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Soderstrom AJ, Wang LF, Patterson R, Beltranena E, Zijlstra RT. Feeding a Multi-Enzyme Blend to Enhance the Nutrient Digestibility of Wheat-Canola Expeller Diets in Ileal-Cannulated Weaned Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1644. [PMID: 38891694 PMCID: PMC11170982 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Canola expeller (CE) contains ~200 g/kg residual oil, but also fiber that impairs nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs. To study if feed enzymes increase digestibility, six diets containing either the basal or two CE samples mixed in at 250 g/kg (CE-A or CE-B) were formulated with or without a multi-enzyme blend containing cellulase, xylanase, glucanase, amylase, protease, invertase, and pectinase. The basal diet containing 620 g/kg wheat and 150 g/kg barley served as control. Twelve ileal-cannulated barrows (9-15 kg) were fed the six diets in a replicated 6 (pigs) × 3 (periods) Youden square. Ileal digestibility of gross energy and amino acids was 5% greater for basal than CE diets without differences between CE samples. Diet energy values were 4% greater for CE than basal diets due to residual oil in CE. Inclusion of the multi-enzyme blend increased total tract digestibility of energy of the basal but not CE diets by 2%. Net energy value was greater for CE-A than CE-B because CE-A contained more residual oil. In conclusion, feeding 250 g/kg CE increased diet energy values; thus, CE can substitute added fat in weaned pig diets. Feeding the multi-enzyme blend increased the energy digestibility of wheat and barley-based diets fed to weaned pigs. However, research is needed to identify enzyme combinations that increase the nutrient digestibility of CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Janine Soderstrom
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada (E.B.)
| | - Li Fang Wang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada (E.B.)
| | | | - Eduardo Beltranena
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada (E.B.)
| | - Ruurd T. Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada (E.B.)
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Fan MZ, Cheng L, Wang M, Chen J, Fan W, Jashari F, Wang W. Monomodular and multifunctional processive endocellulases: implications for swine nutrition and gut microbiome. Anim Microbiome 2024; 6:4. [PMID: 38308359 PMCID: PMC10837961 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-024-00292-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Poor efficiency of dietary fibre utilization not only limits global pork production profit margin but also adversely affects utilization of various dietary nutrients. Poor efficiency of dietary nutrient utilization further leads to excessive excretion of swine manure nutrients and results in environmental impacts of emission of major greenhouse gases (GHG), odor, nitrate leaching and surface-water eutrophication. Emission of the major GHG from intensive pork production contributes to global warming and deteriorates heat stress to pigs in tropical and sub-tropical swine production. Exogenous fibre enzymes of various microbial cellulases, hemicellulases and pectinases have been well studied and used in swine production as the non-nutritive gut modifier feed enzyme additives in the past over two decades. These research efforts have aimed to improve growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal fermentation as well as gut physiology, microbiome and health via complementing the porcine gut symbiotic microbial fibrolytic activities towards dietary fibre degradation. The widely reported exogenous fibre enzymes include the singular use of respective cellulases, hemicellulases and pectinases as well as their multienzyme cocktails. The currently applied exogenous fibre enzymes are largely limited by their inconsistent in vivo efficacy likely due to their less defined enzyme stability and limited biochemical property. More recently characterized monomodular, multifunctional and processive endoglucanases have the potential to be more efficaciously used as the next-generation designer fibre biocatalysts. These newly emerging multifunctional and processive endoglucanases have the potential to unleash dietary fibre sugar constituents as metabolic fuels and prebiotics, to optimize gut microbiome, to maintain gut permeability and to enhance performance in pigs under a challenged environment as well as to parallelly unlock biomass to manufacture biofuels and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Z Fan
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada.
- One Health Institute, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Laurence Cheng
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jiali Chen
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Wenyi Fan
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Transpharmation LTD, N1M 2W3, Fergus, ON, Canada
| | - Fatmira Jashari
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
- The Canadian Food Inspection Agency Ontario Operation, N1G 4S9, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Aderibigbe AS, Park CS, Johnson T, Velayudhan DE, Vinyeta E, Adeola O. Efficacy of a novel multi-enzyme feed additive on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut microbiome of weanling pigs fed corn-wheat or wheat-barley-based diet. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae064. [PMID: 38466229 PMCID: PMC10977034 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
One-hundred-and-ninety-two weanling pigs (6.7 kg body weight) were used to evaluate the impact of a carbohydrases-protease enzyme complex (CPEC) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut microbiome. Pigs were assigned to one of the four dietary treatments for 42 d according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of diet type (low fiber [LF] or high fiber [HF]) and CPEC supplementation (0 or 170 mg/kg diet). The LF diet was prepared as corn-wheat-based diet while the HF diet was wheat-barley-based and contained wheat middlings and canola meal. Each dietary treatment consisted of 12 replicate pens (six replicates per gender) and four pigs per replicate pen. Over the 42-d period, there was no interaction between diet type and CPEC supplementation on growth performance indices of pigs. Dietary addition of CPEC improved (P < 0.05) the body weight of pigs at days 28 and 42 and the gain-to-feed ratio of pigs from days 0 to 14. During the entire experimental period, dietary CPEC supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the average daily gain and gain-to-feed ratio of pigs. There were interactions between diet type and CPEC supplementation on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM; P < 0.01), gross energy (GE; P < 0.01), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF; P < 0.05) at d 42. Dietary CPEC addition improved (P < 0.05) ATTD of DM, GE, and NDF in the HF diets. At day 43, dietary CPEC addition resulted in improved (P < 0.05) apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of NDF and interactions (P < 0.05) between diet type and CPEC supplementation on AID of DM and crude fiber. Alpha diversity indices including phylogenetic diversity and observed amplicon sequence variants of fecal microbiome increased (P < 0.05) by the addition of CPEC to the HF diets on day 42. An interaction (P < 0.05) between diet type and CPEC addition on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index and Unweighted UniFrac distances was observed on day 42. In conclusion, CPEC improved weanling pig performance and feed efficiency, especially in wheat-barley diets, while dietary fiber composition had a more significant impact on fecal microbial communities than CPEC administration. The results of this study underscores carbohydrase's potential to boost pig performance without major microbiome changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji S Aderibigbe
- Division of Agricultural Science, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Chan Sol Park
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Timothy Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Deepak E Velayudhan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ester Vinyeta
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Olayiwola Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Niu Y, Rogiewicz A, Patterson R, Slominski BA. Enhancing the nutritive value of canola meal for broiler chickens through enzymatic modifications. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad233. [PMID: 37422800 PMCID: PMC10358223 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic modification of canola meal (CM) is a potential method to enhance its nutritional value as it can depolymerize nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) and mitigate its potential antinutritive properties. Based on the previous studies, pectinase A (PA), pectinase B (PB), xylanase B (XB), and invertase (Inv) were used for the enzymatic modifications. The highest NSP depolymerization ratio was obtained when 4 g/kg of each PA, PB, and XB, and 0.2 g/kg of Inv were used during 48 h incubation at 40 °C. In the current study, changes in pH, simple sugars, sucrose, oligosaccharides, and NSP contents during the enzymatic modification (CM+E) of CM were measured and compared to Control (CM) without enzymes addition or with the addition of bacteriostat sodium azide (CM+E+NaN3). The results showed that spontaneous fermentation occurred during incubation. After incubation, the pH of the slurry decreased, lactic acid was produced, phytate disappeared, and the concentration of simple sugars decreased substantially. The NSP of the slurry was progressively depolymerized by the enzyme blend. The chemical composition and nutritive value of enzymatically-modified CM (ECM) were evaluated. Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to 18 cages of six birds each for the standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) assay. A corn/soybean meal-based basal diet formulated to meet Ross 308 breeder recommendations and two test diets contained 70% of the basal diet and 30% of CM or ECM, respectively, were fed to Ross 308 from 13 to 17 d of age. No difference was observed between SIAAD of CM and ECM. The AMEn value of ECM was 2118.0 kcal/kg on a dry matter basis which was 30.9% greater (P < 0.05) than the CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxing Niu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 3N2, Canada
