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Macon EL, Harris P, Bailey S, Caldwell Barker A, Adams A. Identifying possible thresholds for nonstructural carbohydrates in the insulin dysregulated horse. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:1069-1077. [PMID: 36537847 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying intake levels of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) that limit the postprandial insulinaemic response in the insulin dysregulated (ID) horse may help reduce hyperinsulinaemia-associated laminitis (HAL) risk. OBJECTIVE To determine if ID horses have thresholds for pure sources of starch and sugar, above which there is an augmented insulin response. STUDY DESIGN Randomised crossover experiment. METHODS Fourteen adult horses (6 ID and 8 noninsulin dysregulated, NID; matched for bodyweight) were randomly fed eight dietary treatments. Dietary treatments were formulated using a base of low-nonstructural carbohydrate pellet (LNSC; 0.04 g of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs)/kg bwt and 0.01 g of starch/kg bwt), to which pure sugar (dextrose) or starch (50:50 mix of waxy-maize and oat starch powder) sources were titrated to create diets with increasing amounts of either WSC (0.06-0.17 g WSC/kg bwt), or starch (0.03-0.1 g starch/kg bwt). Horses were fed each dietary treatment at a rate of 1 g/kg bwt once over 12 weeks. Serial blood samples were collected pre- and up to 240 min postprandially. Insulin was determined via RIA and diet analytes were determined via wet chemistry. Statistical analysis was performed with a mixed effect model. Positive incremental area under the curve for insulin (IAUCi) was calculated for all horses and dietary treatments. RESULTS There was no significant effect of diet in NID horses but diets with NSC >0.1 g/kg bwt produced an augmented response in ID horses compared with the LNSC (p < 0.05). ID horses IAUCi were also significantly different to all NID IAUCi for diets with NSC >0.1 g/kg (p < 0.04). Apparent thresholds for sugar and starch addition varied. CONCLUSIONS Based on this study, using supplemental pure starch and sugar sources, ID horses seem to have an apparent threshold for NSC of around 0.1 g/kg bwt/meal, above which significantly increased insulin responses are seen compared with NID horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Lyn Macon
- 108 M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Patricia Harris
- Equine Studies Group, Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Simon Bailey
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Amanda Adams
- Mars Equestrian™ Fellow, Department of Veterinary Science, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Macon EL, Harris P, Bailey S, Barker VD, Adams A. Postprandial insulin responses to various feedstuffs differ in insulin dysregulated horses compared with non-insulin dysregulated controls. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:574-583. [PMID: 34053111 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controlling postprandial hyperinsulinaemia is important in insulin dysregulated (ID) horses to reduce the risk of laminitis. OBJECTIVES To evaluate postprandial insulin responses of ID versus non-insulin dysregulated (NID) horses to feedstuffs varying in nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) and crude protein (CP). STUDY DESIGN Randomised crossover. METHODS Eighteen adult mixed-breed horses (13.3 ± 2.2 years; 621 ± 78.8 kg) were individually fed [~1 g/kg body weight (BW)] specific feedstuffs within two crossover studies. Eight ID and eight NID were used in Study A, and 11 ID and 5 NID in Study B. In Study A, all horses were randomly fed once: cracked corn (CC: ~74% NSC & ~9% CP), ration balancer with low protein (RB-LP: ~15% NSC & ~17% CP), ration balancer with high protein (RB-HP: ~14% NSC and ~37% CP) and 50:50 mixture of RB-LP:RB-HP (MIX-P). In Study B, horses were randomly fed once: CC, RB-HP, steam-flaked corn (SF: ~73% NSC & ~10% CP), oat groats (OG: ~64% NSC & ~14% CP) and a low NSC pellet (L-NSC: ~6% NSC & ~12% CP). Blood was collected for insulin determination [radioimmunoassay (RIA)] before and 30, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240-minute post-feeding in Study A and at 60-minute in Study B. Data were analysed via analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures after any required transformations. RESULTS ID horses had significantly greater insulin responses (AUCi) than NID for all diets in both studies (P < .001; ID 22 362 ± 10 298 µIU/mL/min & NID 6145 ± 1922 µIU/mL/min). No effect of diet on AUCi for NID (P = .2), but in ID, the CC (32 000 ± 13 960 µIU/mL/min) AUCi was higher than RB-LP (P = .01; 18 977 ± 6731 µIU/mL/min). ID insulin (T60) was lower for the L-NSC (57.8 ± 18.5 µIU/mL) versus all other diets (P < .02; 160.1 ± 91.5 µIU/mL). MAIN LIMITATIONS Small numbers of horses; no ponies. CONCLUSIONS NSC appears to be the main driver of the postprandial insulin response. ID horses respond disproportionately to feeding even small amounts of low/moderate NSC feedstuffs. Data on possible dietary thresholds for postprandial insulin responses cannot be extrapolated from NID horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Macon
- Department of Veterinary Science, M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patricia Harris
- Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Simon Bailey
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Virginia D Barker
- Department of Veterinary Science, M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Amanda Adams
