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Training in Hypoxia at Alternating High Altitudes Is a Factor Favoring the Increase in Sports Performance. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10112296. [PMID: 36421619 PMCID: PMC9691031 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10112296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Training above 1800 m causes increases in hemoglobin, erythropoietin and VO2max values in the bodies of athletes. The purpose of this study is to prove that living at an altitude of 1850 m and training at 2200 m (LHTH+) is more effective than living and training at 2000 m (LHTH). Ten endurance athletes (age 21.2 ± 1.5 years, body mass 55.8 ± 4.3 kg, height 169 ± 6 cm, performance 3000 m 8:35 ± 0:30 min) performed three training sessions of 30 days, in three different situations: [1] living and training at 2000 m altitude (LHTH), [2] living at 1850 m and training at 2200 m (LHTH+), and [3] living and training at 300 m (LLTL). The differences in erythropoietin (EPO), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and VO2max values were compared before and at the end of each training session. Data analysis indicated that LHTH training caused an increase in EPO values (by 1.0 ± 0.8 mU/mL, p = 0.002 < 0.05.); Hb (by 1.1 ± 0.3 g/dL, p < 0.001); VO2max (by 0.9 ± 0.23 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001). LHTH+ training caused an increase in EPO values (by 1.9 ± 0.5 mU/ML, p < 0.001); Hb (by 1.4 ± 0.5 g/dL, p < 0.001); VO2max (by 1.7 ± 0.3 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001). At the LLTL training, EPO values do not have a significant increase (p = 0.678 > 0.050; 1 ± 0.1 mU/mL, 0.1 ± 0.9%.), Hb (0.1 ± 0.0 g/dL, 0.3 ± 0.3%), VO2max (0.1 ± 0.1, 0.2 ± 0.2%, p = 0.013 < 0.05). Living and training at altitudes of 2000 m (LHTH) and living at 1850 m training at 2200 m (LHTH+) resulted in significant improvements in EPO, Hb, and VO2max that exceeded the changes in these parameters, following traditional training at 300 m (LLTL). LHTH+ training has significantly greater changes than LHTH training, favorable to increasing sports performance. The results of this study can serve as guidelines for athletic trainers in their future work, in the complete structure of multi-year planning and programming, and thus improve the process of development and performance training.
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Curiel-Cervantes V, Solis-Sainz JC, Camacho-Barrón M, Aguilar-Galarza A, Valencia ME, Anaya-Loyola MA. Systematic training in master swimmer athletes increases serum insulin growth factor-1 and decreases myostatin and irisin levels. Growth Factors 2022; 40:1-12. [PMID: 35343347 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2022.2049262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
During ageing, anabolic status is essential to prevent the decrease in quantity and quality of skeletal muscle mass (SMM). Exercise modulates endocrine markers of muscle status. We studied the differences of endocrine markers for muscle status in 62 non-sarcopenic Mexican swimmer adults aged 30-70 y/o, allocated into two groups: the systematic training (ST) group including master athletes with a physical activity level (PAL) >1.6, and the non-systematic training group (NST) composed by subjects with a PAL <1.5. Body composition, diet, biochemical and endocrine markers were analyzed. The ST group showed lower myostatin (MSTN) and irisin (IRI) levels, two strong regulators of SMM. The insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was higher in the ST. This is consistent with most of the evidence in young athletes and resistance training programs, where IGF-1 and IRI seem to play a crucial role in maintaining anabolic status in master athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Curiel-Cervantes
- Department of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - J C Solis-Sainz
- Departament of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - M Camacho-Barrón
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - A Aguilar-Galarza
- Department of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - M E Valencia
- Department of Chemical-Biological Sciences, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - M A Anaya-Loyola
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
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Gelman R, Berg M, Ilan Y. A Subject-Tailored Variability-Based Platform for Overcoming the Plateau Effect in Sports Training: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1722. [PMID: 35162745 PMCID: PMC8834821 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The plateau effect in training is a significant obstacle for professional athletes and average subjects. It evolves from both the muscle-nerve-axis-associated performance and various cardiorespiratory parameters. Compensatory adaptation mechanisms contribute to a lack of continuous improvement with most exercise regimens. Attempts to overcome this plateau in exercise have been only partially successful, and it remains a significant unmet need in both healthy subjects and those suffering from chronic neuromuscular, cardiopulmonary, and metabolic diseases. Variability patterns characterize many biological processes, from cellular to organ levels. The present review discusses the significant obstacles in overcoming the plateau in training and establishes a platform to implement subject-tailored variability patterns to prevent and overcome this plateau in muscle and cardiorespiratory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Gelman
