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Soderstrom AJ, Wang LF, Patterson R, Beltranena E, Zijlstra RT. Feeding a Multi-Enzyme Blend to Enhance the Nutrient Digestibility of Wheat-Canola Expeller Diets in Ileal-Cannulated Weaned Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1644. [PMID: 38891694 PMCID: PMC11170982 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Canola expeller (CE) contains ~200 g/kg residual oil, but also fiber that impairs nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs. To study if feed enzymes increase digestibility, six diets containing either the basal or two CE samples mixed in at 250 g/kg (CE-A or CE-B) were formulated with or without a multi-enzyme blend containing cellulase, xylanase, glucanase, amylase, protease, invertase, and pectinase. The basal diet containing 620 g/kg wheat and 150 g/kg barley served as control. Twelve ileal-cannulated barrows (9-15 kg) were fed the six diets in a replicated 6 (pigs) × 3 (periods) Youden square. Ileal digestibility of gross energy and amino acids was 5% greater for basal than CE diets without differences between CE samples. Diet energy values were 4% greater for CE than basal diets due to residual oil in CE. Inclusion of the multi-enzyme blend increased total tract digestibility of energy of the basal but not CE diets by 2%. Net energy value was greater for CE-A than CE-B because CE-A contained more residual oil. In conclusion, feeding 250 g/kg CE increased diet energy values; thus, CE can substitute added fat in weaned pig diets. Feeding the multi-enzyme blend increased the energy digestibility of wheat and barley-based diets fed to weaned pigs. However, research is needed to identify enzyme combinations that increase the nutrient digestibility of CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Janine Soderstrom
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada (E.B.)
| | - Li Fang Wang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada (E.B.)
| | | | - Eduardo Beltranena
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada (E.B.)
| | - Ruurd T. Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada (E.B.)
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2
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Saikia A, Mejicanos G, Rothy J, Rajendiran E, Yang C, Nyachoti M, Lei H, Bergsma R, Wu Y, Jin S, Rodas-Gonzalez A. Pork carcass composition, meat and belly qualities as influenced by feed efficiency selection in replacement boars from Large White sire and dam lines. Meat Sci 2024; 210:109423. [PMID: 38218007 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated carcass attributes, meat and belly qualities in finisher boars (n = 79) selected for feed efficiency (low, intermediate and high) based on estimated breeding value for feed conversion ratio within a Large White dam and sire genetic lines. The sire line had lower trimmed fat proportions and higher lean than the dam line (P < 0.01). Genetic lines expressed slight colour changes and drip losses (P < 0.05), with no differences in pH, marbling and cooking traits (P > 0.05). High-efficient animals presented the highest lean yield (P < 0.01), the lowest trimmed fat proportion (P < 0.01) and no effect on meat and belly quality attributes (P > 0.05) compared with other efficient groups. Interaction between efficiency group and genetic line was only detected for belly weight and thickness (P < 0.01). High-efficient animals offer a greater leanness level, with minimal impact on meat and belly quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saikia
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - G Mejicanos
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - J Rothy
- Food Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - E Rajendiran
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - C Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - M Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - H Lei
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Topigs Norsvin Canada Inc., Oak Bluff, MB R4G 0C4, Canada
| | - R Bergsma
- Topigs Norsvin Research Centre, Beuningen, the Netherlands
| | - Y Wu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - S Jin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - A Rodas-Gonzalez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
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3
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Smit MN, Panisson JC, Beaulieu AD. Response of growing pigs to the inclusion of hybrid rye in low or high-energy diets. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad137. [PMID: 38107422 PMCID: PMC10721443 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown reduced feed intake and growth rate in pigs fed diets with hybrid rye replacing wheat. A reduction in growth rate caused by reduced feed intake will conceivably be counteracted by increasing the dietary energy level. Our objective, therefore, was to determine the effects of 40% hybrid rye inclusion replacing wheat in diets formulated to be either low or high net energy (NE) on growth, feed intake, energy digestibility, and lesion scores in growing-finishing pigs. We hypothesized that pigs fed 40% hybrid rye would perform better on the high than the low energy diets. A total of 160 pigs (body weight [BW] 70.1 kg) housed in 32 pens, 5 pigs per pen, were fed diets with 0% or 40% hybrid rye (var. 'KWS Bono'; KWS LOCHOW GMBH), either with low (2,350) or high (2,450) kcal NE per kg of diet over two growth phases (phase 1; 70 to 85 kg BW; phase 2; 85 to 130 kg BW). The BW, and feed disappearance were measured on days 0, 8, 17, 28, 42, and 50. Fecal samples obtained in phase 2 (~100 kg BW) were used to calculate apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE). Lesion scores were measured weekly. The ATTD of GE was unaffected by rye inclusion and was reduced in low vs. high NE diets. Overall, (days 0 to 50), pigs fed the low-energy rye diet gained 0.08 kg/d less (P < 0.01) than those fed the high-energy rye diet or the low-energy diet without rye, which was caused by a reduced weight gain during the initial 17 d of the trial. Final BW and overall feed intake were not affected by rye inclusion or NE level. The NE intake was greater (P < 0.05) and feed efficiency (G:F) was reduced (P < 0.05) in pigs fed rye diets compared to those fed diets without rye, whereas there was no effect of NE level on NE intake or G:F. There was no effect of rye inclusion or NE level on lesion scores. In conclusion, pigs can be fed diets including 40% hybrid rye with only minor changes in growth performance. Increasing the NE level of the first phase diet in the grower-finisher barn may be useful to avoid a reduction in growth performance when feeding hybrid rye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda N Smit
- Prairie Swine Centre Inc., Saskatoon, S7H 5N9, SK, Canada
| | | | - A Denise Beaulieu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, SK, Canada
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4