- Department of Veterinary Science, M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Spears JW, Lloyd KE, Siciliano P, Pratt-Phillips S, Goertzen EW, McLeod SJ, Moore J, Krafka K, Hyda J, Rounds W. Chromium propionate increases insulin sensitivity in horses following oral and intravenous carbohydrate administration. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5811456. [PMID: 32211767 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-eight Quarter Horse geldings (3 to 8 yr of age) were used to determine the effects of dietary chromium (Cr), in the form of Cr propionate (Cr Prop) on insulin sensitivity. Horses were blocked by age, body condition score, and glucose response to concentrate feeding on day 0 and randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments consisted of 0, 2, 4, or 8 mg Cr/d from Cr Prop. Horses were fed daily a concentrate mix at a rate of 0.2 kg/100 kg body weight (BW) and grass hay at 1.75 to 2.0 kg/100 kg BW. All horses were fed the control diet for 7 d prior to the initiation of the study. After an overnight fast, blood samples from the jugular vein were obtained at 0, 2, and 4 h after concentrate feeding on days 0 and 28 for the determination of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, and insulin. A glucose tolerance test (GTT) was conducted on day 42. Glucose was infused via jugular vein catheters, and blood samples were collected at various times relative to dosing for glucose and insulin determination. Plasma glucose on day 28 was affected (P < 0.05) by treatment, time, and treatment × time. Horses fed 4 mg Cr/d had lesser (P < 0.05) plasma glucose concentrations than those in the other treatments at 0 h. At 2 h post-feeding glucose concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in horses fed 0 or 8 mg Cr/d than in those given 4 mg Cr. Horses fed 2 mg Cr/d had lesser (P < 0.05) plasma glucose at 4 h post feeding compared with those fed 0 or 8 mg Cr. Plasma glucose did not differ among horses receiving 2 or 4 mg Cr/d at 2 or 4 h. Serum insulin was affected (P < 0.05) by treatment, time, and treatment × time. Insulin concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in horses fed 0 or 2 mg Cr/d than in those given 4 or 8 mg Cr at 0 h. At 4 h post-feeding insulin concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in horses given 0 or 8 mg Cr than in those fed 2 or 4 mg Cr/d. Plasma glucose was affected (P < 0.05) by treatment and time, but not by treatment × time following the GTT. Mean plasma glucose (across sampling times) concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in controls than in horses fed 2 or 4 mg Cr/d. Glucose concentrations following the GTT did not differ among controls and horses given 8 mg Cr/d. Following glucose infusion, serum insulin concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in horses fed 2 or 4 mg Cr and tended to be greater in those fed 8 mg Cr/d compared with controls. The results of this study indicate that 2 or 4 mg Cr/d from Cr Prop increased insulin sensitivity in adult horses following oral carbohydrate consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry W Spears
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Karen E Lloyd
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Paul Siciliano
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - Ellen W Goertzen
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Sarah J McLeod
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Jennifer Moore
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - Jill Hyda
- Kemin AgriFoods North America, Inc., Des Moines, IA
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Bailey SR, Bamford NJ. Metabolic responses of horses and ponies to high and low glycaemic feeds: implications for laminitis. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/an13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Equine laminitis is the painful condition resulting from disruption of the laminar bonds within the foot. Understanding the dietary triggers may facilitate strategies to prevent laminitis in susceptible animals. The purpose of this review is to examine how dietary factors may lead to insulin resistance and/or excessive insulin production from the pancreas, and why certain breeds or types of horses are more predisposed to this form of laminitis than others. Understanding these relationships will be very important when considering appropriate feeds and the dietary countermeasures necessary for preventing this condition. It is important to note the breed type when considering the likely metabolic effects of dietary carbohydrate, because there are major differences between the Thoroughbred/Standardbred type and some other breeds of horses and ponies. Ponies and certain breeds of horses produce excessive amounts of insulin in response to dietary carbohydrates and this may lead to the development of the three main features of the equine metabolic syndrome, namely obesity, insulin resistance and laminitis. Relative glycaemic index or glycaemic load may be useful in predicting peak plasma insulin (with due consideration for breed type), but carbohydrates such as starch and fructans may have particularly marked effects on insulin sensitivity. Although it is normal for ponies and certain horse breeds to be relatively insulin resistant, it may be possible to reduce the likelihood of exacerbating insulin resistance in obese animals with careful dietary modification. This may help to some extent in reducing hyperinsulinaemia and thereby reducing the risk of laminitis.