| | - Anna Rogiewicz
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 3N2, Canada
| | | | - Bogdan A Slominski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 3N2, Canada
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Shipman GL, Perez-Palencia JY, Rogiewicz A, Patterson R, Levesque CL. Evaluation of multienzyme supplementation and fiber levels on nutrient and energy digestibility of diets fed to gestating sows and growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad375. [PMID: 37936246 PMCID: PMC10752346 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to investigate the effect of a multienzyme blend (MEblend) and inclusion level on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients, as well as ileal digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in gestation diets with low (LF) or high-dietary fiber (HF) fed to gestation sows. For comparison, growing pigs were fed the same HF diets to directly compare ATTD values with the gestating sows. In experiment 1, 45 gestating sows (parity 0 to 5; 187 ± 28 kg bodyweight; BW) were blocked by parity in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement and fed 2.2 kg/d of the HF (17.5% neutral detergent fiber; NDF) or LF (13% NDF) diet and one of three levels of MEblend (0.0%, 0.08%, and 0.1%) to determine impacts of MEblend on ATTD. Twenty-seven growing pigs (initial 35.7 ± 3.32 kg BW) were fed the same HF diet (5% of BW) and one of three MEblend inclusions. The MEblend at both 0.08% and 0.1% increased ATTD of energy, NDF, and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (P < 0.05) in gestating sows but ATTD of total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and its residues were not affected. Sows fed HF, regardless of MEblend, had greater ATTD of NDF, xylose, and total NSP (P < 0.05) in comparison to grower pigs. In experiment 2, ileal cannulas were placed in 12 gestating sows (parity 0 to 2; BW 159 ± 12 kg) to determine apparent and standardized ileal digestibility (AID and SID) of AA and NSP. In a crossover design, sows were fed the same six diets, as in experiment 1, and a nitrogen-free diet during five periods of seven days each to achieve eight replicates per diet. There was no interaction between diet fiber level and MEblend inclusion. Supplementation of MEblend to gestating sow diets did not impact SID of CP and AA regardless of dietary fiber level. The SID of His, Ile, Lys, Phe, Thr, Trp, and Val were 3% to 6% lower (P < 0.09) in HF than LF independent of MEblend. Supplementation of MEblend did not impact AID of NSP components, but sows fed HF had higher AID of arabinose (LF: 26.5% vs. HF: 40.6%), xylose (LF: 3.5% vs. HF: 40.9%), and total NSP (LF: 25.9% vs. HF: 40.0%) compared to sows fed LF (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation of MEblend increased ATTD of nutrients, NSP, and energy in diets fed to gestating sows regardless of inclusion level, with MEblend having a greater incremental increase in diets with lower NDF levels. Inclusion of MEblend impacted neither SID of AA nor AID of NSP in low- or high-fiber gestation diets, but high-fiber diet, negatively affected SID of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrin L Shipman
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007
| | | | - Anna Rogiewicz
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | - Crystal. L Levesque
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007
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Pech-Cervantes AA, Ferrarretto LF, Ogunade IM. Meta-analysis of the effects of the dietary application of exogenous alpha-amylase preparations on performance, nutrient digestibility, and rumen fermentation of lactating dairy cows. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac189. [PMID: 35589551 PMCID: PMC9387633 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have evaluated the effects of the dietary application of exogenous alpha-amylase preparations (AMA) as a strategy to increase total tract starch digestibility (TTSD) and milk yield (MY) in dairy cows, but the results have been inconsistent. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the dietary application of AMA on the performance, digestibility, and rumen fermentation of lactating dairy cows using a meta-analytic method. A total of 18 peer-reviewed manuscripts (N = 32 treatment comparisons) from 2003 to 2019 were systematically identified following the PRISMA method. The weighted raw mean differences between dietary AMA and control treatments were compared with a robust variance estimation. Likewise, diet characteristics like crude protein (CP) content, NDF content, starch content, days in milk (DIM), experimental design (Latin square and continuous), and AMA dose (0 to 732 Kilo Novo units [KNU]/kg TMR) were used as covariates in a meta-regression, subgrouping, and dose-response analysis. Compared to the control, dietary AMA increased (P < 0.05) DM digestibility (69.32% vs. 68.30%), TTSD (94.62% vs. 94.10%), milk protein concentration and yield (3.11% vs. 3.08%; 1.14 vs. 1.10 kg/d) and tended to increase (P = 0.09) fat-corrected milk (35.96 vs. 35.10 kg/d), but no effects were observed on DM intake (22.99 vs. 22.90 kg/d) and feed efficiency (1.50 vs. 1.48). Dietary AMA tended (P = 0.10) to reduce rumen pH (6.27 vs. 6.30). Both the enzyme dose and DIM strongly influenced (P < 0.05) the effects of AMA on digestibility and performance. The dose-response analysis revealed that feeding 600 KNU/kg to high-producing early lactation (< 70 DIM) dairy cows increased FCM and milk protein. Accounting for the type of experimental design was associated with a lower between-studies-variance among comparisons. Overall, this meta-analysis supports the hypothesis that dietary AMA supplementation is associated with a better lactational performance in dairy cows. However, these effects are only suitable for high-producing early lactation dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiz F Ferrarretto
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ibukun M Ogunade
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Hayhoe MAN, Archbold T, Wang Q, Yang X, Fan MZ. Prebiotics and β-Glucan as gut modifier feed additives in modulation of growth performance, protein utilization status and dry matter and lactose digestibility in weanling pigs. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.855846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There are growing interests in developing novel gut modifier feed additives and alternative therapeutics to replace antimicrobials to enhance efficiency of nutrient utilization and to address the antimicrobial resistance threat to public health facing the global pork production. Biological mechanisms of supplementing lactose for enhancing weanling pig growth and nitrogen utilization are unclear. Thus, this study was prompted to determine effects of dietary supplementation of 3 prebiotics and oat β-glucan vs. a sub-therapeutic antibiotic on growth performance, whole-body protein utilization status, the apparent total tract dry matter (DM) and lactose digestibility in weanling pigs fed corn and soybean meal (SBM)-based diets. Six experimental diets were formulated with corn (40%), SBM (28%) and supplemented with dried whey powder (20%) and fish meal (9%) with titanium oxide (0.30%) as the digestibility marker. Diet 1 (NC, negative control), as the basal diet, contained no antibiotics and no supplemental prebiotics or β-glucan. Diet 2 (PC, positive control), contained an antibiotic premix (Lincomix-44 at 0.10%) in the basal diet at the expense of cornstarch. Diets 3, 5 and 6 contained 0.75% of the three test prebiotics of retrograded cornstarch (Diet 3), Fibersol-2 (Diet 5, a modified digestion-resistant maltodextrin) and inulin (Diet 6), and the viscous soluble fiber oat β-glucan (Diet 4), respectively, at the expense of cornstarch. A total of 144 Yorkshire pigs, at the age of 21 days (d) and an average body weight (BW) of 5.5 kg, were allocated to 12 floor pens with 3 barrows and 3 gilts per pen, and fed one of the 6 diets for 21 d in 2 study blocks according to a completely randomized block design. Initial and final pig BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), representative pig plasma urea concentration as well as the apparent total tract DM and lactose digestibility during d 8-15 were measured. Analyses of variances, Dunnett’s and Tukey’s tests were conducted on the endpoints by using the SAS mixed model. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in ADG, ADFI, feed to gain ratio, plasma urea concentration, the apparent total tract apparent DM and lactose digestibility and the predicted whole-gut lactase digestive capacity among the diets, as examined by the Tukey’s test. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in these endpoints between each of the four treatment diets and the NC or the PC diet as examined by the Dunnett’s test. The total tract lactose digestibility was determined to be at 100%. The predicted whole-gut lactase digestive capacity was about eight times of the daily lactose intake when dietary lactose contents were supplemented at 10 - 12% (as-fed basis). In conclusion, dietary supplementation (at 0.75%) of the prebiotics and the oat β-glucan did not significantly affect the major growth performance endpoints, whole-body protein utilization status as well as the apparent total tract DM and lactose digestibility in the weanling pigs fed the corn and SBM-based diets. The promoting effect for growth and nitrogen utilization associated with dietary supplementation of lactose is due to the fact that lactose is a completely and rapidly digestible sugar rather than acting as an effective prebiotic in weanling pig nutrition.