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Bikker P, Jansman AJM. Review: Composition and utilisation of feed by monogastric animals in the context of circular food production systems. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 3:100892. [PMID: 37479667 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Food production has a major impact on environmental emissions, climate change and land-use. To reduce this impact, the circularity of future food production systems is expected to become increasingly important. In a circular food system, crop land is primarily used for plant-based food production, while low-opportunity cost feed materials (LCF), i.e. crop residues, co-products of the food industry, grass from marginal land and food waste form the basis of future, animal feeds. Animal diets thus contain much less cereals and soybean meal and include a higher proportion of diverse co-products, residues and novel human-inedible ingredients. These diets are characterised by a lower starch content, and a higher content of fibre, protein, fat, and phytate compared to present diets. In this review, possible consequences of the development towards a more circular food system for the type, volume and nutritional characteristics of feed materials and complete feeds are addressed and related research questions in the area of animal nutrition, physiology and metabolism are discussed. Additional attention is given to possible effects on intestinal health and gut functionality and to (bio)technological processing of LCF to improve their suitability for feeding farm animals, with a focus on the effects in pigs and poultry. It is concluded that an increased use of LCF may limit the use of presently used criteria for the efficiency of animal production and nutrient utilisation. Development of characteristics that reflect the efficacy and efficiency of the net contribution of animal production in a circular food system is required. Animal scientists can have an important role in the development of more circular food production systems by focussing on the optimal use of LCF in animal diets for the production of animal-source food, while minimising the use of human-edible food in animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bikker
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - A J M Jansman
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Zijlstra RT, Beltranena E. Feeding coproducts to pigs to reduce feed cost and reach sustainable food production. Anim Front 2022; 12:18-22. [DOI: 10.1093/af/vfac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruurd T Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5 , Canada
| | - Eduardo Beltranena
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5 , Canada
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Gao Q, Liu Z, Li K, Bai G, Liu L, Zhong R, Chen L, Zhang H. Time-course effects of different fiber-rich ingredients on energy values, microbiota composition and SCFA profile in growing pigs. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 12:263-275. [PMID: 36712404 PMCID: PMC9868344 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study was to investigate time-course effects of different types of dietary fiber on the energy values, fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration in growing pigs. A total of 24 barrows (initial body weight, 19.8 ± 0.5 kg) were assigned to 4 dietary treatments based on body weight (BW) in a completely randomized design, including a basal diet (CON) and 3 fiber-rich diets replacing corn, soybean meal and soybean oil in the CON diet with 20% sugar beet pulp (SBP), defatted rice bran (DFRB) or soybean hull (SBH), respectively. Fresh feces were sampled on d 7, 14 and 21, followed by 5 d total feces and urine collections. The results showed that there were no differences in DE and ME between any of the fiber ingredients on d 7, 14 or 21. However, fiber inclusion decreased the DE and ME of the diet (P < 0.05) regardless of the time effect. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed distinctly different microbial communities on the DFRB diet and SBH diet across different times (P < 0.05) and the fecal microbiota of the 4 diet groups demonstrated notably distinct clusters at each time point (P < 0.05). With adaptation time increased from 7 to 21 d, cellulose-degrading bacteria and SCFA-producing bacteria (e.g., Ruminococcaceae _UCG-014, Rikenellaceae _RC9_gut_group and Bifidobacterium) increased in the fiber inclusion diets, and pathogenic genera (e.g., Streptococcus and Selenomonas) were increased in the basal diet (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the gut microbiota of growing pigs adapted more easily and quickly to the SBP diet compared to the DFRB diet, as reflected by the concentration of propionate, butyrate, isovalerate and total SCFA which increased with time for growing pigs fed the DFRB diet (P < 0.05). Collectively, our results indicated at least 7 d adaptation was required to evaluate the energy values of fiber-rich ingredients, as the hindgut microbiota of growing pigs may need more time to adapt to a high fiber diet, especially for insoluble dietary fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhengqun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, Tianjin Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guosong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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7
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Sanchez-Zannatta J, Le Thanh B, Wang L, Beltranena E, Newkirk R, Zijlstra R. Ileal nutrient and energy digestibility of steam-exploded canola meal in cannulated grower pigs and total tract nutrient digestibility and growth performance of diets containing steam-exploded canola meal in weaned pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Wang L, Bergstrom J, Hahn J, Young M, Zijlstra R. Acid-binding capacity of feed in swine nutrition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Sandström V, Chrysafi A, Lamminen M, Troell M, Jalava M, Piipponen J, Siebert S, van Hal O, Virkki V, Kummu M. Food system by-products upcycled in livestock and aquaculture feeds can increase global food supply. NATURE FOOD 2022; 3:729-740. [PMID: 37118146 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Many livestock and aquaculture feeds compete for resources with food production. Increasing the use of food system by-products and residues as feed could reduce this competition. We gathered data on global food system material flows for crop, livestock and aquaculture production, focusing on feed use and the availability of by-products and residues. We then analysed the potential of replacing food-competing feedstuff-here cereals, whole fish, vegetable oils and pulses that account for 15% of total feed use-with food system by-products and residues. Considering the nutritional requirements of food-producing animals, including farmed aquatic species, this replacement could increase the current global food supply by up to 13% (10-16%) in terms of kcal and 15% (12-19%) in terms of protein content. Increasing the use of food system by-products as feed has considerable potential, particularly when combined with other measures, in the much-needed transition towards circular food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Sandström
- Water & Development Research Group, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Anna Chrysafi