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Effects of feeding state on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to a starchy meal in horses: a methodological approach. Animal 2012; 3:1246-53. [PMID: 22444900 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731109004698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A standardised methodology is required for classification of starchy diets. One important question is what feeding status is optimal to describe glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to the respective starchy diet. Four horses were fed, in a randomised order, four different feeding protocols relative to offering hay before or after cracked corn (CC): (i) ad libitum hay for 12 h before feeding CC and ad libitum hay after CC intake for 9 h (+CC+), (ii) ad libitum hay for 12 h before feeding CC and no hay after CC intake for 9 h (+CC-), (iii) feed restriction for 12 h before feeding CC and ad libitum hay after CC intake for 9 h (-CC+) and (iv) 1.2 kg hay/100 kg body weight (BW) per day, divided into two equal portions and offered at 0900 h and 1900 h, feed restriction for 12 h before feeding CC and no hay after CC intake for 9 h (-CC-). CC intake was adjusted to a starch intake of 2 g/kg BW. The different hay offerings did not affect basal plasma glucose and insulin levels. A significant rise in plasma glucose and insulin was found after CC intake for all diets. The highest peak glucose levels were analysed for -CC+, and the lowest glucose peaks were found for +CC- (diet P < 0.05). The highest insulin peaks were monitored for -CC+ (31.27 ± 18.19 μU/ml) and lower peaks for +CC- (13.36 ± 2.93 μU/ml) (diet P < 0.05). Insulin for -CC- and +CC- returned to resting values about 300 min after CC feeding. For +CC+ and -CC+, insulin levels were still above resting levels 510 min after CC intake (diet P < 0.05). The present data suggest that feed restriction for 12 h before feeding the starchy diet and no further roughage intake during blood sampling period provide the best-defined conditions.
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Shepherd ML, Pleasant RS, Crisman MV, Werre SR, Milton SC, Swecker WS. Effects of high and moderate non-structural carbohydrate hay on insulin, glucose, triglyceride, and leptin concentrations in overweight Arabian geldings. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:428-35. [PMID: 21575079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of high and moderate non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) hay on insulin, glucose, triglyceride, and leptin concentrations in overweight Arabian geldings. Eight adult overweight (average BCS 7 [9-point scale]) Arabian geldings were fed each of two orchardgrass hays, high NSC (18% DM) and moderate NSC (12% DM), in a cross over design during two 28-day periods. Body weight and body condition score assessment along with blood sampling to measure insulin, glucose, leptin, and triglyceride concentrations were performed on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of each period. Effects of hay, period, day, and day*hay on plasma glucose and serum leptin were not detected. Serum insulin was influenced by hay (p = 0.001), day (p = 0.03), and day*hay (p = 0.04). Insulin concentrations were higher on day 7 in the high NSC group (15.6 μIU/ml) than the moderate NSC group (9.5 μIU/ml), but not by day 14 (p = 0.0007). Plasma triglyceride was influenced by period (p = 0.0003), day*period (p < 0.0001), and day*hay (p = 0.02). Hyperinsulinaemia was not observed in the overweight Arabian geldings fed either a moderate or high NSC hay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Shepherd
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Matsui A, Ohmura H, Asai Y, Takahashi T, Hiraga A, Okamura K, Tokimura H, Sugino T, Obitsu T, Taniguchi K. Effect of amino acid and glucose administration following exercise on the turnover of muscle protein in the hindlimb femoral region of Thoroughbreds. Equine Vet J 2010:611-6. [PMID: 17402492 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY In man, muscle protein synthesis is accelerated by administering amino acids (AA) and glucose (Glu), because increased availability of amino acids and increased insulin secretion, is known to have a protein anabolic effect. However, in the horse, the effect on muscle hypertrophy of such nutrition management following exercise is unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of AA and Glu administration following exercise on muscle protein turnover in horses. We hypothesise that administration of AA and Glu after exercise effects muscle hypertrophy in horses, as already