1
|
Boss M, Pels F, Kleinert J. Social compensation of performance drops in dyadic exercises-Two experiments testing the role of relationship quality. Psych J 2023; 12:584-593. [PMID: 37343966 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze whether the social compensation of performance drops in a team setting depends on the relationship quality. Two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1: In a team-building condition, the relationship quality between subject and confederate was manipulated. The performance situation consisted of an isometric strength task. A joint team result had to be achieved in a second run, whereby the subject received manipulated feedback on the confederate's performance, hence suggesting a sudden drop. The results showed no compensation effect. Experiment 2: Given that one potential reason for the lack of effect appeared to be the isometric holding task, the study design was maintained, but the task was modified into a dynamic one. Performance drops were compensated for. However, the relationship quality did not affect compensation behavior. It is possible that implicit team building through the necessary joint agreement on goals interfered with the effect in both conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Boss
- Institute of Psychology, Dept. Health & Social Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fabian Pels
- Institute of Psychology, Dept. Health & Social Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Kleinert
- Institute of Psychology, Dept. Health & Social Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Research Centre of Elite Sport (momentum), German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stephen SA, Coffee P, Habeeb CM, Morris R, Tod D. Social identity in sport: A scoping review of the performance hypothesis. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 67:102437. [PMID: 37665890 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Stephen
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, UK.
| | - Pete Coffee
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, UK
| | | | - Robert Morris
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, UK
| | - David Tod
- Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gavala-González J, Martins B, Ponseti FJ, Garcia-Mas A. Studying Well and Performing Well: A Bayesian Analysis on Team and Individual Rowing Performance in Dual Career Athletes. Front Psychol 2021; 11:583409. [PMID: 33424696 PMCID: PMC7786305 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.583409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
On many occasions, the maximum result of a team does not equate to the total maximum individual effort of each athlete (social loafing). Athletes often combine their sports life with an academic one (Dual Career), prioritizing one over the over in a difficult balancing act. The aim of this research is to examine the existence of social loafing in a group of novice university rowers and the differences that exist according to sex, academic performance, and the kind of sport previously practiced (individual or team). Therefore, a study was conducted from a probabilistic perspective using the Bayesian Network analysis methodology. The results confirm the existence of the Ringelmann effect or social loafing. The Bayesian analysis let us confirm that having a good student who practices a team sport, even in the individual rowing concept, increases the probability of obtaining greater performance (higher number of strokes and more power in each one). Therefore, when rowing partnerships are formed, the occurrence probability chain is quickly simplified, along with values of the top and bottom variables. Finally, the instantiations undertaken on the bottom variable that appears to be common in the two BNs, the watt input, enhance the results obtained. In short, rowers who have a better academic record are more involved in team testing, so this characteristic is defining when it comes to achieving better performance in team testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Martins
- Research Group of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Ponseti
- Research Group of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Alexandre Garcia-Mas
- Research Group of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith J, Griffiths LA, Band M, Hird-Smith R, Williams B, Bold J, Bradley E, Dilworth R, Horne D. Early Intervention in Psychosis: Effectiveness and Implementation of a Combined Exercise and Health Behavior Intervention Within Routine Care. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:577691. [PMID: 33193094 PMCID: PMC7649318 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.577691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Young people with psychosis have higher rates of obesity, premature cardiovascular disease, and death compared to non-psychotic peers in the general population due to changes in metabolic regulation linked to antipsychotic medication and adverse health risk behaviors. The aim of this paper is to outline the development, implementation, and evaluation of a combined 12-week exercise and health behavior intervention delivered as part of an Early Intervention in Psychosis (EIP) routine service, within the UK. METHODS Participants (n = 27) completed a 12-week combined intervention program, engaging in weekly, 90-min sessions comprising a healthy behavior education session (45 min), followed by a facilitated exercise session (45 min). Anthropometric data from participants (n = 26) were collected at baseline, 12 weeks, and 12 months post-intervention. Health behaviors and clinical measurements were assessed at baseline and 12 months. RESULTS Mean baseline data suggests participants were at an increased health risk on entry to the program, with elevated values in mean body mass index (BMI; 70% overweight/obese), waist circumference, resting heart rate, and triglycerides. Fifty percent reported smoking daily, 64% ate < 5 fruits/vegetables per day, and 52% of participants were prescribed highly obesogenic antipsychotic medications (i.e., Olanzapine). At 12 weeks and 12 months, no changes were observed in mean BMI, waist circumference or any other clinical variable (p > 0.05). At 12 months, participants reported a positive impact on health behaviors including improved diet, increased physical activity levels, and cessation of substance use (n = 2), alcohol use (n = 2), and smoking (n = 4). Focus groups captured participant experiences, engagement with and satisfaction with the program, including challenges/barriers to program adherence. CONCLUSIONS The 12-week exercise and health behaviors program supported participants to attenuate their physical health risk which was sustained at 12-month follow-up. Self-reported positive health behavior changes are likely to have contributed to the prevention of excessive weight gain in this high-risk period. The evaluation was designed to have validity for a "real world EIP setting" and reflect the complexity of delivery to this participant group. Evaluation findings influenced subsequent commissioning of the physical health intervention as an ongoing element of routine EIP care within the participant site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Smith
- School of Allied Health and Community, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Jo Smith,
| | - Lisa A. Griffiths
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Marie Band
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Hird-Smith
- School of Allied Health and Community, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Briony Williams
- School of Allied Health and Community, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Justine Bold
- School of Allied Health and Community, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
- Centre for Medical Education, Medical School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Bradley
- School of Allied Health and Community, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Dilworth
- School of Allied Health and Community, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Horne