- Water & Development Research Group, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Marjukka Lamminen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Max Troell
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mika Jalava
- Water & Development Research Group, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Stefan Siebert
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ollie van Hal
- Louis Bolk Institute, Bunnik, the Netherlands
- Animal Production Systems group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Vili Virkki
- Water & Development Research Group, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Matti Kummu
- Water & Development Research Group, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
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10
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Kpogo AL, Jose J, Panisson JC, Agyekum AK, Predicala BZ, Alvarado AC, Agnew JM, Sprenger CJ, Beaulieu AD. Greenhouse gases and performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets containing wheat millrun and a multi-carbohydrase enzyme. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6377888. [PMID: 34586401 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this project was to determine the impact of feeding growing pigs with high wheat millrun diets supplemented with a multi-carbohydrase enzyme (amylase, cellulase, glucanase, xylanase, and invertase activities) on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and greenhouse gas (GHG) output (carbon dioxide, CO2; nitrous oxide, N2O; methane, CH4). Three experiments were conducted utilizing six treatments arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial (0%, 15%, or 30% wheat millrun; with or without enzyme) for the digestibility experiment or as a 2 × 2 factorial (0% or 30% wheat millrun; with or without enzyme) for the performance and GHG experiments. The digestibility, performance, and GHG experiments utilized 48 individually housed pigs, 180 pigs housed 5 per pen, or 96 pigs housed 6 per chamber, respectively. Increasing wheat millrun up to 30% in the diet of growing pigs resulted in decreased energy, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) apparent total tract digestibility and net energy content (P < 0.01). Overall, average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio were reduced in pigs fed wheat millrun (P < 0.05). Enzyme supplementation had minimal effects on the digestibility or performance parameters measured. Feeding diets with 30% millrun did not affect GHG output (CH4: 4.7 and 4.9; N2O: 0.45 and 0.42; CO2: 1,610 and 1,711 mg/s without or with millrun inclusion, respectively; P > 0.78). Enzyme supplementation had no effect on GHG emissions (CH4: 4.5 and 5.1; N2O: 0.46 and 0.42; CO2: 1,808 and 1,513 mg/s without or with enzymes, respectively; P > 0.51). Overall, the carbohydrase enzyme had minimal effects on parameters measured, regardless of wheat millrun inclusion (P > 0.10). Although energy, N and P digestibility, and ADG were reduced, the inclusion of up to 30% wheat millrun in the diet has no effect on GHG emissions from growing pigs (P > 0.10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agbee L Kpogo
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Jismol Jose
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | | | - Atta K Agyekum
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Charley J Sprenger
- Prairie Agricultural Machinery Institute, Portage la Prairie, MB R1N 3V6, Canada
| | - A Denise Beaulieu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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11
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Pack ED, Weiland S, Musser R, Schmale DG. Survey of zearalenone and type-B trichothecene mycotoxins in swine feed in the USA. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:297-313. [PMID: 34537950 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
New information is needed regarding the types and concentrations of mycotoxins in swine feed. We hypothesized that (1) the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEN) vary among swine ingredient and feed types, and (2) the inclusion of specific ingredients is associated with mycotoxin contamination in complete feed. A total of 707 samples were collected from cooperators in 14 states between June 2018 and January 2020 then analyzed for DON, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, NIV, and ZEN contamination using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Ninety-four percent (663/707) of samples contained DON, 33% (230/707) of samples contained 3-AcDON, 57% (404/707) of samples contained 15-AcDON, 1% (6/707) of samples contained NIV, and 47% (335/707) of samples contained ZEN. Seventy-three percent (514/707) of samples contained multiple mycotoxins. Resulting DON concentrations were below the national advisory limits for all sample types, and no advisory limits are imposed for the other mycotoxins studied. Increased incorporation of distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) was associated with increased DON in complete feed (R2 = 0.82).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica D Pack
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | | | - David G Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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12
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Energy values of fiber-rich ingredients with different solubility estimated by different evaluation methods in growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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de Quelen F, Brossard L, Wilfart A, Dourmad JY, Garcia-Launay F. Eco-Friendly Feed Formulation and On-Farm Feed Production as Ways to Reduce the Environmental Impacts of Pig Production Without Consequences on Animal Performance. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:689012. [PMID: 34295934 PMCID: PMC8289902 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.689012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal feeding has a major contribution to the environmental impacts of pig production. One potential way to mitigate such effects is to incorporate an assessment of these impacts in the feed formulation process. The objective of this study was to test the ability of innovative formulation methodologies to reduce the impacts of pig production while also taking into account possible effects on growth performance. We compared three different formulation methodologies: least-cost formulation, in accordance with standard practices on commercial farms; multiobjective (MO) formulation, which considered feed cost and environmental impacts as calculated by life cycle assessment (LCA); and MO formulation, which prioritized locally produced feed ingredients to reduce the impact of transport. Ninety-six pigs were distributed between three experimental groups, with pigs individually weighted and fed using an automatic feeding system from 40 to 115 kg body weight. Based on the experimental results, six categories of impacts were evaluated: climate change (CC), demand in non-renewable energy (NRE), acidification (AC), eutrophication (EU), land occupation (LO), and phosphorus demand (PD), at both feed plant gate and farm gate, with 1 kg of feed and 1 kg of live pig as functional units, respectively. At feed level, MO formulations reduced CC, NRE, AC, and PD impacts but sometimes increased LO and EU impacts. These formulations reduced the proportion of cereals and oil meals into feeds (feed ingredients with high impacts), while the proportion of alternative protein sources, like peas, faba beans, or high-protein agricultural coproducts increased (feed ingredients with low impacts). Overall, animal performance was not affected by the dietary treatment; because of this, the general pattern of results obtained with either MO formulation at farm gate was similar to that obtained at feed level. Thus, MO diet formulation represents an efficient way to reduce the environmental impacts of pig production without compromising animal performance.
