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Evtyugin DD, Evtuguin DV, Casal S, Domingues MR. Advances and Challenges in Plant Sterol Research: Fundamentals, Analysis, Applications and Production. Molecules 2023; 28:6526. [PMID: 37764302 PMCID: PMC10535520 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols (PS) are cholesterol-like terpenoids widely spread in the kingdom Plantae. Being the target of extensive research for more than a century, PS have topped with evidence of having beneficial effects in healthy subjects and applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, many gaps in several fields of PS's research still hinder their widespread practical applications. In fact, many of the mechanisms associated with PS supplementation and their health benefits are still not fully elucidated. Furthermore, compared to cholesterol data, many complex PS chemical structures still need to be fully characterized, especially in oxidized PS. On the other hand, PS molecules have also been the focus of structural modifications for applications in diverse areas, including not only the above-mentioned but also in e.g., drug delivery systems or alternative matrixes for functional foods and fats. All the identified drawbacks are also superimposed by the need of new PS sources and technologies for their isolation and purification, taking into account increased environmental and sustainability concerns. Accordingly, current and future trends in PS research warrant discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry D. Evtyugin
- CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.E.); (D.V.E.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dmitry V. Evtuguin
- CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.E.); (D.V.E.)
| | - Susana Casal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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He WS, Sun Y, Li Z, Yang H, Li J, Wang Q, Tan C, Zou B. Enhanced antioxidant capacity of lipoic acid in different food systems through lipase-mediated esterification with phytosterols. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:7115-7125. [PMID: 35704042 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-Lipoic acid has excellent antioxidant activity, but its poor lipid solubility greatly limits its practical application. This study was undertaken (i) to develop a novel and efficient enzymatic synthesis of lipophilic lipoic acid esters using Candida sp. 99-125 lipase as a catalyst; and (ii) to systematically evaluate their antioxidant potential against bulk oil, oil-in-water emulsion (O/W) and cooked ground meat. RESULTS Lipophilic lipoic acid esters were successfully and efficiently synthesized using phytosterols as acyl receptor in the presence of Candida sp. 99-125 lipase. The product was identified as phytosterol lipoate by mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. The maximum conversion of phytosterol lipoate surpassed 90% within 12 h and its final yield exceeded 81%. Interestingly, the oil solubility of lipoic acid was increased at least 25-fold and other physicochemical properties were significantly improved. Most importantly, phytosterol lipoate exhibited higher antioxidant activity than lipoic acid in bulk oil, O/W emulsions and cooked ground meat. CONCLUSION The antioxidant capacity of lipoic acid can be significantly enhanced by esterification with phytosterols. Therefore, phytosterol lipoate could be further developed as a new antioxidant for use in oil- and fat-based foods. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sen He
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuying Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhishuo Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haonan Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjie Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingzhi Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Tan
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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Lesma G, Luraghi A, Bavaro T, Bortolozzi R, Rainoldi G, Roda G, Viola G, Ubiali D, Silvani A. Phytosterol and γ-Oryzanol Conjugates: Synthesis and Evaluation of their Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, and Anticholesterol Activities. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:2212-2221. [PMID: 30360625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen new multifunctional conjugates were designed and synthesized by chemically linking the steroidal framework of natural occurring γ-oryzanol and γ-oryzanol-derived phytosterols to a wide range of bioactive natural compounds (fatty acids, phenolic acids, amino acids, lipoic acid, retinoic acid, curcumin, and resveratrol). Starting from γ-oryzanol, which is the main component of rice bran oil, this study was aimed at assessing if the conjugation strategy might enhance some γ-oryzanol bioactivities. The antioxidant activity was evaluated through three different mechanisms, namely, DPPH-scavenging activity, metal-chelating activity, and β-carotene-bleaching inhibition. Measurement of the in vitro cell growth inhibitory effects on three different human cancer cellular lines was also carried out, and the potential hypocholesterolemic effect was studied. Compounds 10 and 15 displayed an improved antioxidant activity, with respect to that of γ-oryzanol. Compounds 2, 6, and 12 exerted an antiproliferative activity in the low micromolar range against HeLa and DAOY cells (GI50 < 10 μM). As for the claimed hypocholesterolemic effect of γ-oryzanol, none of the synthesized compounds inhibited the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, a key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano Lesma
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi 19 , 20133 , Milano , Italy
| | - Andrea Luraghi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze , Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 2 , 20126 , Milano , Italy
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Pavia , Viale Taramelli 12 , 27100 , Pavia , Italy
| | - Roberta Bortolozzi
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino , Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Giustiniani 2 , 35128 , Padova , Italy
| | - Giulia Rainoldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi 19 , 20133 , Milano , Italy
| | - Gabriella Roda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Mangiagalli 25 , 20133 , Milano , Italy
| | - Giampietro Viola
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino , Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Giustiniani 2 , 35128 , Padova , Italy
| | - Daniela Ubiali
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Pavia , Viale Taramelli 12 , 27100 , Pavia , Italy
- ISTM-CNR , Via Golgi 19 , 20133 , Milano , Italy
| | - Alessandra Silvani
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi 19 , 20133 , Milano , Italy
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MS U, Ferdosh S, Haque Akanda MJ, Ghafoor K, A.H. R, Ali ME, Kamaruzzaman BY, M. B. F, S. H, Shaarani S, Islam Sarker MZ. Techniques for the extraction of phytosterols and their benefits in human health: a review. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2018.1454472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uddin MS
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Sahena Ferdosh
- Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Md. Jahurul Haque Akanda
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Kashif Ghafoor
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rukshana A.H.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science and Technology Chittagong (USTC), Foy’s Lake, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Eaqub Ali
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NanoCat), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - B. Y. Kamaruzzaman
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Fauzi M. B.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology & Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences, Cyberjaya, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Hadijah S.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Sharifudin Shaarani
- Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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Wang H, Jia C, Xia X, Karangwa E, Zhang X. Enzymatic synthesis of phytosteryl lipoate and its antioxidant properties. Food Chem 2018; 240:736-742. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Horník Š, Sajfrtová M, Karban J, Sýkora J, Březinová A, Wimmer Z. LC-NMR Technique in the Analysis of Phytosterols in Natural Extracts. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2013; 2013:526818. [PMID: 24455424 PMCID: PMC3884959 DOI: 10.1155/2013/526818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The ability of LC-NMR to detect simultaneously free and conjugated phytosterols in natural extracts was tested. The advantages and disadvantages of a gradient HPLC-NMR method were compared to the fast composition screening using SEC-NMR method. Fractions of free and conjugated phytosterols were isolated and analyzed by isocratic HPLC-NMR methods. The results of qualitative and quantitative analyses were in a good agreement with the literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štěpán Horník
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the ASCR, v.v.i., Rozvojová 2/135, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Sajfrtová
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the ASCR, v.v.i., Rozvojová 2/135, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Karban
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the ASCR, v.v.i., Rozvojová 2/135, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Sýkora
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the ASCR, v.v.i., Rozvojová 2/135, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- *Jan Sýkora:
| | - Anna Březinová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the ASCR, v.v.i., Flemingovo Náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Wimmer
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the ASCR, v.v.i., Isotope Laboratory, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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