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Guo J, Wilson T, Chiba L, Spangler E, Wu G, Shieh T. Effect of diet complexity and dietary fish peptide and enzyme complex supplementation on weanling pigs. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Cheng L, Wang W, Fan MZ. Characterization of in vitro stability for two processive endoglucanases as exogenous fibre biocatalysts in pig nutrition. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9135. [PMID: 35650308 PMCID: PMC9160044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of highly efficacious exogenous fibre degradation enzymes can enhance efficiency of dietary fibre utilization and sustainability of global pork production. The objectives of this study were to investigate in vitro stability for two processive endoglucanases, referred to as GH5-tCel5A1 and GH5-p4818Cel5_2A that were overexpressed in CLEARCOLIBL21(DE3). Three-dimensional models predicted presence of Cys residues on the catalytic site surfaces of GH5-tCel5A1 and GH5-p4818Cel5_2A; and time course experimental results shown that both cellulases were susceptible to auto-oxidation by airborne O2 and were unstable. Furthermore, we examined these endoglucanases' stability under the mimicked in vitro porcine gastric and the small intestinal pH and proteases' conditions. Eadie-Hofstee inhibition kinetic analyses showed that GH5-tCel5A1 and GH5-p4818Cel5_2A respectively lost 18 and 68% of their initial activities after 2-h incubations under the gastric conditions and then lost more than 90% of their initial activities after 2-3 h of incubations under the small intestinal conditions. Therefore, further enzyme protein engineering to improve resistance and alternatively post-fermentation enzyme processing such as coating to bypass the gastric-small intestinal environment will be required to enable these two processive endoglucanases as efficacious exogenous fibre enzymes in pig nutrition application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Cheng
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) - Ontario Operation, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ming Z Fan
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
- One Health Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Kpogo AL, Jose J, Panisson JC, Agyekum AK, Predicala BZ, Alvarado AC, Agnew JM, Sprenger CJ, Beaulieu AD. Greenhouse gases and performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets containing wheat millrun and a multi-carbohydrase enzyme. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6377888. [PMID: 34586401 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this project was to determine the impact of feeding growing pigs with high wheat millrun diets supplemented with a multi-carbohydrase enzyme (amylase, cellulase, glucanase, xylanase, and invertase activities) on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and greenhouse gas (GHG) output (carbon dioxide, CO2; nitrous oxide, N2O; methane, CH4). Three experiments were conducted utilizing six treatments arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial (0%, 15%, or 30% wheat millrun; with or without enzyme) for the digestibility experiment or as a 2 × 2 factorial (0% or 30% wheat millrun; with or without enzyme) for the performance and GHG experiments. The digestibility, performance, and GHG experiments utilized 48 individually housed pigs, 180 pigs housed 5 per pen, or 96 pigs housed 6 per chamber, respectively. Increasing wheat millrun up to 30% in the diet of growing pigs resulted in decreased energy, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) apparent total tract digestibility and net energy content (P < 0.01). Overall, average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio were reduced in pigs fed wheat millrun (P < 0.05). Enzyme supplementation had minimal effects on the digestibility or performance parameters measured. Feeding diets with 30% millrun did not affect GHG output (CH4: 4.7 and 4.9; N2O: 0.45 and 0.42; CO2: 1,610 and 1,711 mg/s without or with millrun inclusion, respectively; P > 0.78). Enzyme supplementation had no effect on GHG emissions (CH4: 4.5 and 5.1; N2O: 0.46 and 0.42; CO2: 1,808 and 1,513 mg/s without or with enzymes, respectively; P > 0.51). Overall, the carbohydrase enzyme had minimal effects on parameters measured, regardless of wheat millrun inclusion (P > 0.10). Although energy, N and P digestibility, and ADG were reduced, the inclusion of up to 30% wheat millrun in the diet has no effect on GHG emissions from growing pigs (P > 0.10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agbee L Kpogo
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Jismol Jose
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | | | - Atta K Agyekum
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Charley J Sprenger
- Prairie Agricultural Machinery Institute, Portage la Prairie, MB R1N 3V6, Canada
| | - A Denise Beaulieu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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Aranda-Aguirre E, Robles-Jimenez LE, Osorio-Avalos J, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Gonzalez-Ronquillo M. A systematic-review on the role of exogenous enzymes on the productive performance at weaning, growing and finishing in pigs. Vet Anim Sci 2021; 14:100195. [PMID: 34522821 PMCID: PMC8427232 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of exogenous enzymes in the general diet improves production characteristics in all stages of production. Phytases are the most supplemented enzymes in all productive stages of pigs. The inclusion of Phytases, used in the pig's diet showed an average dry matter digestibility (g/kg) 840.6 ± 25.5 in weaning, 862.5 ± 7.4 in growing and 802.0 ± 1.41 in finishing. The inclusion of xylanases used in the pig's diet showed an average in dry matter digestibility (g/kg) 829.5 ± 7.14 in weaning and 759.1 ± 6.93 in finishing stages.
Supplementing exogenous enzymes in pig diets is an alternative solution to increase dietary energy and fiber digestibility to improve pig production performance at a low production cost and to reduce environmental impact with lower N and P excretions. The production stage, diet composition, enzyme source, amount and number of enzymes added, are factors to consider before using them. A database composed by 227 individual diets, resulting from 43 studies with 48 experimental records were divided in different production stages, with 19 records for weaning, 17 records for growing and 12 records for finishing. A descriptive statistical analysis of the chemical composition of the diets and enzyme doses was carried out. The data with normal distribution were analyzed calculating the mean, the minimum and maximum length, the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation. It was found that combined enzymes are the most widely reported enzyme combination in the supplementation of pigs at all stages of production. Phytases and Mannanases are commonly used at weaning and growing stages. Xylanases and Proteases have been reported to be used in all production stages. However, the highest yielding enzymes at weaning, growing and finishing stages were Phytases and Mannanases. Dietary supplementation of exogenous enzymes improves production characteristics at all stages of production. However, an improvement in growth performance and nutrient digestibility is not always observed. Future studies should focus on the interaction between production stages, composition of the diet, origin of the enzyme and the amount and number of enzymes added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Aranda-Aguirre
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
| | - Lizbeth E Robles-Jimenez
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
| | - Jorge Osorio-Avalos
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Manuel Gonzalez-Ronquillo
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
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Kim YJ, Lee JH, Kim TH, Song MH, Yun W, Oh HJ, Lee JS, Kim HB, Cho JH. Effect of low protein diets added with protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility of weaned piglets and growing-finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:491-500. [PMID: 34189499 PMCID: PMC8204005 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of low protein diets
added with protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood
profiles of weaned piglets and growing-finishing pigs. A total of 96 weaned pigs
([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc) with average body weight (BW) of
6.99 ± 0.21 kg were used in a 20-week experiment. The dietary treatments
were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design. Treatments were as follows: In
phase 1 (1–2 weeks), two protein levels as high protein (HP; 19.0%), low
protein (LP; 17.0%), and three protease (PT) levels (PT0, 0%; PT1, 0.3%; and
PT2, 0.5%); in phase 2 (3–4 weeks), protein levels (HP, 18.05%; LP,
16.15%) and protease levels (0%, 0.3%, and 0.5%); in phase 3 (5–12
weeks), protein levels (HP, 17.1%; LP, 15.3%) and protease level (0%, 0.15%, and
0.3%); in phase 4 (13–20 weeks), protein levels (HP, 16.15%; LP, 14.45%)
and protease level (0%, 0.15%, and 0.3%). At 4 weeks and 20 weeks after
treatment, BW was higher (p < 0.050) in the PT2 group
than PT0 group. From weeks 0 to 4, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency
(G/F) were higher (p = 0.006 and p = 0.014;
p = 0.014 and p = 0.044, respectively) in
the PT2 group than PT0 and PT1 groups. From weeks 16 to 20, ADG and G/F were
higher (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009;
p = 0.004 and p = 0.033, respectively) in
the PT2 group than PT0 and PT1 groups. Crude protein (CP) digestibility was
higher (p = 0.013, p = 0.014, and
p = 0.035, respectively) in the low protein (LP) group than
high protein (HP) group at weeks 4, 12, and 20. At weeks 4 and 20, the LP diet
group had lower (p < 0.001 and p =
0.001, respectively) blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels than the HP diet group.
Therefore, a low CP diet added with protease could increase growth performance
and CP digestibility of weaned piglets and growing-finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ju Kim
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Tae Heon Kim
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Min Ho Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Won Yun
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Han Jin Oh
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jun Soeng Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Use of Corn Silk Meal in Broiler Diet: Effect on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, Immunological Responses, and Growth-Related Gene Expression. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041170. [PMID: 33921779 PMCID: PMC8073180 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Corn silk meal (CSM), the outer thread-like material found under corn husks, is a by-product of corn cultivation, which has been documented as a traditional medicine with multiple benefits for human health. Broilers cannot produce the enzymes needed to hydrolyze non-starch polysaccharide (NSP), which has been found to increase gut viscosity, and reduce the digestion and utilization of nutrients, thereby resulting in poor animal performance. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of diets supplemented with CSM and NSP on growth performance, blood biochemistry, immunological and growth-related gene expression in broiler chickens. A total of 270 broiler chickens were divided into six experimental groups: (1) basal diets (BD) as control; (2) BD supplemented with 0.5 g/kg feed NSP enzyme; (3) and (4) fed a diet containing 40 and 80 kg/ton of CSM; (5) and (6) fed a diet containing 40 and 80 kg/ton CSM and supplemented with 0.5 g/kg NSP enzyme. The results showed that the dietary inclusion of CSM with the NSP enzyme can improve growth performance, intestinal histopathology parameters, modify plasma lipids, and enhance immune response in broilers. Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the effects of diets supplemented with corn silk meal (CSM) and non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) enzyme on growth performance, blood biochemistry, immunological response, and growth-related gene expression in broiler chickens. A total of 270 broiler chickens were divided into six experimental groups: (1) basal diets (BD) as control; (2) BD supplemented with 0.5 g/kg feed NSP enzyme; the other four groups are CSM diets as following; (3) and (4) fed diet contain 40 and 80 kg/ton of CSM; (5) and (6) fed diet contain 40 and 80 kg/ton CSM and supplemented with 0.5 g/kg NSP enzyme. Body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein retention and fiber digestibility were synergistically improved (p < 0.05) when fed CSM supplemented with NSP enzyme. Moreover, a synergistic decrease (p < 0.05) in the serum glucose and total cholesterol were found. Immune organ weights and Newcastle disease virus titers were increased with CSM diets. Interestingly, the relative mRNAs of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) and insulin growth factor (IGF) were increased (p < 0.05) with the CSM and NSP enzyme: the relative mRNA expressions of cholecystokinin (CCK) and leptin were decreased by feeding CSM diets with the NSP enzyme. It could be concluded that the dietary inclusion of CSM with the NSP enzyme might improve growth performance, modify plasma lipids, and enhance immune response in broilers.