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14
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Liu Z, Zhong R, Li K, Chen L, Zhang B, Liu L, Zhang H. Evaluation of energy values of high-fiber dietary ingredients with different solubility fed to growing pigs using the difference and regression methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:569-575. [PMID: 34258446 PMCID: PMC8245795 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the energy values of high-fiber dietary ingredients with different solubility (sugar beet pulp [SBP] and defatted rice bran [DFRB]) in growing pigs using the difference and the regression methods. A total of 21 barrows (initial BW, 40.5 ± 1.2 kg) were assigned to 3 blocks with BW as a blocking factor, and each block was assigned to a 7 × 2 incomplete Latin square design with 7 diets and two 13-d experimental periods. The 7 experimental diets consisted of a corn-soybean meal basal diet and 6 additional diets containing 10%, 20%, or 30% SBP or DFRB in the basal diet, respectively. Each of the experimental periods lasted 12 d, with a 7 d dietary adaptation period followed by 5-d total fecal and urine collection. Results showed that the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of the SBP determined by the difference method with different inclusion levels (10%, 20%, or 30%) were 2,712 and 2,628 kcal/kg, 2,683 and 2,580 kcal/kg, and 2,643 and 2,554 kcal/kg DM basis, respectively. The DE and ME in the DFRB evaluated by the difference method with 3 different inclusion levels were 2,407 and 2,243 kcal/kg, 2,687 and 2,598 kcal/kg, and 2,630 and 2,544 kcal/kg DM basis, respectively. Different inclusion levels had no effects on the energy values of each test ingredient estimated by the difference method. The DE and ME of the SBP and the DFRB estimated by the regression method were 2,562 and 2,472 kcal/kg and 2,685 and 2,606 kcal/kg DM basis, respectively. The energy values of each ingredient determined by the regression method were similar to the values estimated by the difference method with the 20% or 30% inclusion level. However, the energy values of the SBP and DFRB estimated by the difference method with the 10% inclusion level were inconsistent with the values determined by the regression method (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the regression method was a robust indirect method to evaluate the energy values for high-fiber ingredients with different solubility in growing pigs. If the number of experimental animals was limited, the difference method with a moderate inclusion level (at least 20%) of the test high-fiber ingredient in the basal diet could be applied to substitute the regression method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300381, China
| | - Ruqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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Liu Z, Zhong R, Chen L, Xie F, Li K, Liu L, Zhang H. Effects of Collection Durations on the Determination of Energy Values and Nutrient Digestibility of High-Fiber Diets in Growing Pigs by Total Fecal Collection Method. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020228. [PMID: 32023906 PMCID: PMC7070457 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The total fecal collection method is the gold standard to estimate the energy values and nutrient digestibility of the swine diet. However, there is no standard collection duration for animals that should be sampled in swine research using the total fecal collection method. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of different collection durations (3-day, 5-day, or 7-day) on energy values and nutrient digestibility of high-fiber diets in growing pigs by time-based total fecal collection method. The results showed that the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and most nutrients in diets decreased linearly as the collection duration increased from a 3-day to a 7-day collection. However, there were no differences in the ATTD of GE and nutrient between the 5-day and 7-day collection durations. In addition, the energy values and the ATTD of GE and nutrient of high-fiber ingredients (sugar beet pulp (SBP) or defatted rice bran (DFRB)) were also not affected by the collection durations. Therefore, the results of this research suggest that a 5-day collection duration is adequate to determine the energy values and the ATTD of nutrient in diets containing high-fiber ingredients for growing pigs by time-based total fecal collection method. Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of collection durations on the energy values and nutrient digestibility of high-fiber diets in growing pigs with a time-based total fecal collection method. A total of 24 barrows (body weight (BW): 31.1 ± 1.5 kg) were allotted to a completely randomized design with three diets. Diets included a corn–soybean meal (CSM) basal diet and two additional diets containing 20% sugar beet pulp (SBP) or defatted rice bran (DFRB) by replacing corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil in the CSM diet, respectively. Each diet was fed to eight barrows for a 7-day adaptation period followed by a 7-day total feces and urine collection period. The 7-day collection duration was divided into three collection phases, namely, phase 1 (days 8 to 11), phase 2 (days 11 to 13), and phase 3 (days 13 to 15). Then, similar portions of feces and urine from the different collection phases were composited into three additional samples (days 8 to 11, days 8 to 13, and days 8 to 15, respectively). The results showed that the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and nutrient in experimental diets decreased linearly as the collection durations increased from a 3-day to a 7-day collection (p < 0.05). However, there were no differences in the energy values, GE, and nutrient digestibility of diets and of high-fiber ingredients between the 5-day and 7-day collection durations. In conclusion, this study suggests that a 5-day collection duration is adequate to determine the energy values and nutrient digestibility of high-fiber diets containing SBP or DFRB in growing pigs by the time-based total fecal collection method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liang Chen
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-62816249 (L.C.); +86-10-62818910 (H.Z.)
