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Coelho MC, Rodrigues AS, Teixeira JA, Pintado ME. Integral valorisation of tomato by-products towards bioactive compounds recovery: Human health benefits. Food Chem 2023; 410:135319. [PMID: 36634564 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The tomato processing industry is one of the world's most important markets. This industry aims to optimise production, minimise energy costs and waste streams while ensuring high-quality products. This sector produces substantial amounts of by-products frequently disposed of as waste rather than reintroducing them with a new intent into the supply chain. However, these by-products are rich in bioactive compounds (BC), including carotenoids, fibre, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive properties, and cardiovascular protection. Reusing these compounds is favourable to reducing the environmental impact and enables the development of added-value products with various possible uses such as food and feed additives, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, etc. This review summarises relevant issues towards the recovery and valorisation of BC from industrial tomato by-products within a circular economy context.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Coelho
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - A S Rodrigues
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J A Teixeira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - M E Pintado
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
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2
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Li Y, Cui Z, Hu L. Recent technological strategies for enhancing the stability of lycopene in processing and production. Food Chem 2022; 405:134799. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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3
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4
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Tiwari S, Yawale P, Upadhyay N. Carotenoids extraction strategies and potential applications for valorization of under-utilized waste biomass. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Benucci I, Lombardelli C, Mazzocchi C, Esti M. Natural colorants from vegetable food waste: Recovery, regulatory aspects, and stability—A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:2715-2737. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Benucci
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science (DAFNE) Tuscia University Viterbo Italy
| | - Claudio Lombardelli
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science (DAFNE) Tuscia University Viterbo Italy
| | - Caterina Mazzocchi
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science (DAFNE) Tuscia University Viterbo Italy
| | - Marco Esti
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science (DAFNE) Tuscia University Viterbo Italy
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6
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Goswami A, Patel N, Bhatt V, Raval M, Kundariya M, Sheth N. Lycopene loaded polymeric nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment: Formulation, optimization using Box-behnken design and cytotoxicity studies. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Enzyme-assisted extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice roots using heat reflux and ultrasound methods. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Zuorro A. Enhanced Lycopene Extraction from Tomato Peels by Optimized Mixed-Polarity Solvent Mixtures. Molecules 2020; 25:E2038. [PMID: 32349412 PMCID: PMC7248986 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence from clinical and epidemiological studies suggests that lycopene, the most abundant carotenoid in tomatoes, may be beneficial in the prevention or treatment of some important diseases. Ripe tomato peels are the richest source of lycopene, but the use of conventional solvent extraction methods without pretreatment of the plant material results in very poor recovery. The reason lies in the localization of lycopene in the plant tissue and the low permeability of the latter to solvent molecules. In this paper, a mixture design procedure was used to formulate solvent mixtures allowing the recovery of lycopene from non-pretreated tomato peels. Two ternary systems were investigated: (a) n-hexane-ethanol-acetone and (b) ethyl lactate-ethanol-acetone. Optimization of the ternary mixture composition led to a recovery of over 90% of the lycopene present in the peels. The high extraction efficiency was explained in terms of lycopene affinity combined with the ability to swell the plant material. A tomato oleoresin with high antioxidant activity and a lycopene content of about 13% (w/w) was also produced. Overall, the results indicate that highly effective solvents for direct recovery of lycopene from tomato peels can be easily prepared by a mixture design approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Zuorro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
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9
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Ademakinwa AN, Agboola FK. Kinetic and thermodynamic investigations of cell-wall degrading enzymes produced by Aureobasidium pullulans via induction with orange peels: application in lycopene extraction. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:949-960. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1650375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adedeji Nelson Ademakinwa
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Femi Kayode Agboola
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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10
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Adadi P, Barakova NV, Krivoshapkina EF. Selected Methods of Extracting Carotenoids, Characterization, and Health Concerns: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5925-5947. [PMID: 29851485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are the most powerful nutrients (medicine) on earth due to their potent antioxidant properties. The ability of these tetraterpenoids in obviating human chronic ailments like cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and diabetes has drawn public attention toward these novel compounds. Conventionally, carotenoids have been extracted from plant materials and agro-industrial byproduct using different solvents, but these procedures result in contaminating the target compound (carotenoids) with extraction solvents. Furthermore, some utilized solvents are not safe and hence are harmful to the environment. This has attracted criticism from consumers, ecologists, environmentalists, and public health workers. However, there is clear consumer preference for carotenoids from natural origin without traces of extracting solvent. Therefore, this review seeks to discuss methods for higher recovery of pure carotenoids without contamination from a solvent. Methods such as enzyme-based extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic extraction, and postextraction treatment (saponification) are discussed. Merits and demerits of these methods along with health concerns during intake of carotenoids were also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parise Adadi
- ITMO University , Lomonosova Street 9 , 191002 , St. Petersburg , Russia Federation
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11
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Lycopene extraction from tomato processing waste using ultrasound and cell-wall degrading enzymes. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-018-9856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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12
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Reshmitha T, Thomas S, Geethanjali S, Arun K, Nisha P. DNA and mitochondrial protective effect of lycopene rich tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) peel extract prepared by enzyme assisted extraction against H2O2 induced oxidative damage in L6 myoblasts. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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13
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Amiri-Rigi A, Abbasi S, Scanlon MG. Enhanced lycopene extraction from tomato industrial waste using microemulsion technique: Optimization of enzymatic and ultrasound pre-treatments. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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14
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New Trends in Cosmetics: By-Products of Plant Origin and Their Potential Use as Cosmetic Active Ingredients. COSMETICS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics2020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Papaioannou EH, Liakopoulou-Kyriakides M, Karabelas AJ. Natural Origin Lycopene and Its “Green” Downstream Processing. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:686-709. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.817381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil H. Papaioannou
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Renewable Energies, Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute (CPERI), Centre for Research and Technology-Hellas (CERTH), Thermi-Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Anastasios J. Karabelas
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Renewable Energies, Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute (CPERI), Centre for Research and Technology-Hellas (CERTH), Thermi-Thessaloniki, Greece
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16
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Effect of different parameters on enzyme-assisted extraction of lycopene from tomato processing waste. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Preparation and Characterization of Magnetically Responsive Biosorbents from Coffee Industry Residues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.394.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spent coffee grounds (SCG) and coffee silverskin (CS), the two main coffee industry residues, were magnetically modified by contact with an aqueous ferrofluid containing magnetite nanoparticles. The materials were characterized by SEMEDX analysis, X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to assess their suitability as biosorbents, using methylene blue as a model pollutant. Adsorption equilibrium data were analysed by the Langmuir model, which allowed estimation of the maximum adsorption capacity. The magnetic biosorbents were easily regenerated by treatment with hydrochloric acid.