- School of Allied Health and Community, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stevens M, Rees T, Steffens NK, Haslam SA, Coffee P, Polman R. Leaders' creation of shared identity impacts group members' effort and performance: Evidence from an exercise task. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218984. [PMID: 31295265 PMCID: PMC6622477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that leaders' effectiveness derives in part from their creation of a sense of identity that is shared by members of a group they are attempting to lead (i.e., their identity entrepreneurship). Little is known, however, about the impact of identity entrepreneurship in sport and exercise settings, particularly in relation to its effect on group members' effort and performance. Using a pre-post between subjects experimental design, we examined the effect of leaders' identity entrepreneurship on group members' effort and performance during 5km cycling time trials. Following a baseline session (in which time trials were completed individually), participants (N = 72) were randomly allocated to either a high or low identity entrepreneurship condition, and further randomly divided into groups of five (including a leader who was a confederate). In the subsequent test sessions (which participants attended with their fellow group members), leaders displayed either high or low identity entrepreneurship behaviors. Results indicated that, compared to participants in the low identity entrepreneurship condition, those in the high identity entrepreneurship condition maintained greater effort (maximum heart rate), and demonstrated improved (rather than poorer) performance (average power output in the first 60 seconds of time trials). Examination of pacing showed that the largest increases in participants' average power output occurred in the early stages of their second time trials for those in the high identity entrepreneurship condition only. Results provide causal evidence that leaders who create a shared sense of identity among team members are able to inspire greater participant effort and performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stevens
- Bournemouth University, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Management, Poole, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Rees
- Bournemouth University, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Management, Poole, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Pete Coffee
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Remco Polman
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Stevens M, Rees T, Polman R. Social identification, exercise participation, and positive exercise experiences: Evidence from parkrun. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:221-228. [PMID: 29912669 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1489360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that social identities may have profound implications for physical activity participation. Real-world examinations of this relationship have, however, been lacking, with research predominantly examining intentions and hypothetical scenarios. To address this shortcoming and further advance understanding in this area, the present study tested relationships between group identification, participation, two exercise-specific outcomes (exercise-specific satisfaction and group cohesion), and a broad health indicator (life satisfaction) among individuals recruited from parkrun. Participants (N = 289) completed questionnaires measuring all variables except participants' parkrun participation, which was objectively assessed. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that group identification was significantly associated with greater participation, exercise-specific satisfaction, group cohesion, and life satisfaction. Findings provide real-world evidence of the health-related benefits associated with forming strong social identities in exercise settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stevens
- a Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Management , Bournemouth University , Fern Barrow , UK
| | - Tim Rees
- a Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Management , Bournemouth University , Fern Barrow , UK
| | - Remco Polman
- b School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stevens M, Rees T, Coffee P, Steffens NK, Haslam SA, Polman R. A Social Identity Approach to Understanding and Promoting Physical Activity. Sports Med 2017; 47:1911-1918. [PMID: 28349449 PMCID: PMC5603625 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0720-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Against the backdrop of a global physical inactivity crisis, attempts to both understand and positively influence physical activity behaviours are characterized by a focus on individual-level factors (e.g. cognitions, attitudes, motivation). We outline a new perspective, drawn from an emerging body of work exploring the applicability of social identity and self-categorization theories to domains of sport and health, from which to understand and address this pervasive problem. This social identity approach suggests that the groups to which people belong can be, and often are, incorporated into their sense of self and, through this, are powerful determinants of physical activity-related behaviour. We start by reviewing the current state of physical activity research and highlighting the potential for the social identity approach to help understand how social factors influence these behaviours. Next, we outline the theoretical underpinnings of the social identity approach and provide three key examples that speak to the analytical and practical value of the social identity approach in physical activity settings. Specifically, we argue that social identity (1) can be harnessed to promote engagement in physical activity, (2) underpins exercise group behaviour, and (3) underpins effective leadership in exercise settings. We conclude by identifying prospects for a range of theory-informed research developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stevens
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Management, Bournemouth University, Dorset House, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - Tim Rees
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Management, Bournemouth University, Dorset House, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Pete Coffee
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Niklas K Steffens
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, McElwain Building, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - S Alexander Haslam
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, McElwain Building, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Remco Polman
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Dorset House, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Haugen T, Reinboth M, Hetlelid KJ, Peters DM, Høigaard R. Mental Toughness Moderates Social Loafing in Cycle Time-Trial Performance. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2016; 87:305-310. [PMID: 26958707 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2016.1149144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine if mental toughness moderated the occurrence of social loafing in cycle time-trial performance. METHOD Twenty-seven men (Mage = 17.7 years, SD = 0.6) completed the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire prior to completing a 1-min cycling trial under 2 conditions: once with individual performance identified, and once in a group with individual performance not identified. Using a median split of the mental toughness index, participants were divided into high and low mental toughness groups. Cycling distance was compared using a 2 (trial) × 2 (high-low mental toughness) analysis of variance. We hypothesized that mentally tough participants would perform equally well under both conditions (i.e., no indication of social loafing) compared with low mentally tough participants, who would perform less well when their individual performance was not identifiable (i.e., demonstrating the anticipated social loafing effect). RESULTS The high mental toughness group demonstrated consistent performance across both conditions, while the low mental toughness group reduced their effort in the non-individually identifiable team condition. CONCLUSIONS The results confirm that (a) clearly identifying individual effort/performance is an important situational variable that may impact team performance and (b) higher perceived mental toughness has the ability to negate the tendency to loaf.
Collapse
|