| | | | | | | | - Hongfu Zhang
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-62816249 (L.C.); +86-10-62818910 (H.Z.)
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16
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Wang H, Li P, Du T, Pu G, Fan L, Gao C, Niu P, Wu C, Zhou W, Huang R. Effects of Increasing Levels of Defatted Rice Bran on Intestinal Physical Barrier and Bacteria in Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121039. [PMID: 31795068 PMCID: PMC6940934 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess the effects of increasing levels of DFRB as a replacement for corns on intestinal physical barrier function and bacteria of finishing pigs. A total of 35 castrated finishing pigs (age: 158.5 ± 2.0 d, initial body weight: 62.9 ± 0.8 kg) were randomly divided into five dietary treatments (seven replicates/treatment) for a 28-day experimental period, i.e., a control diet with basal diet, and four experimental diets in which maize was replaced by 7%, 14%, 21%, and 28% DFRB, respectively. The results showed that serum endotoxins concentration and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity were both increased (linear, p = 0.0004, 0.001, respectively) with DFRB level. However, compared with control group, serum endotoxins concentration and DAO activity were not different in pigs fed with 7% DFRB in the diet. There was a quadratic response in serum D-lactate concentration to the increased DFRB (quadratic, p = 0.021). In the cecum, thickness of the intestinal wall significantly increased with increasing levels of DFRB in the diets (linear, p = 0.033), while crypt depth/thickness of the intestinal wall ratio significantly decreased with increasing level of DFRB in the diets (linear, p = 0.043). In the jejunum, total bacteria, Escherichia coli, and Bifidobacterium all responded quadratically to increasing levels of DFRB in the diets (quadratic, p = 0.003, 0.001, 0.006, respectively). Additionally, there was no difference in Escherichia coli in pigs fed 0%, 7%, and 14% DFRB diets. In the colon, there were quadratic responses in C. perfringens to the increased DFRB (quadratic, p = 0.023). C. perfringens reduced as the DFRB concentration increased from 0% to 14% and then increased. When D-lactate, total bacteria, Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium, and C. perfringens were considered, the optimal substitution level of DFRB were 12.00%, 11.84%, 7.50%, 8.92%, and 15.92%, respectively. In conclusion, 7% DFRB had a beneficial effect on intestinal wall thickness, Bifidobacterium and C. perfringens, and had no adverse effect on intestinal permeability and Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
- Industrial Technology System Integration Innovation Center of Jiangsu Modern Agriculture (PIG), Nanjing 210095, China
- Nanjing Agricultural University’s New Rural Research and Development Corporation of Huaian City, Huaian 223003, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Taoran Du
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Guang Pu
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Lijuan Fan
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Chen Gao
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Peipei Niu
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Chengwu Wu
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Wuduo Zhou
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Industrial Technology System Integration Innovation Center of Jiangsu Modern Agriculture (PIG), Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruihua Huang
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
- Industrial Technology System Integration Innovation Center of Jiangsu Modern Agriculture (PIG), Nanjing 210095, China
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Dong W, Huang C, Xie F, Zhao J, Li Z, Li Y, Liu L, Piao X, Dong B, Zhang S. Comparative energy digestibility of protein feed ingredients in crossbred barrows in different growing stages. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2019.1592752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengfei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinbiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yakui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Van Zanten HHE, Herrero M, Van Hal O, Röös E, Muller A, Garnett T, Gerber PJ, Schader C, De Boer IJM. Defining a land boundary for sustainable livestock consumption. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4185-4194. [PMID: 29788551 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The need for more sustainable production and consumption of animal source food (ASF) is central to the achievement of the sustainable development goals: within this context, wise use of land is a core challenge and concern. A key question in feeding the future world is: how much ASF should we eat? We demonstrate that livestock raised under the circular economy concept could provide a significant, nonnegligible part (9-23 g/per capita) of our daily protein needs (~50-60 g/per capita). This livestock then would not consume human-edible biomass, such as grains, but mainly convert leftovers from arable land and grass resources into valuable food, implying that production of livestock feed is largely decoupled from arable land. The availability of these biomass streams for livestock then determines the boundaries for livestock production and consumption. Under this concept, the competition for land for feed or food would be minimized and compared to no ASF, including some ASF in the human diet could free up about one quarter of global arable land. Our results also demonstrate that restricted growth in consumption of ASF in Africa and Asia would be feasible under these boundary conditions, while reductions in the rest of the world would be necessary to meet land use sustainability criteria. Managing this expansion and contraction of future consumption of ASF is essential for achieving sustainable nutrition security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah H E Van Zanten