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14
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Park S, Li W, St-Pierre B, Wang Q, Woyengo TA. Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal microbial composition of weaned pigs fed multi-enzyme supplemented diets. J Anim Sci 2021; 98:5904448. [PMID: 32918072 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A study determined the effects of supplementing corn-based diets for weaned pigs with multi-enzymes on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, fecal score, and fecal microbial composition. A total of 132 pigs (initial body weight = 7.23 kg) that had been weaned at 21 d of age and fed a drug-free nursery diet for 7 d were housed in 33 pens of 4 barrows or gilts, blocked by body weight and gender, and fed 3 experimental diets at 11 pens per diet. The diets were corn-based diet without or with multi-enzyme A or B. Multi-enzyme A supplied 4,000 U of xylanase, 150 U of β-glucanase, 3,500 U of protease, and 1,500 U of amylase per kilogram of diet. Multi-enzyme B was the same as multi-enzyme A except that it supplied amylase at 150 U/kg, and that its source of amylase was different from that of multi-enzyme A. All diets contained phytase at 1,000 U/kg. The diets were fed for 35 d in 2 phases; phase 1 for the first 14 d and phase 2 for the last 21 d of the trial. Fecal score was determined daily during the first 7 d of the trial. Fecal samples were collected from rectum of 1 pig per pen on days 2, 7, 14, and 35 of the trial for determining bacterial composition. Also, fresh fecal samples were collected from each pen on days 41 and 42 to determine ATTD of nutrients. Multi-enzyme B increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) for phases 1 and 2. For the overall study period, multi-enzyme B increased (P < 0.05) ADG from 262 to 313 g, and average daily feed intake (ADFI) from 419 to 504 g. Multi-enzyme A increased (P < 0.05) overall ADG from 262 to 290 g, but did not affect ADFI. Multi-enzyme A or B did not affect ATTD of gross energy, but increased (P < 0.05) the ATTD of ether extract from 30% to 36% or 37%, respectively. Multi-enzyme A did not affect fecal score; however, multi-enzyme B tended to decrease (P = 0.09) fecal score, implying that it tended to decrease diarrhea. Firmicutes were the most abundant phylum of fecal bacteria (its relative abundance ranged from 58% to 72%). Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the 2nd and 3rd most abundant phyla of fecal bacteria. Neither multi-enzyme affected fecal bacterial composition. In conclusion, the addition of multi-enzyme A or B to phytase-supplemented corn-based diet for weaned pigs can improve their growth performance and fat digestibility. However, multi-enzyme B was more effective than multi-enzyme A in terms of improving the growth performance of weaned pigs fed corn-based diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Park
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD.,Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenting Li
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Wilmington, DE
| | - Benoit St-Pierre
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | - Qiong Wang
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Wilmington, DE
| | - Tofuko Awori Woyengo
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD.,Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé, Tjele, Denmark
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15
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Xu B, Fu J, Zhu L, Li Z, Jin M, Wang Y. Overall assessment of antibiotic substitutes for pigs: a set of meta-analyses. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:3. [PMID: 33413687 PMCID: PMC7792336 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic growth promoters are widely used to improve weight gain. However, the abuse of antibiotics can have many negative effects on people. Developing alternatives to antibiotics is an urgent need in livestock production. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis and network meta-analysis (NMA) to investigate the effects of feed additives as potential antibiotic substitutes (ASs) on bacteriostasis, growth performance, intestinal morphology and immunity. Furthermore, the primary, secondary, and tertiary ASs were defined by comparing their results with the results of antibiotics. Results Among 16,309 identified studies, 37 were summarized to study the bacteriostasis effects of feed additives, and 89 were included in the meta-analysis and NMA (10,228 pigs). We summarized 268 associations of 57 interventions with 32 bacteria. The order of bacteriostasis effects was as follows: antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) ≈ antibiotics>organic acids>plant extracts>oligosaccharides. We detected associations of 11 feed additives and 11 outcomes. Compared with a basal diet, plant extract, AMPs, probiotics, microelements, organic acids, bacteriophages, lysozyme, zymin, and oligosaccharides significantly improved growth performance (P < 0.05); organic acids, probiotics, microelements, lysozyme, and AMPs remarkably increased the villus height:crypt depth ratio (V/C) (P < 0.05); and plant extracts, zymin, microelements, probiotics, and organic acids notably improved immunity (P < 0.05). The optimal AMP, bacteriophage, lysozyme, microelements, oligosaccharides, organic acids, plants, plant extracts, probiotics, and zymin doses were 0.100%, 0.150%, 0.012%, 0.010%, 0.050%, 0.750%, 0.20%, 0.040%, 0.180%, and 0.100%, respectively. Compared with antibiotics, all investigated feed additives exhibited no significant difference in effects on growth performance, IgG, and diarrhoea index/rate (P > 0.05); AMPs and microelements significantly increased V/C (P < 0.05); and zymin significantly improved lymphocyte levels (P < 0.05). Furthermore, linear weighting sum models were used to comprehensively estimate the overall impact of each feed additive on pig growth and health. Conclusions Our findings suggest that AMPs and plant extracts can be used as primary ASs for weaned piglets and growing pigs, respectively. Bacteriophages, zymin, plants, probiotics, oligosaccharides, lysozyme, and microelements can be regarded as secondary ASs. Nucleotides and organic acids can be considered as tertiary ASs. Future studies should further assess the alternative effects of combinational feed additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bocheng Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Luoyi Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Li P, Lyu Z, Wang L, Huang B, Lai C. Nutritive values of double-low rapeseed expellers and rapeseed meal with or without supplementation of multi-enzyme in pigs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2019-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of adding multi-enzyme on the available energy concentration and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids of double-low rapeseed expellers (RSE) and rapeseed meal (RSM) fed to growing pigs. In Experiment 1, a total of 36 growing barrows were fed six diets in a replicated 3 × 2 factorial design. Diets included a corn–soybean meal basal diet, RSE diet, and RSM diet with or without multi-enzyme (1000 U g−1 of cellulase, 10 000 U g−1 of xylanase, 2000 U g−1 of glucanase, and 10 000 U g−1 of protease). In Experiment 2, a total of 30 crossbred pigs were randomly allotted to five diets consisting of a nitrogen-free diet and four cornstarch-based diets containing RSE or RSM with or without multi-enzyme. Multi-enzyme supplementation significantly improved (P < 0.05) the metabolizable energy (ME) value and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, and it tended to increase (P < 0.10) the ATTD of gross energy and digestible energy in ingredients. With the exception of phenylalanine, multi-enzyme supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the SID of crude protein (CP) and all amino acids (AA) in ingredients. Multi-enzyme supplementation enhanced fiber degradation and increased the ME value and SID of CP as well as most AA in double-low rapeseed co-products fed to pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqian Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingbing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changhua Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Niu Y, Zhao Y, He J, Yun Y, Shi Y, Zhang L, Wang T. Effect of diet supplemented with enzymatically treated Artemisia annua L. on intestinal digestive function and immunity in weaned pigs. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1826364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yongwei Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jintian He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yang Yun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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Kim YJ, Kim TH, Song MH, An JS, Yun W, Lee JH, Oh HJ, Lee JS, Kim GM, Kim HB, Cho JH. Effects of different levels of crude protein and protease on nitrogen utilization, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance in growing pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:659-667. [PMID: 33089231 PMCID: PMC7553848 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.5.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of crude
protein (CP) and protease on nitrogen (N) utilization, nutrient digestibility,
and growth performance in growing pigs. A total of six crossbred ([Landrace
× Yorkshire] × Duroc) barrows were individually accepted in 1.2 m
× 0.7 m × 0.96 m stainless steel metabolism cages. The pigs
(average initial body weight of 27.91 ± 1.84 kg) randomly assigned to six
diets with six weeks (6 × 6 Latin square design). The experiment was
carried out in an environment with a temperature of 23 ± 1.5°C, a
relative humidity of 83 ± 2.3% and a wind speed of 0.25 ± 0.03
m/s. The dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design
with two levels of CP (15.3% or 17.1%) and three levels of protease (0 ppm, 150
ppm, or 300 ppm). The average daily gain and gain to feed ratio (G:F) tended to
increase (p = 0.074) with increasing amounts of protease. The
low CP level diet reduced (p < 0.050) urinary and fecal
N concentrations, the total N excretion in feces, and increased
(p < 0.050) N retention. Different protease levels
in the diet did not affect (p > 0.05) at N intake, but
supplementation of the diets with 300 ppm protease decreased (p
< 0.050) the N concentration in urine and feces and tended to increase
(p = 0.061) the percentage of N retention retained of the
total N intake. The dietary CP level did not affect (p >
0.050) the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, digestible
energy (DE), and metabolic energy (ME), but diet supplementation with 300 ppm
protease showed higher (p < 0.050) ATTD of DE and ME
than in the protease-free diet. Therefore, a low protein diet with protease
could improve the utilization of nitrogen, thereby reducing the negative effect
of N excretion into the environment while maintaining or increasing growth
performance compared to a high protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ju Kim
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Tae Heon Kim
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Min Ho Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Ji Seon An
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Won Yun
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Han Jin Oh
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jun Soeng Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Gok Mi Kim
- Department of Beauty Art, Yonam College, Cheonan 31005, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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19
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Jang JC, Kim KH, Jang YD, Kim YY. Effects of Dietary β-Mannanase Supplementation on Growth Performance, Apparent Total Tract Digestibility, Intestinal Integrity, and Immune Responses in Weaning Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E703. [PMID: 32316523 PMCID: PMC7222840 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The experiment aimed to investigate the effects of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, intestinal integrity, and the immunological and oxidative stress parameters in weaning pigs. A total of 64 newly weaning pigs (initial body weight: 6.96 ± 0.70 kg) were allotted to two dietary treatments in eight replicates per treatment with four pigs per pen based on body weight and sex. Dietary treatments were 1.) CON (control: corn-soybean meal based basal diet) and 2.) β-mannanase (basal diet +0.06% β-mannanase). The β-mannanase supplementation did not affect growth performance, concentrations of acute phase protein, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. However, the pigs fed the β-mannanase-supplemented diet had greater ATTD of ether extract, jejunum villus height, and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, and lower crypt depth compared with those fed the CON diet (p < 0.05). The pigs fed the β-mannanase-supplemented diet tended to have the lower count of E. coli in cecum than those fed the CON diet (p = 0.08). In conclusion, dietary β-mannanase supplementation did not affect growth performance, immune response and oxidative stress of weaning pigs, whereas it increased fat digestibility and had positive effects on intestinal integrity and cecum microflora by reducing the count of E.coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Cheol Jang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-C.J.); (K.H.K.); (Y.D.J.)
| | - Kwang Ho Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-C.J.); (K.H.K.); (Y.D.J.)
| | - Young Dal Jang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-C.J.); (K.H.K.); (Y.D.J.)