shown in man and other animals. METHODS Measurements of the rate of synthesis (Rs) and rate of degradation (Rd) of muscle protein in the hindlimb femoral region of thoroughbred horses were conducted using the isotope dilution method to assess the differences between the artery and iliac vein. Six adult Thoroughbreds received a continuous infusion of L-[ring-2H5]- phenylalanine during the study, the stable period for plasma isotope concentrations (60 min), resting periods (60 min), treadmill exercise (15 min) and recovery period (240 min). All horses were given 4 solutions (saline [Cont], 10% AA [10-AA], 10% Glu [10-Glu] and a mixture with 10% AA and 10% Glu [10-Mix]) over 120 min after exercise, and the Rs and Rd of muscle protein in the hindlimb measured. RESULTS The average Rs during the 75-120 min following administration of 10-Mix was significantly greater than for the other solutions (P<0.05). The second most effective solution was 10-AA, and there was no change in Rs after 10-Glu. CONCLUSIONS Administration of AA following exercise accelerated Rs in the hindlimb femoral region, and this effect was enhanced when combined with glucose, because of increasing insulin secretion or a decreased requirement for AA for energy. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Further studies are required regarding the effect on muscle hypertrophy of supplementing amino acids and glucose in the feed of exercising horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matsui
- Equine Science Division, Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Urakawa-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
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Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses Are Affected by Age of Horse and Method of Feed Processing. J Equine Vet Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vervuert I, Voigt K, Hollands T, Cuddeford D, Coenen M. Effect of feeding increasing quantities of starch on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in healthy horses. Vet J 2009; 182:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Harris P, Geor RJ. Primer on Dietary Carbohydrates and Utility of the Glycemic Index in Equine Nutrition. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2009; 25:23-37, v. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Vervuert I, Klein S, Coenen M. Effect of mixing dietary fibre (purified lignocellulose or purified pectin) and a corn meal on glucose and insulin responses in healthy horses. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2008; 93:331-8. [PMID: 19141101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the addition of a purified soluble (pectin) and insoluble (lignocellulose) fibre to a starchy meal on post-prandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy horses. Four horses were fed in a randomized order three different diets: (i) cracked corn, (ii) cracked corn mixed with purified lignocellulose, and (iii) cracked corn mixed with purified pectin. Each diet was adjusted to a starch intake of 2 g/kg bodyweight (BW). Lignocellulose was aligned to an intake of 0.2 g/kg BW, and pectin was fed in a dosage of 0.1 g/kg BW. Each period consisted of a 10-day acclimatization to the diet (fed once per day); during this time, the horses were fed 1.2 kg hay/100 kg BW/day. Blood was collected after each acclimatization period before and after the test meal was fed, without any hay. The increase in plasma glucose and insulin, peak values, and area under the curves were similar for all diets. The present findings suggest that adding purified soluble or insoluble fibre to a corn meal does not affect post-prandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy horses. Feeding strategies for horses with a high energy requirement should include a starch reduction per meal, rather than the addition of purified fibre.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vervuert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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The Effects of Feed Form on Consumption Time and Glucose and Insulin Response to a Concentrate Meal in Equine. J Equine Vet Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hill J. Impacts of nutritional technology on feeds offered to horses: A review of effects of processing on voluntary intake, digesta characteristics and feed utilisation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Glucose and insulin responses to different dietary energy sources in Thoroughbred broodmares grazing cool season pasture. Livest Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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