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mario Herrero
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ollie Van Hal
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elin Röös
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adrian Muller
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Frick, Switzerland
- Institute for Environmental Decisions, Federal Institutes of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tara Garnett
- Food Climate Research Network & Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pierre J Gerber
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Imke J M De Boer
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Gomes da Silva TR, Pascoal LAF, Costa FGP, Watanabe PH, Dantas Martins TD. Castor bean cake detoxified with calcium hydroxide in diets for pigs at growing and finishing phases. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2016-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to evaluate the use of increasing levels of castor bean cake detoxified with calcium hydroxide in diets for pigs at growing and finishing phases on performance, diet digestibility, weight of digestive organs, carcass traits, and economic evaluation. A total of 40 barrows with 44.59 ± 5.16 kg initial weight were fed diets with 0%, 7%, 14%, and 21% detoxified castor bean cake. Increasing levels of detoxified castor bean cake in diets resulted in linear worsening in the average daily gain of the pigs. Dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy digestibilities were adversely affected by the levels of detoxified castor bean cake. A linear decrease in loin eye area and ham yield was detected depending on detoxified castor bean cake inclusion levels. Although the detoxified castor bean cake had no effect on the assessed economic variables, its use in diets for growing and finishing pigs is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisa Rocha Gomes da Silva
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia PB 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Augusto Fonseca Pascoal
- Departamento de Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Humanas Sociais e Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Bananeiras PB 58220-000, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Henrique Watanabe
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza CE 60356-000, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Domiciano Dantas Martins
- Departamento de Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Humanas Sociais e Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Bananeiras PB 58220-000, Brazil
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20
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Effects of Alternative Uses of Distillery By-Products on the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Scottish Malt Whisky Production: A System Expansion Approach. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10051473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Verschuren LMG, Calus MPL, Jansman AJM, Bergsma R, Knol EF, Gilbert H, Zemb O. Fecal microbial composition associated with variation in feed efficiency in pigs depends on diet and sex. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:1405-1418. [PMID: 29669075 PMCID: PMC6095354 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber content and composition affect microbial composition and activity in the gut, which in turn influence energetic contribution of fermentation products to the metabolic energy supply in pigs. This may affect feed efficiency (FE) in pigs. The present study investigated the relationship between the fecal microbial composition and FE in individual growing-finishing pigs. In addition, the effects of diet composition and sex on the fecal microbiome were studied. Fecal samples were collected of 154 grower-finisher pigs (3-way crossbreeds) the day before slaughter. Pigs were either fed a diet based on corn/soybean meal (CS) or a diet based on wheat/barley/by-products (WB). Fecal microbiome was characterized by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing, clustered by operational taxonomic unit (OTU), and results were subjected to a discriminant approach combined with principal component analysis to discriminate diets, sexes, and FE extreme groups (10 high and 10 low FE pigs for each diet by sex-combination). Pigs on different diets and males vs. females had a very distinct fecal microbiome, needing only 2 OTU for diet (P = 0.020) and 18 OTU for sex (P = 0.040) to separate the groups. The 2 most important OTU for diet, and the most important OTU for sex, were taxonomically classified as the same bacterium. In pigs fed the CS diet, there was no significant association between FE and fecal microbiota composition based on OTU (P > 0.05), but in pigs fed the WB diet differences in FE were associated with 17 OTU in males (P = 0.018) and to 7 OTU in females (P = 0.010), with 3 OTU in common for both sexes. In conclusion, our results showed a diet and sex-dependent relationship between FE and the fecal microbial composition at slaughter weight in grower-finisher pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M G Verschuren
- Topigs Norsvin Research Center B.V., Beuningen, AA, The Netherlands
- Wageningen UR, Livestock Research, Wageningen, AH, The Netherlands
| | - Mario P L Calus
- Wageningen UR, Livestock Research, Wageningen, AH, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rob Bergsma
- Topigs Norsvin Research Center B.V., Beuningen, AA, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert F Knol