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI 54022, USA
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-C.J.); (K.H.K.); (Y.D.J.)
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20
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Effect of concentration of arabinoxylans and a carbohydrase mixture on energy, amino acids and nutrients total tract and ileal digestibility in wheat and wheat by-product-based diet for pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Lu H, Yan H, Masey O’Neill H, Bradley C, Bedford M, Wilcock P, Nakatsu C, Adeola O, Ajuwon K. Effect of timing of postweaning xylanase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal microbial composition in weanling pigs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2019-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Effect of timing of xylanase supplementation to weanling pigs and its effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal microbiota was investigated. A total of 128 weanling pigs [(Hampshire × Duroc) × (Yorkshire × Landrace); 6.2 ± 0.6 kg body weight (BW); weaning age: 21 d] were assigned to four treatments, with eight replicate pens and four pigs per pen. Treatments were a combination of two dietary treatments (without or with xylanase) in two periods; (period 1, days 0–14) and period 2 (days 14–42): xylanase–xylanase, xylanase–control, control–xylanase, and control–control. Fecal microbiota diversity and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) were determined. From days 0–14, pigs had lower (P < 0.01) BW, average daily gain (ADG), and feed efficiency when xylanase was included in the diets. The final BW (P < 0.05) and overall ADG (P < 0.02) at day 42 were greater when xylanase was supplemented from day 14 compared with supplementation from day 0. The apparent ileal digestibility and ATTD of dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus were increased (P < 0.05) by xylanase. Xylanase significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Veillonella spp. and tended (P = 0.08) to decrease the relative abundance of Megasphaera spp. in period 2 compared with the non-supplemented group.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Lu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - H. Yan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - C. Bradley
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK
| | - M.R. Bedford
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK
| | - P. Wilcock
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK
| | - C.H. Nakatsu
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - O. Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - K.M. Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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22
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Ao X, Zhang S, Kim IH. Effect of carbohydrases on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and fecal microbiota in weanling pigs fed reduced energy diet. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2018-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of carbohydrases on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and fecal microbiota in weanling pigs fed reduced energy diet. A total of 160 crossbred [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc)] weanling pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of 7.23 ± 1.08 kg were used in this 42 d trial. Pigs were randomly allocated in one of the following four dietary treatments: (1) CON, basal diet [net energy (NE) 2545 kcal kg−1]; (2) LE, low-energy diet (NE 2470 kcal kg−1); (3) LEC1, LE + 0.1% carbohydrase; and (4) LEC2, LE + 0.2% carbohydrase based on the sex and BW. There were eight replications (pens) per treatment with five pigs (two male and three female) per pen. During day 0–7, pigs fed with LE diet had lower (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake than those fed with CON and LEC2 diets. LE group reduced (P < 0.05) ADG throughout the experiment compared with CON and LEC2 groups. LE group reduced (P < 0.05) the digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and gross energy compared with LEC2 diet. Taken together, LE diet caused detrimental effects on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weanlings, whereas the addition of carbohydrases (0.2%) partially counteracted these negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ao
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, South Korea
- Tie Qi Li Shi Group Co., Mianyang, Sichuan 621006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, South Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, South Korea
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23
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Balasubramanian B, Park JH, Shanmugam S, Kim IH. Influences of Enzyme Blend Supplementation on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Fecal Microbiota and Meat-Quality in Grower-Finisher Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E386. [PMID: 32120936 PMCID: PMC7143933 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of an enzyme blend on growth performance, apparent total track digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), gross energy (GE), fecal microbial population, noxious gas emissions and meat quality of pigs fed corn-soybean meal-based diets for a 16-week feeding trial. A total of 180 growing pigs (body weight of 23.3 ± 2.51 kg) were used and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (positive control (PC, basal diet); negative control (NC, -150 kcal/kg of PC); A1 (NC + 1% enzyme blend)). Overall, dietary inclusion of the enzyme blend increased (p < 0.05) body weight, average daily gain and gain:feed ratio without effecting average daily feed intake. An increase was observed in ATTD of DM (p = 0.027) and GE (p = 0.026) at week 16 and 6, respectively. Dietary inclusion of the enzyme blend increased the beneficial effects on fecal microbiota counts such as Lactobacillus with a reduced presence of E. coli during the entire experiment (p < 0.05). Further, positive effects (p < 0.05) were observed on back-fat thickness and carcass weight of pigs, along with the results of reduced levels of NH3 emissions (p = 0.032) at week 16. Thus, the study suggested that the dietary enzyme blend supplement had improving effects on growth performance, ATTD of nutrients, fecal microbial counts and meat quality in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
- Department of Animal Resources and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (B.B.); (J.H.P.); (S.S.)
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Jae Hong Park
- Department of Animal Resources and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (B.B.); (J.H.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Sureshkumar Shanmugam
- Department of Animal Resources and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (B.B.); (J.H.P.); (S.S.)
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resources and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (B.B.); (J.H.P.); (S.S.)
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24
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Wang X, Tan B, Liao P, Cui Z, Zhang S, Li X, Yin Y, Xiao D. Functional bioactive substance improves the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immune function of growth retardation pigs. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2020.1728235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xianze Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bi'e Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Liao
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijuan Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Yunnan Yin Yulong Academician Workstation at Yunnan Yin Yulong Academician Workstation, Yunnan Xinan Tianyou Animal Husbandry Technology co., Ltd., Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhen Li
- Yunnan Yin Yulong Academician Workstation at Yunnan Yin Yulong Academician Workstation, Yunnan Xinan Tianyou Animal Husbandry Technology co., Ltd., Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulong Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dingfu Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Supplementation of Non-Starch Polysaccharide Enzymes Cocktail in a Corn-Miscellaneous Meal Diet Improves Nutrient Digestibility and Reduces Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020232. [PMID: 32024084 PMCID: PMC7070354 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of the non-starch polysaccharide enzymes cocktail (NSPEC) on growth performance, nutrient digestion and gas emissions on finishing pigs. The addition of the NSPEC into a corn-miscellaneous meal diet improved feed conversion ratio and increased the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein and gross energy of the finishing pigs. Furthermore, the digestible energy of the diet was also increased by the NSPEC supplementation in the diet. In addition, the inclusion of NSPEC in the corn-miscellaneous meal diet reduced carbon dioxide emissions of a finishing pig house. The accumulation of manure could increase the release of ammonia in a pig house. Abstract This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the addition of the non-starch polysaccharide enzymes cocktail (NSPEC) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gas emissions in a corn-miscellaneous meal-based diet for finishing pigs. The NSPEC is a combination of cellulase, xylanase, β-glucanase, β-mannanase, α-galactosidase and pectinase optimized by assessing the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of corn-miscellaneous meal diet using an in vitro method of simulating digestion in the stomach and intestine of growing pigs. Growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy were measured. The gas concentration of ammonia, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane in the environmental assessment chambers were determined. The gas detecting period was divided into three frequencies of manure removal of every 1d, 2d and 3d. The addition of NSPEC into the corn-miscellaneous meal diet decreased feed conversation rate (FCR) and increased the ATTD of dry matter, crude protein, gross energy, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of pigs (p < 0.05). The digestible energy was also improved (p < 0.05) significantly by NSPEC supplementation in the diet. Furthermore, the supplementation of the NSPEC reduced (p < 0.05) carbon dioxide concentration in the chambers. The ammonia emissions were significantly increased according to average 1d, 2d and 3d manure removal procedures (p < 0.01). These results indicated that the inclusion of optimal NSPEC in a corn-miscellaneous meal diet improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility and reduced carbon dioxide emissions on finishing pigs. The accumulated manure could increase the release of ammonia in a pig house.
