor (IR). Several cell-signaling proteins, including IR, insulin receptor substrate (IRS), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), have been recognized as being important in the impaired insulin signaling pathway since they are associated with a large number of proteins that are strictly regulated and interact with other signaling pathways. Many studies have found a correlation between IR alternative splicing, IRS gene polymorphism, the complicated regulatory function of IRS serine/threonine phosphorylation, and the negative regulatory role of p85 in insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. This review brings up-to-date knowledge of the roles of signaling proteins in insulin resistance in order to aid in the discovery of prospective targets for insulin resistance treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Pei
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Baochun Wang
- The First Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of the Ministry of Education of China, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China
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De Sousa RAL, Harmer AR, Freitas DA, Mendonça VA, Lacerda ACR, Leite HR. An update on potential links between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6347-6356. [PMID: 32740795 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05693-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) major feature is insulin resistance. Brain and peripheral insulin resistance lead to hyperglycemia, which contributes to the development of T2D-linked comorbidities, such as obesity and dyslipidemia. Individuals with hyperglycemia in AD present with neuronal loss, formation of plaques and tangles and reduced neurogenesis. Inflammation seems to play an essential role in the development of insulin resistance in AD and T2D. We conducted a literature review about the links between AD and T2D. Alterations in glucose metabolism result from changes in the expression of the insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 (IRS-1 and IRS-2), and seem to be mediated by several inflammatory pathways being present in both pathologies. Although there are some similarities in the insulin resistance of AD and T2D, brain and peripheral insulin resistance also have their discrete features. Failure to activate IRS-1 is the hallmark of AD, while inhibition of IRS-2 is the main feature in T2D. Inflammation mediates the alterations in glucose metabolism in AD and T2D. Targeting inflammation and insulin receptors may be a successful strategy to prevent and ameliorate T2D and AD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas- Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia (SBFis), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha E Mucuri (UFVJM), Campus JK, Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, Alto da Jacuba, no 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil.
| | - Alison R Harmer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel Almeida Freitas
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas- Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia (SBFis), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha E Mucuri (UFVJM), Campus JK, Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, Alto da Jacuba, no 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Amaral Mendonça
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas- Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia (SBFis), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha E Mucuri (UFVJM), Campus JK, Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, Alto da Jacuba, no 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas- Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia (SBFis), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha E Mucuri (UFVJM), Campus JK, Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, Alto da Jacuba, no 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Hércules Ribeiro Leite
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas- Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia (SBFis), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha E Mucuri (UFVJM), Campus JK, Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, Alto da Jacuba, no 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil
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