- Topigs Norsvin Research Center B.V., Beuningen, AA, The Netherlands
| | - Hélène Gilbert
- INRA – INPT – ENSAT – Université de Toulouse, GenPhySE, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Olivier Zemb
- INRA – INPT – ENSAT – Université de Toulouse, GenPhySE, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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22
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Casas GA, Rodriguez DA, Stein HH. Nutrient composition and digestibility of energy and nutrients in wheat middlings and red dog fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:215-224. [PMID: 29432560 PMCID: PMC6140900 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was designed to determine nutrient composition and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE, DM, OM, and NDF and the concentration of DE and ME in 10 sources of wheat middlings and in 1 source of red dog that were obtained from different flour mills in the United States. Twelve growing pigs (initial BW: 31.0 ± 1.0 kg) were randomly allotted to a 12 × 8 Youden square design with 12 dietary treatments and eight 14 d periods. Pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for total collection of feces and urine. A basal diet based on corn and soybean meal, and 11 diets containing corn, soybean meal, and 39.4% of one of the 10 sources of wheat middlings or of red dog were formulated. The ATTD of GE, DM, OM, and NDF in all diets was calculated using the direct procedure, and the ATTD of GE, DM, OM, and NDF in each source of wheat middlings or red dog was calculated by difference. Values for DE and ME were calculated as well. The average concentration of CP was 17.67% in wheat midlings and 17.0% in red dog, and the concentration of acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) and total dietary fiber (TDF) was 2.44 and 13.90% in red dog, but 4.07 and 36.45% in wheat middlings. Red dog also contained more starch (42.98%) than wheat middlings (20.28%). Red dog had greater bulk density (498.5 g/L) and smaller particle size (146 µm) compared with wheat middlings (315.1 g/L and 783 µm). The average ATTD of GE, DM, OM, and NDF in wheat middlings (67.2%, 71.2%, 72.9%, and 53.0%, respectively) was less (P < 0.05) than in red dog (79.35%, 82.9%, 86.6%, and 58.7%, respectively). The average concentrations of DE and ME in wheat middlings were 2,990 and 2,893 kcal/kg DM, and these values were less (P < 0.05) than the DE and ME in red dog (3,408 and 3,292 kcal/kg DM). In conclusion, wheat middlings contains more fiber and less starch than red dog and the ATTD of GE and nutrients is greater in red dog than in wheat middlings. As a consequence, concentrations of DE and ME are greater in red dog than in wheat middlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Casas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia
| | - D A Rodriguez
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana
| | - H H Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana
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Sol C, Castillejos L, López-Vergé S, Gasa J. Prediction of the digestibility and energy contents of non-conventional by-products for pigs from their chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Saqui-Salces M, Huang Z, Vila MF, Li J, Mielke JA, Urriola PE, Shurson GC. Modulation of intestinal cell differentiation in growing pigs is dependent on the fiber source in the diet. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:1179-1190. [PMID: 28380527 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.0947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding high-fiber diets decreases cost, but also caloric and nutritional efficiency by modifying intestinal morphology and function. We analyzed the changes in intestinal cell composition, nutrient transporters and receptors, and cell differentiation induced by fibers from different sources. Forty-six finishing pigs (BW 84 ± 7 kg) were fed 1 of 4 diets: corn-soybean (Control; = 12), 23% wheat straw (WS; = 11), 55% corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS; = 11), and 30% soybean hulls (SBH; = 12). Pigs were fed 2 meals daily to an amount equivalent to 2.5% of initial BW for 14 d in metabolism cages. Ilea were collected for histological and gene expression analysis after euthanasia. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons and differences considered significant when < 0.05. The enterocyte marker was increased ( < 0.03) by feeding SBH compared with Control and WS diets. Goblet cells presence was greater ( < 0.01) in pigs fed WS and DDGS compared with Control, and in pigs fed WS compared with SBH ( = 0.02). expression was greater ( < 0.05) in pigs fed DDGS and SBH compared with Control diet. No changes were observed for endocrine and Paneth cells markers, villus and crypt length, or proliferation index. Compared with the Control, gene expression of receptors for oligopeptides, calcium, glucose, fructose, , and and was increased ( < 0.05) by feeding WS and DDGS diets. Feeding SBH diet repressed ( < 0.005) the compared with WS and DDGS diets, while DDGS repressed ( = 0.02) its expression compared with Control. Pigs fed DDGS had reduced ( < 0.001) , and those fed SBH showed increased ( < 0.05) expression compared with WS and DDGS pigs. Feeding WS and DDGS diets induced ( < 0.01) the expression of stem cell marker r-spondin receptor (, while was reduced ( < 0.02) by feeding DDGS compared with Control. The expression of was induced ( < 0.05) by all fibers compared with Control. Transcription factors and were suppressed ( < 0.001) by WS and DDGS compared with Control. In conclusion, feeding diets containing WS and DDGS modulated intestinal differentiation by promoting goblet cells and altered expression of nutrient receptors and transporters in growing pigs, while feeding SBH had less effect.