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26
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Jeon SM, Hosseindoust A, Choi YH, Kim MJ, Kim KY, Lee JH, Kil DY, Kim BG, Chae BJ. Comparative standardized ileal amino acid digestibility and metabolizable energy contents of main feed ingredients for growing pigs when adding dietary β-mannanase. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2019; 5:359-365. [PMID: 31890912 PMCID: PMC6920393 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to test whether the dietary supplementation of β-mannanase affects amino acids (AA) digestibility, metabolizable energy (ME) contents of corn, wheat, soybean meal, distillers dried grains with solubles, and palm kernel meal (PKM), nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of pigs. In Exp. 1, 22 cannulated pigs were used for 10 dietary treatments including 5 feed ingredients and 2 β-mannanase concentrations (0 and 0.5 g/kg of the diet) in 6 periods in an incomplete Latin square design to determine the AA and energy digestibility. In Exp. 2, 200 growing pigs were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 2 nutrient levels (high and low) and 2 concentrations of β-mannanase (2 × 2 factorial arrangement) in 2 phases (phase 1, d 0 to 21; and phase 2, d 22 to 42). In Exp. 1, β-mannanase increased the mean standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in all feed ingredients. The amount of digestible energy was increased (P < 0.05) in β-mannanase-treated PKM. Pigs fed β-mannanase showed a greater (P < 0.05) digestibility of gross energy (GE). The feed-to-gain (F:G) ratio was improved (P < 0.01) in pigs fed high-nutrient diets. Pigs fed β-mannanase in the diets had greater (P < 0.05) average daily gain and F:G. In phase 2, the concentration of fecal ammonia was decreased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed β-mannanase. Considering the 2 experiments, it can be concluded that β-mannanase increases the SID of AA, which has to be considered in balancing the rations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Min Jeon
- Department of Animal Resources Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Abdolreza Hosseindoust
- Department of Animal Resources Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Yo Han Choi
- Swine Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, South Korea
| | - Min Ju Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Kwang Yeol Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Jun Hyung Lee
- Department of Animal Resources Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Dong Yong Kil
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, South Korea
| | - Beob Gyun Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Byung Jo Chae
- Department of Animal Resources Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
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27
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Yang YJ, Lin W, Singh RP, Xu Q, Chen Z, Yuan Y, Zou P, Li Y, Zhang C. Genomic, Transcriptomic and Enzymatic Insight into Lignocellulolytic System of a Plant Pathogen Dickeya sp. WS52 to Digest Sweet Pepper and Tomato Stalk. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120753. [PMID: 31756942 PMCID: PMC6995524 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dickeya sp., a plant pathogen, causing soft rot with strong pectin degradation capacity was taken for the comprehensive analysis of its corresponding biomass degradative system, which has not been analyzed yet. Whole genome sequence analysis of the isolated soft-rotten plant pathogen Dickeya sp. WS52, revealed various coding genes which involved in vegetable stalk degradation-related properties. A total of 122 genes were found to be encoded for putative carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) in Dickeya sp. WS52. The number of pectin degradation-related genes, was higher than that of cellulolytic bacteria as well as other Dickeya spp. strains. The CAZy in Dickeya sp.WS52 contains a complete repertoire of enzymes required for hemicellulose degradation, especially pectinases. In addition, WS52 strain possessed plenty of genes encoding potential ligninolytic relevant enzymes, such as multicopper oxidase, catalase/hydroperoxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and quinone oxidoreductase. Transcriptome analysis revealed that parts of genes encoding lignocellulolytic enzymes were significantly upregulated in the presence of minimal salt medium with vegetable stalks. However, most of the genes were related to lignocellulolytic enzymes, especially pectate lyases and were downregulated due to the slow growth and downregulated secretion systems. The assay of lignocellulolytic enzymes including CMCase and pectinase activities were identified to be more active in vegetable stalk relative to MSM + glucose. However, compared with nutrient LB medium, it needed sufficient nutrient to promote growth and to improve the secretion system. Further identification of enzyme activities of Dickeya sp.WS52 by HPLC confirmed that monosaccharides were produced during degradation of tomato stalk. This identified degradative system is valuable for the application in the lignocellulosic bioenergy industry and animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Yang
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (Y.-J.Y.); (Y.Y.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wei Lin
- Tobacco Research Institute of Nanping, Nanping, Fujian 353000, China; (W.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.C.)
| | - Raghvendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Research & Development, Biotechnology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
- Correspondence: (R.P.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Qian Xu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Nanping, Nanping, Fujian 353000, China; (W.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhihou Chen
- Tobacco Research Institute of Nanping, Nanping, Fujian 353000, China; (W.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.C.)
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (Y.-J.Y.); (Y.Y.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ping Zou
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (Y.-J.Y.); (Y.Y.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yiqiang Li
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (Y.-J.Y.); (Y.Y.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (Y.-J.Y.); (Y.Y.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (R.P.S.); (C.Z.)
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28
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Min Y, Choi Y, Choe J, Kim Y, Jeong Y, Kim D, Kim J, Jung H, Song M. Effects of dietary mixture of protease and probiotics on growth performance, blood constituents, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 61:272-277. [PMID: 31602305 PMCID: PMC6778859 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2019.61.5.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary mixture of protease
and probiotics on growth performance, blood constituents, and carcass
characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 48 growing pigs were
randomly allotted into 2 dietary (6 pigs/pen; 4 replicates/treatment). The
treatments were a diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON supplemented
with 0.01% of dietary mixture of protease and probiotics (MULTI). No
differences were found on growth performance (average daily gain, ADG; overall,
874.06 vs. 881.14 g/d; p > 0.05), blood constituents
(white blood cell, WBC; phase I, 17.51 vs. 19.96 × 103
/μL; phase II, 19.65 vs. 21.95 × 103 /μL;
p > 0.05), and carcass characteristics during
overall experimental period between CON and MULTI. In conclusion, the addition
of dietary mix-ture of protease and probiotics in growing-finishing pig diet did
not have any beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Min
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Yohan Choi
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Jeehwan Choe
- Department of Beef Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Younghwa Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Yongdae Jeong
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Doowan Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Joeun Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Jung
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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29
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Min Y, Choi Y, Kim Y, Jeong Y, Kim D, Kim J, Jung H, Song M. Effects of protease supplementation on growth performance, blood constituents, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 61:234-238. [PMID: 31452910 PMCID: PMC6686142 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2019.61.4.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary protease on growth performance, blood constituents, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 48 growing pigs (initial body weight, 34.8 ± 0.62 kg) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments (6 pigs/pen; 4 replicates/treatment). The treatments were a diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON supplemented with 0.01 % of protease (PRO). Pigs were fed respective dietary treatments with a 2-phase feeding program for 12 weeks. Pigs fed PRO had higher average daily gain (ADG; phase I, 866.38 vs. 821.75 g/d; overall, 910.96 vs. 866.30 g/d; p < 0.05) and gain to feed ratio (G:F; phase I, 0.345 vs. 0.363 g/g; p < 0.05) than those fed CON. However, there were no differences on blood constituents and carcass characteristics between CON and PRO of growing-finishing pigs. In conclusion, dietary protease supplementation in the typical diet for growing-finishing pigs improved growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Min
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Yohan Choi
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Younghwa Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Yongdae Jeong
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Doowan Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Joeun Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Jung
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National
University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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30
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Recharla N, Kim D, Ramani S, Song M, Park J, Balasubramanian B, Puligundla P, Park S. Dietary multi-enzyme complex improves In Vitro nutrient digestibility and hind gut microbial fermentation of pigs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217459. [PMID: 31136616 PMCID: PMC6538249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted in two stages to investigate the potential of multi-enzyme supplementation on the nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and gut microbial composition of pigs. In stage 1, effects of multi-enzyme complex (xylanase, α-amylase, β-glucanase, and protease) supplementation on the ileal and total tract dry matter (DM) digestibility of feed-stuffs were investigated with in vitro two-stage and three-stage enzyme incubation methods. A wide range of feed ingredients, namely, corn meal, wheat meal, soybean meal, fish meal, Oriental herbal extract, Italian rye-grass (IRG) and peanut hull were used as substrates. Supplementation of the multi-enzyme complex increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of the Oriental herbal extract and corn meal. In stage 2, in vivo animal studies were performed to further investigate the effects of the dietary multi-enzyme complex on the nutrient utilization, growth performance, and fecal microbial composition of pigs. A total of 36 weaned pigs were fed corn- and soybean meal-based diets without (control) and with the multi-enzyme complex (treatment) for 6 weeks. Fecal samples were collected from 12 pigs to analyze the microbial communities by using DNA sequencing and bioinformatics tools. Multi-enzyme supplementation had no effect on apparent digestibility of nutrients and growth performance of pigs compared to control. Taxonomic analysis of the fecal samples indicated that the bacteria in both control and treatment samples predominantly belonged to Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. In addition, the proportion of the phylum Firmicutes was slightly higher in the treatment group. At the genus level, the abundance of Treponema and Barnesiella increased in the treatment group; whereas the numbers ofthe genera including Prevotella, Butyricicoccus, Ruminococcus and Succinivibrio decreased in the treatment group. These results suggest that multi-enzyme supplementation with basal diets have the potential to improve nutrient digestibility and modify microbial communities in the hind-gut of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja Recharla
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duwan Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Swine division, RDA, Sunghwan, Korea
| | | | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Juncheol Park
- National Institute of Animal Science, Swine division, RDA, Sunghwan, Korea
| | | | - Pradeep Puligundla