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Abstract
We have investigated the recovery of lycopene from tomato processing waste (TPW) by treating the peel fraction of the waste with pectinolytic and cellulolytic enzyme preparations. To optimize the enzyme-assisted extraction, we used a two-level factorial design with five factors: extraction temperature (T), pretreatment time (P), extraction time (E), enzyme solution-to-solid ratio (R), enzyme load (L). A 7-to 16-fold increase was observed in lycopene recovery, compared to the untreated TPW. From a response surface analysis of the data, a second-degree polynomial equation was developed which provided the following optimal extraction conditions: T = 30 °C, P = 3.5 h, E = 3.2 h, R = 30 dm3/kg, L = 0.17 kg/kg.
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Cuccolini S, Aldini A, Visai L, Daglia M, Ferrari D. Environmentally friendly lycopene purification from tomato peel waste: enzymatic assisted aqueous extraction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:1646-1651. [PMID: 23002991 DOI: 10.1021/jf3027815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant and anticancer properties of lycopene make it an ideal component for daily food supplements. For this reason this study investigated the possibility of extracting lycopene from tomato waste peels using a green chemistry protocol devoid of organic solvent. Cells are lysed thanks to a combination of pH changes and hydrolytic enzyme treatments. The lycopene-containing chromoplasts are then precipitated by lowering the pH and isolated through a centrifugation step. At this stage the lycopene content of the isolated chromoplasts shows a 10-fold increase (3-5% w/w, dry basis) with respect to untreated tomato peels. A further improvement in lycopene concentration is obtained by a second enzymatic treatment using a protease cocktail. This catalytic step eliminates unwanted proteins, bound to the chromoplasts, but not essential for their stability. The final product shows a lycopene content around 8-10% (w/w, dry basis), which represents a 30-fold increase with respect to the lycopene concentration of the untreated peels.
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Zuorro A, Lavecchia R, Medici F, Piga L. Enzyme-Assisted Production of Tomato Seed Oil Enriched with Lycopene from Tomato Pomace. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-012-1003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Konwarh R, Pramanik S, Kalita D, Mahanta CL, Karak N. Ultrasonication--a complementary 'green chemistry' tool to biocatalysis: a laboratory-scale study of lycopene extraction. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2012; 19:292-299. [PMID: 21862376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lycopene is bequeathed with multiple bio-protective roles, primarily attributed to its unique molecular structure. The concomitant exploitation of two of the green chemistry tools viz., sonication and biocatalysis is reported here for the laboratory scale extraction of lycopene from tomato peel. The coupled system improved the extraction by 662%, 225% and 150% times over the unaided, only cellulase 'Onozuka R-10' treated and only sonication treated samples respectively. The sonication parameters (duration, cycle and amplitude) during the coupled operation were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Derivative UV-visible spectra (i.e., dA/dλ and d(2)A/dλ(2) against λ), FTIR analysis, and DPPH scavenging test suggested that the reported extraction protocol did not affect the molecular structure and bioactivity of the extracted lycopene. The influence of sonication on the probable structural modulation (through UV-visible spectral analysis) and activity of the enzyme were also analyzed. A plausible mechanism is proposed for the enhanced extraction achieved via the coupled system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocktotpal Konwarh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Sonitpur-784028, Assam, India
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Zuorro A, Fidaleo M, Lavecchia R. Enzyme-assisted extraction of lycopene from tomato processing waste. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 49:567-73. [PMID: 22142733 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A central composite design was used to optimize the enzyme-assisted extraction of lycopene from the peel fraction of tomato processing waste. Tomato skins were pretreated by a food-grade enzyme preparation with pectinolytic and cellulolytic activities and then subjected to hexane extraction. The factors investigated included extraction temperature (10-50 °C), pretreatment time (0.5-6.5 h), extraction time (0.5-4.5 h), enzyme solution-to-solid ratio (10-50 dm³/kg) and enzyme load (0-0.2 kg/kg). Overall, an 8- to 18-fold increase in lycopene recovery was observed compared to the untreated plant material. From a response surface analysis of the data, a second-degree polynomial equation was developed which provided the following optimal extraction conditions: T=30 °C, extraction time=3.18 h and enzyme load=0.16 kg/kg. The obtained results strongly support the idea of using cell-wall degrading enzymes as an effective means for recovering lycopene from tomato waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Zuorro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials & Environment, Sapienza University, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
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