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9103401, Israel;
| | - Marc Berg
- Department of Pediatrics, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA;
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9103401, Israel;
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Liu X, Ma C, Wang S, Liang Z, Yang J, Zhou J, Shu Y, He Z, Zong J, Wu L, Peng P, Su Y, Gao M, Shen K, Zhao H, Ruan J, Ji S, Yang Y, Tang T, Yang Z, Luo G, Zeng M, Zhang W, He B, Cheng X, Wang G, Wang L, Lyu L. Screening of osteoporosis and sarcopenia in individuals aged 50 years and older at different altitudes in Yunnan province: Protocol of a longitudinal cohort study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1010102. [PMID: 36452328 PMCID: PMC9704050 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Musculoskeletal system gradually degenerates with aging, and a hypoxia environment at a high altitude may accelerate this process. However, the comprehensive effects of high-altitude environments on bones and muscles remain unclear. This study aims to compare the differences in bones and muscles at different altitudes, and to explore the mechanism and influencing factors of the high-altitude environment on the skeletal muscle system. METHODS This is a prospective, multicenter, cohort study, which will recruit a total of 4000 participants over 50 years from 12 research centers with different altitudes (50m~3500m). The study will consist of a baseline assessment and a 5-year follow-up. Participants will undergo assessments of demographic information, anthropomorphic measures, self-reported questionnaires, handgrip muscle strength assessment (HGS), short physical performance battery (SPPB), blood sample analysis, and imaging assessments (QCT and/or DXA, US) within a time frame of 3 days after inclusion. A 5-year follow-up will be conducted to evaluate the changes in muscle size, density, and fat infiltration in different muscles; the muscle function impairment; the decrease in BMD; and the osteoporotic fracture incidence. Statistical analyses will be used to compare the research results between different altitudes. Multiple linear, logistic regression and classification tree analyses will be conducted to calculate the effects of various factors (e.g., altitude, age, and physical activity) on the skeletal muscle system in a high-altitude environment. Finally, a provisional cut-off point for the diagnosis of sarcopenia in adults at different altitudes will be calculated. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by the institutional research ethics committee of each study center (main center number: KHLL2021-KY056). Results will be disseminated through scientific conferences and peer-reviewed publications, as well as meetings with stakeholders. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx, identifier ChiCTR2100052153.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingli Liu
- Faculty of Life science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Department of Radiology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Cunwen Ma
- Department of Radiology, The People’s Hospital of Wenshan Prefecture, Wenshan, China
| | - Shiping Wang
- Department of Radiology, Anning First people’s Hospital, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Anning, China
| | - Zhengrong Liang
- Department of Radiology, Qujing Second People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Qujing, China
| | - Juntao Yang
- Department of Radiology, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture People’s Hospital, Dali, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture People’s Hospital, Jinghong, China
| | - Yi Shu
- Department of Radiology, Southern Central Hospital of Yunnan Province, Honghe, China
| | - Zhengying He
- Department of Radiology, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People’s Hospital, Xianggelila, China
| | - Jilong Zong
- Department of Radiology, The First People’s Hospital of Zhaotong, Zhaotong, China
| | - Lizhi Wu
- Department of Radiology, Hekou People’s Hospital, Honghe, China
| | - Peiqian Peng
- Department of Radiology, Nujiang People’s Hospital, Nujiang, China
| | - Yi Su
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Department of Radiology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Kaiming Shen
- Department of Radiology, The People’s Hospital of Wenshan Prefecture, Wenshan, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Anning First people’s Hospital, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Anning, China
| | - Jilu Ruan
- Department of Radiology, Qujing Second People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Qujing, China
| | - Shaoxuan Ji
- Department of Radiology, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture People’s Hospital, Dali, China
| | - Yunhui Yang
- Department of Radiology, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture People’s Hospital, Jinghong, China
| | - Taisong Tang
- Department of Radiology, Southern Central Hospital of Yunnan Province, Honghe, China
| | - Zongfa Yang