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sungkwon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Effects of dietary supplementation of alfalfa polysaccharides on growth performance, small intestinal enzyme activities, morphology, and large intestinal selected microbiota of piglets. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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32
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Liu S, Ma C, Liu L, Ning D, Liu Y, Dong B. β-xylosidase and β-mannosidase in combination improved growth performance and altered microbial profiles in weanling pigs fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 32:1734-1744. [PMID: 31010999 PMCID: PMC6817776 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective In this study, two glycosidases (XMosidases), β-xylosidase and β-mannosidase, were investigated on their in vitro hydrolysis activities of feed and on the improvement of growth performance in vivo in weanling pigs. Methods Enzyme activities of XMosidases in vitro were evaluated in test tubes and simulation of gastric and small intestinal digestion, respectively, in the presence of NSPase. In vivo study was performed in 108 weaned piglets in a 28-d treatment. Pigs were allotted to one of three dietary treatments with six replicate pens in each treatment. The three treatment groups were as follows: i) Control (basal diet); ii) CE (basal diets+CE); iii) CE-Xmosidases (basal diets+ CE+β-xylosidase at 800 U/kg and β-mannosidase at 40 U/kg). CE was complex enzymes (amylase, protease, xylanase, and mannanase). Results In vitro XMosidases displayed significant activities on hydrolysis of corn and soybean meal in the presence of non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes (xylanase and β-mannanase). In vitro simulation of gastric and small intestinal digestion by XMosidases showed XMosidases achieved 67.89%±0.22% of dry matter digestibility and 63.12%±0.21% of energy digestibility at 40°C for 5 hrs. In weanling pigs, additional XMosidases to CE in feed improved average daily gain, feed conversion rate (p<0.05), and apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein (p = 0.01) and dry matter (p = 0.02). XMosidases also altered the gut bacterial diversity and composition by increasing the proportion of beneficial bacteria. Conclusion Addition of a complex enzyme supplementation (contained xylanase, β-mannanase, protease and amylase), XMosidases (β-xylosidase and β-mannosidase) can further improve the growth performance and nutrient digestion of young pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dong Ning
- Asiapac Limited Company, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Yajing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Zhang S, Zhang X, Qiao H, Chen J, Fang C, Deng Z, Guan W. Effect of timing of post-weaning supplementation of soybean oil and exogenous lipase on growth performance, blood biochemical profiles, intestinal morphology and caecal microbial composition in weaning pigs. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1426392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanzhen Qiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixiao Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Effect of phytase, carbohydrase, and protease addition to a wheat distillers dried grains with solubles and rapeseed based diet on in vitro ileal digestibility, growth, and bone mineral density of grower-finisher pigs. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lee SA, Bedford MR, Walk CL. Meta-analysis: explicit value of mono-component proteases in monogastric diets. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2078-2085. [PMID: 29462412 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of mono-component proteases on performance and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility (AIAAD, %) in monogastrics. A total of 67 experimental trials were included in the meta-analysis from published and internal reports, contributing 467 lines of data. Poultry and swine data accounted for 81 and 19% of the dataset, respectively. Forty-four different proteases were included in the meta-analysis, accounting for commercial and non-commercial products. Mixed Model analysis was used to assess protease effect and the influence of inherent characteristics of the control on protease response. The mean performance response to protease was a reduction in feed conversion ratio (FCR) for poultry (1%, P < 0.05) and swine (4%, P > 0.05). The mean relative effect of protease on AIAAD over the control was 1.6 ± 0.3%, ranging from 1.2% for Arg, Phe and Trp to 2.6% for Cys. For the majority of amino acids, inherent AIAAD of control diets influenced (P < 0.05) the magnitude of the protease response such that, as inherent digestibility increased, the effect of protease on amino acid digestibility decreased. The dataset was subsequently divided into 2 subgroups: diets with and without other enzymes, namely non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes (NSPase) and phytase. Addition of protease in diets containing no other enzymes significantly (P < 0.05) increased AIAAD for the majority of amino acids and tended (P < 0.10) to improve Met, Trp, Pro, Gly, and Tyr. However, when other enzymes were included in the experiment, the beneficial effect of protease on AIAAD was lost (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that when other enzymes are already included in the diet, addition of protease requires further justification for use in monogastric diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Lee
- AB Vista, Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough Business Park, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista, Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough Business Park, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - C L Walk
- AB Vista, Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough Business Park, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
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Zhang Z, Tun HM, Li R, Gonzalez BJM, Keenes HC, Nyachoti CM, Kiarie E, Khafipour E. Impact of xylanases on gut microbiota of growing pigs fed corn- or wheat-based diets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:339-350. [PMID: 30564753 PMCID: PMC6284322 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of xylanase supplementations with cereal-based diets on nutrient digestibility and gut microbiota of growing pigs. A total of 96 individually penned pigs (initial BW = 22.7 ± 0.65 kg) were allotted to 12 treatments and subjected to a completely randomized block design experiment. Pigs in each treatment were fed an isocaloric wheat-based or corn-based diet with or without 1 of 5 types of xylanase supplements (XA, XB, XC, XD, XE). On d 42, all piglets were euthanized to obtain ileal and cecal digesta for microbial analysis, which involved high-throughput sequencing of the V1 - V3 regions of 16S rRNA gene. Corn- and wheat-based diets differed (P < 0.05) in digestion characteristics. Dietary treatments affected the alpha- and beta-diversities of microbiota in the cecum but not in the ileum. The wheat-based diet increased (P < 0.05) alpha-diversity and clustered separately (P < 0.05) compared with the corn-based diet. Wheat-based diet also promoted the relative abundance of genus (g.) Succinivibrio while corn-based diet promoted the proportion of family (f.) Veillonellaceae in the community. Among xylanases, only XC within the wheat-based diet altered (P < 0.05) the beta-diversity of the cecal microbiota compared with control. For each cereal-based diet and compared with the controls, xylanase treatments affected (P < 0.05) the proportions of 5 bacterial taxa in the ileum (f. Peptostreptococcaceae, order [o.] Streptophyta, f. Clostridiaceae, g. Clostridium and g. Streptococcus) and 8 in the cecum (g. Lactobacillus, g. Streptococcus, class [c.] Clostridia, f. Clostridiaceae, g. Megasphaera, g. Prevotella, g. Roseburia and f. Ruminococcaceae). Network analysis showed that across diets under control treatments, Bacteroidetes was the most influential phylum promoting cooperative relationships among members of the ileum and cecum microbiota. Xylanase treatment, however, reduced the influence of Bacteroidetes and promoted a large number of hub taxa majority of which belonged to the Firmicutes phylum. To maximize the efficiency of xylanase supplementation, our data suggest that xylanase C originated from Bacillus subtilis was more effective when applied to wheat-based diets, while xylanase A originated from Fusarium verticillioides was more beneficial when applied to corn-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiao Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Hein M Tun
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ru Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Beatriz J M Gonzalez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Hannah C Keenes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Charles M Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Elijah Kiarie
- Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ehsan Khafipour
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Rho Y, Kiarie E, de Lange C(KFM. Nutritive value of corn distiller's dried grains with solubles steeped without or with exogenous feed enzymes for 24 h and fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:2352-2360. [PMID: 29635412 PMCID: PMC6095250 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in pig diets is limited due to high fiber concentration. Steeping with exogenous fiber-degrading enzymes (FDE) may improve their feeding value. We evaluated apparent ileal digestibility (AID), standardized ileal digestibility (SID), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of components and DE content in DDGS steeped without or with two commercial FDE (A and B). Mixture of 350 g of DDGS, FDE (none for control), and 1.5 liters of water was incubated at 40 °C for 24 h with 15 min agitation every 40 min. FDE-A (pure combination) supplied 5,500 U of xylanase and 1,050 U of β-glucanase while FDE-B (multienzyme complex) supplied 1,200 U of xylanase, 150 U of β-glucanase, 500 U of cellulase, and 5,000 U of protease per kg of DDGS plus side activities. Samples were taken at time 0, 4, 8, and 24 h for organic acids and pH measurements. Three semi-purified corn starch-based diets were formulated with steeped DDGS as the sole source of CP. The basal mixture contained 0.2% TiO2 as indigestible marker. Six ileal-cannulated pigs (20 kg BW) were fed the three diets in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design to give six replicates per diet. Pigs were fed at 2.8× maintenance energy requirements and had free access to water. In each period, pigs were adjusted to diets for 7 d followed by 2 d for grab fecal and 2 d of 8 h continuous ileal digesta collection. There were no (P > 0.05) treatment and sampling time interaction or treatment effects on pH and lactic concentration. Lactic and acetic acids increased, and pH decreased (P < 0.05) over time points. The AID of CP, NDF, and crude fat and SID of CP were not different (P > 0.05) among treatments. Steeping DDGS with FDE-A had lower (P = 0.01) ATTD of NDF than control but higher (P = 0.001) ATTD of crude fat compared with the control or DDGS steeped with FDE-B. Values for DE content in steeped DDGS were not different (P > 0.05) and amounted to 4,095, 4,039, and 3,974 kcal/kg DM for the control, FDE-A, and FDE-B, respectively. In conclusion, under conditions of the study, steeping DDGS with exogenous enzymes did not improve fiber and energy digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngji Rho
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elijah Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Zhang X, Li Z, Yang H, Liu D, Cai G, Li G, Mo J, Wang D, Zhong C, Wang H, Sun Y, Shi J, Zheng E, Meng F, Zhang M, He X, Zhou R, Zhang J, Huang M, Zhang R, Li N, Fan M, Yang J, Wu Z. Novel transgenic pigs with enhanced growth and reduced environmental impact. eLife 2018; 7:34286. [PMID: 29784082 PMCID: PMC5963925 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In pig production, inefficient feed digestion causes excessive nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen to be released to the environment. To address the issue of environmental emissions, we established transgenic pigs harboring a single-copy quad-cistronic transgene and simultaneously expressing three microbial enzymes, β-glucanase, xylanase, and phytase in the salivary glands. All the transgenic enzymes were successfully expressed, and the digestion of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) and phytate in the feedstuff was enhanced. Fecal nitrogen and phosphorus outputs in the transgenic pigs were reduced by 23.2–45.8%, and growth rate improved by 23.0% (gilts) and 24.4% (boars) compared with that of age-matched wild-type littermates under the same dietary treatment. The transgenic pigs showed an 11.5–14.5% improvement in feed conversion rate compared with the wild-type pigs. These findings indicate that the transgenic pigs are promising resources for improving feed efficiency and reducing environmental impact. The bodily waste that pigs produce contains high levels of chemicals that can damage the environment, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. For example, when excessive amounts of these two compounds make their way into the water, they can cause blue-green algae to grow too much, which asphyxiates other life in the water. Pigs produce a lot of nitrogen and phosphorus because they cannot efficiently digest their food. In particular, the animals lack the enzymes required to break down two types of molecules present in their feedstuff: phytates and non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs). Zhang, Li et al. take four microbial genes which code for the enzymes needed to digest NSPs and phytates, and they add these DNA sequences into the genomes of pigs. The animals then produce enzymes in their saliva that transform NSPs and phytates into molecules which can be used by their digestive system. The pigs thus get more energy from their food, and they grow faster and bigger. They also produce less nitrogen and phosphorus in their waste. Over 1.2 billion pigs are farmed each year, and they are the most economically important meat source in the world. Raising animals that can digest their food better would reduce the need for pig feed, increase productivity and reduce environmental pollution. However, discussions with policy makers and with the public will be necessary before these results can be adopted by the farming industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Wens Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, China