- Department of Radiology, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People’s Hospital, Xianggelila, China
| | - Guangyin Luo
- Department of Radiology, The First People’s Hospital of Zhaotong, Zhaotong, China
| | - Meng Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Hekou People’s Hospital, Honghe, China
| | - Weiwan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Nujiang People’s Hospital, Nujiang, China
| | - Bo He
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoguang Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Wang, ; Ling Wang, ; Liang Lyu,
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Wang, ; Ling Wang, ; Liang Lyu,
| | - Liang Lyu
- Faculty of Life science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Department of Radiology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Wang, ; Ling Wang, ; Liang Lyu,
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Sanchez AMJ, Borrani F. Effects of intermittent hypoxic training performed at high hypoxia level on exercise performance in highly trained runners. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2045-2052. [PMID: 29394148 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1434747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study exanimated the effects of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) conducted at a high level of hypoxia with recovery at ambient air on aerobic/anaerobic capacities at sea level and hematological variations. According to a double-blind randomized design, fifteen highly endurance-trained runners completed a 6-weeks regimented training with 3 sessions per week consisting of intermittent runs (6x work-rest ratio of 5':5') on a treadmill at 80-85% of maximal aerobic speed ([Formula: see text]). Nine athletes (hypoxic group, HG) performed the exercise bouts at FI02 = 10.6-11.4% while six athletes (normoxic group, NG) exercised at ambient air. Running time to exhaustion at a velocity corresponding to 95% [Formula: see text] significantly increased for HG while no effect was found for NG. Regarding [Formula: see text], no significant effects were found in either training group. In addition, the decline of jumping performances over a 45s-continuous maximal vertical jump test (i.e. anaerobic capacity index) tended to be lower in HG compared to NG. The levels of the studied hematological variables, including erythropoietin and hematocrit, did not significantly change for either HG or NG. These results highlight that our IHT protocol may induce additional effects on aerobic performance without compromising the anaerobic capacity index in highly-trained athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M J Sanchez
- a Laboratoire Européen Performance Santé Altitude, EA4604 , University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Department of Sports Sciences , Font-Romeu , France
| | - Fabio Borrani
- b Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Faculty of Biology and Medicine , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
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Kasai N, Mizuno S, Ishimoto S, Sakamoto E, Maruta M, Goto K. Effect of training in hypoxia on repeated sprint performance in female athletes. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:310. [PMID: 26155449 PMCID: PMC4488237 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background This study determined the effect of repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) in female athletes. Methods Thirty-two college female athletes performed repeated cycling sprints of two sets of 10 × 7-s sprints with a 30-s rest between sprints twice per week for 4 weeks under either normoxic conditions (RSN group; FiO2, 20.9%; n = 16) or hypoxic conditions (RSH group; FiO2, 14.5%; n = 16). The repeated sprint ability (10 × 7-s sprints) and maximal oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{\text{V}}{\text{O}}_{2\hbox{max} } $$\end{document}V˙O2max) were determined before and after the training period. Results After training, when compared to pre-values, the mean power output was higher in all sprints during the repeated sprint test in the RSH group but only for the second half of the sprints in the RSN group (P ≤ 0.05). The percentage increases in peak and mean power output between before and after the training period were significantly greater in the RSH group than in the RSN group (peak power output, 5.0 ± 0.7% vs. 1.5 ± 0.9%, respectively; mean power output, 9.7 ± 0.9% vs. 6.0 ± 0.8%, respectively; P < 0.05). \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{\text{V}}{\text{O}}_{2\hbox{max} } $$\end{document}V˙O2max did not change significantly after the training period in either group. Conclusion Four weeks of RSH further enhanced the peak and mean power output during repeated sprint test compared with RSN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Kasai
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga Japan
| | - Sahiro Mizuno
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga Japan
| | - Sayuri Ishimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Etsuko Sakamoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Misato Maruta
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga Japan ; Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 Japan
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