| | - Zicong Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaqiang Yang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Wens Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, China
| | - Dewu Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gengyuan Cai
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Wens Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, China
| | - Guoling Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Mo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dehua Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuili Zhong
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoqiang Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Sun
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junsong Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Wens Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, China
| | - Enqin Zheng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanming Meng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mao Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Wens Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Wens Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Wens Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, China
| | - Miaorong Huang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhe Fan
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Jinzeng Yang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, United States
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Wens Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, China
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Clarke L, Sweeney T, Curley E, Gath V, Duffy S, Vigors S, Rajauria G, O’Doherty J. Effect of β-glucanase and β-xylanase enzyme supplemented barley diets on nutrient digestibility, growth performance and expression of intestinal nutrient transporter genes in finisher pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Xie Y, Zhang C, Wang L, Shang Q, Zhang G, Yang W. Effects of dietary supplementation of Enterococcus faecium on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and selected microbial populations of piglets. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Wang Y, Chiba L, Huang C, Torres I, Wang L, Welles E. Effect of diet complexity, multi-enzyme complexes, essential oils, and benzoic acid on weanling pigs. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Enzyme pre-treatment of soybean meal: Effects on non-starch carbohydrates, protein, phytic acid, and saponin biotransformation and digestibility in mink ( Neovison vison ). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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43
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Effects of α-galactosidase supplementation on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, intestinal morphology and digestive enzyme activities in weaned piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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44
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Pluske JR, Kim JC, Black JL. Manipulating the immune system for pigs to optimise performance. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an17598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Disease and enhanced microbial load are considered to be major factors limiting the performance and overall efficiency of feed use by pigs in Australian piggeries. It is recognised that pigs exposed to conventional housing systems with high microbial loads grow 10–20% more slowly than do gnotobiotic pigs or pigs kept in ‘clean’ environments. Consequently, a proportion of pigs in any production cycle are continuously being challenged by their immediate environment, which can cause an immune response to be mounted. Such a process is physiologically expensive in terms of energy and protein (comprised of amino acids), with, for example, the enhanced rate of protein turnover associated with the production of immune cells, antibodies and acute-phase proteins increasing energy expenditure by 10–15% of maintenance needs and protein requirements by 7–10%. The requirements for lysine, tryptophan, sulfur-containing amino acids and threonine can be increased by a further 10%. The over-stimulation of the immune response with excess production of pro-inflammatory cytokines causes excessive production primarily of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which contributes to anorexia, fever and increased proteolysis, and a concomitant reduction in pig performance. Prostaglandin E2 is produced from dietary and cell-membrane phospholipids via secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) to produce arachidonic acid, which is catalysed by the COX-2 enzyme. Negating the negative effects of PGE2 appears not to adversely affect the ability of the immune system to combat pathogens, but improves pig performance. There are negative outcomes for pig health and productivity through both under- and over-stimulation of the immune response. This review briefly outlines the impact of immune stimulation on pigs and discusses strategies to optimise the immune response for pig health and performance.
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Effect of feed enzymes on digestibility and growth in weaned pigs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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A stochastic bio-economic pig farm model to assess the impact of innovations on farm performance. Animal 2017; 12:819-830. [PMID: 29022521 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117002531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently developed innovations may improve the economic and environmental sustainability of pig production systems. Generic models are needed to assess the impact of innovations on farm performance. Here we developed a stochastic bio-economic farm model for a typical farrow-to-finish pig farm to assess the impact of innovations on private and social profits. The model accounts for emissions of greenhouse gases from feed production and manure by using the shadow price of CO2, and for stochasticity of economic and biological parameters. The model was applied to assess the impact of using locally produced alternative feed sources (i.e. co-products) in the diets of finishing pigs on private and social profits of a typical Brazilian farrow-to-finish pig farm. Three cases were defined: a reference case (with a standard corn-soybean meal-based finishing diet), a macaúba case (with a macaúba kernel cake-based finishing diet) and a co-products case (with a co-products-based finishing diet). Pigs were assumed to be fed to equal net energy intakes in the three cases. Social profits are 34% to 38% lower than private profits in the three cases. Private and social profits are about 11% and 14% higher for the macaúba case than the reference case, whereas they are 3% and 7% lower for the co-products case, respectively. Environmental costs are higher under the alternative cases than the reference case suggesting that other benefits (e.g. costs and land use) should be considered to utilize co-products. The CV of farm profits is between 75% and 87% in the three cases following from the volatility of prices over time and variations in biological parameters between fattening pigs.
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Koo B, Kim JW, de Lange CFM, Hossain MM, Nyachoti CM. Effects of diet complexity and multicarbohydrase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, intestinal morphology, and fecal score in newly weaned pigs1. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kim J, Shim Y, Ingale SL, Hosseindoust A, Lee S, Rathi PC, Choi Y, Kim M, Chae B. The microbial pH-stable exogenous multienzyme improved growth performance and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs fed a corn–soybean-based diet. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1358628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JinSoo Kim
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - YoungHo Shim
- Hamyeong-ro, Hampyeong-eup, Hampyeoung-gun, Jeollanam-do, korea
| | | | - Abdolreza Hosseindoust
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - SuHyup Lee
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - YoHan Choi
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - MinJu Kim
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - ByungJo Chae
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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Dadalt J, Gallardo C, Polycarpo G, Berto D, Trindade Neto M. Ileal amino acid digestibility in micronized full fat soybean meal and textured soy flour fed to piglets with or without multicarbohydrase and phytase supplementation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pokharel BB, Regassa A, Nyachoti CM, Kim WK. Effect of low levels of dietary available phosphorus on phosphorus utilization, bone mineralization, phosphorus transporter mRNA expression and performance in growing pigs. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:395-401. [PMID: 28277077 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1292096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted to examine the effects of different dietary levels of available phosphorus (aP) on P excretion, bone mineralization, performance and the mRNA expression of sodium-dependent P transporters in growing pigs. Sixty-day old growing pigs (n = 54) with an average initial BW of 19.50 ± 1.11 kg were randomly allocated to a control diet (C) containing 0.23% available phosphorus (aP), T1 containing 0.17% aP and T2 containing 0.11% aP. There were 6 pens per treatment with 3 pigs per pen. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly. At the end of each week, one pig from each pen was housed in a metabolic crate for 24 h to collect fecal and urine samples and then sacrificed to obtain third metacarpal (MC3) bones and jejunal and kidney samples. Bones were scanned by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Fecal and urine samples were sub-sampled and analyzed for P content. The expression of P transporter mRNA in jejunum and kidney samples was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Data were analyzed using GLM procedure of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute version 9.2). Pigs fed the T2 diet had reduced (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed (G:F) compared to those fed the C diet during week 2. Overall, ADG and G:F were also reduced (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the T2 diet compared to those fed the C and T1 diets. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were reduced (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the T2 diet compared to those fed the C diet throughout the experiment. At week 1, jejunal mRNA expression of Na (+)-dependent phosphate transporter 2 (SLC34A2) was increased (P < 0.01) in pigs fed the T2 diet compared to C diet. Renal mRNA expression of Na(+)-dependent phosphate transporter 1 (SLC34A1) and SLC34A3 were increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the T2 diet compared to those fed the C diet at week 2 and was accompanied by lower (P < 0.05) urinary P in pigs fed the T2 diet during week 2 and week 3. In conclusion, growing pigs are highly sensitive to low dietary P as shown by reduced ADG, bone mineralization and urinary P level, but moderate reduction in dietary P up to 0.17% aP in the diet has the potential to reduce environmental pollution by reducing P concentration in swine manure and without compromising performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwo B Pokharel
- a Department of Animal Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada
| | - Alemu Regassa
- a Department of Animal Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada
| | - Charles M Nyachoti
- a Department of Animal Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada
| | - Woo K Kim
- b Department of Poultry Science , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia , USA
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