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Shim YY, Falk K, Ratanapariyanuch K, Reaney MJT. Food and fuel from Canadian oilseed grains: Biorefinery production may optimize both resources. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youn Young Shim
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
- Prairie Tide Chemicals Inc.SaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint LaboratoryDepartment of Food Science and EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Kevin Falk
- Saskatoon Research CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | | | - Martin J. T. Reaney
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
- Prairie Tide Chemicals Inc.SaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint LaboratoryDepartment of Food Science and EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP. R. China
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Diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance of weaned pigs fed wheat dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pietrosemoli S, Moron-Fuenmayor OE, Paez A, Villamide MJ. Effect of including sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam) meal in finishing pig diets on growth performance, carcass traits and pork quality. Anim Sci J 2016; 87:1281-1290. [PMID: 26786836 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The partial replacement of a commercial concentrate at 10-20% and 15-30% (the first percentage of each dietary treatment corresponded to weeks 1-3 and the second to weeks 4-7 of the experiment, respectively) by sweet potato meal (SPM; 70% foliage: 30% roots) was evaluated for growth performance, carcass yield, instrumental and sensory pork quality using 36 commercial crossbred pigs (56.8 ± 1.3 kg initial body weight). Three dietary treatments were compared in a randomized complete block design. Most growth, carcass traits and pork quality variables were not affected by the SPM inclusion. Growth performance averaged 868 g/day and feed efficiency 0.24 kg/kg. However, feed intake increased 2.2% (P = 0.04) in pigs fed the 10-20% SPM diets, in a similar order of magnitude as the decrease in dietary energy. Despite an increase in gastrointestinal tract as a percent of hot carcass weight (+14.7%) (P = 0.03) with SPM inclusion, carcass yield averaged 69.4%. Conversely, decreases in loin yield (-4.2%) (P = 0.05), backfat thickness (-6.0%) (P < 0.01) and pork tenderness (-13%) (P = 0.02) were observed with 15-30% SPM inclusion. Results suggest that up to 20% SPM inclusion is a viable feed strategy for finishing pigs, easily replicable in small farm settings. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Pietrosemoli
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Facultad de Agronomía, La Universidad del Zulia, Avenida 16 Goajira, Ciudad Universitaria "Dr. Antonio Borjas Romero", Nucleo Agropecuario, Maracaibo, Zulia, Venezuela. .,Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Oneida Elizabeth Moron-Fuenmayor
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Facultad de Agronomía, La Universidad del Zulia, Avenida 16 Goajira, Ciudad Universitaria "Dr. Antonio Borjas Romero", Nucleo Agropecuario, Maracaibo, Zulia, Venezuela
| | - Angel Paez
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Facultad de Agronomía, La Universidad del Zulia, Avenida 16 Goajira, Ciudad Universitaria "Dr. Antonio Borjas Romero", Nucleo Agropecuario, Maracaibo, Zulia, Venezuela
| | - Maria Jesús Villamide
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, E.T.S. Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Zhou X, Beltranena E, Zijlstra R. Effects of feeding canola press-cake on diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance of weaned pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ndou S, Kiarie E, Agyekum A, Heo J, Romero L, Arent S, Lorentsen R, Nyachoti C. Comparative efficacy of xylanases on growth performance and digestibility in growing pigs fed wheat and wheat bran- or corn and corn DDGS-based diets supplemented with phytase. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Garcia H, Wang L, Landero J, Beltranena E, Cervantes M, Morales A, Zijlstra R. Effect of feeding wheat millrun on diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance in starter pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Smit MN, Zamora V, Young MG, Campbell NG, Uttaro B, Beltranena E. Empiric narrowing of the net energy value of reduced-oil corn distillers’ dried grain with solubles for growing-finishing pigs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas-2014-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Smit, M. N., Zamora, V., Young, M. G., Campbell, N., Uttaro, B. and Beltranena, E. 2015. Empiric narrowing of the net energy value of reduced-oil corn distillers’ dried grain with solubles for growing-finishing pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 225–241. This study attempted to empirically narrow down the net energy (NE) value of reduced-oil corn distillers’ dried grains and solubles (RO-cDDGS) by evaluating the response in pig growth performance, live backfat and loin depth, carcass traits, and primal pork cuts tissue composition to feeding diets formulated increasing the assumed NE value of RO-cDDGS, expecting a brisk change in slope of the response at the point at which the NE value of RO-cDDGS would be identified. In total, 1056 cross-bred pigs (31.7 kg) housed in 48 pens by gender were fed dietary regimens including 30% RO-cDDGS (6.7% ether extract) with assumed NE values of 1.7, 1.85, 2.0, 2.15, 2.3, or 2.45 Mcal kg−1over five growth periods (Grower 1: days 0–21, Grower 2: days 22–42, Grower 3: days 43–63, Finisher 1: days 64–76, Finisher 2: day 77 to market weight). Pig body weights were measured and feed disappearance (ADFI) was calculated by pen on days 0, 21, 42, 63, 76 and weekly thereafter until target slaughter weight (120 kg). For the entire trial (days 0–76), increasing the assumed NE value of RO-cDDGS linearly increased (P<0.01) ADFI and total lysine intake, did not affect NE intake and daily weight gain (ADG), quadratically decreased (P<0.05) feed efficiency, linearly decreased (P<0.05) live backfat depth and backfat:loin depth ratio, and did not affect carcass characteristics or pork primal cut tissue composition. Segmented regression only identified a change in slope for carcass ADG and lean ADG at 1.85 Mcal kg−1. These results indicate that the experimental approach taken was not reliable in narrowing down the NE value of RO-cDDGS because the decrease in dietary NE was too small (0.03 Mcal kg−1d), which limited the change in dietary Lys:NE ratio with increasing assumed NE value of RO-cDDGS. The approach resulted in progressive, but small changes in slope rather than a clearly identifiable point where one could conclude that the incremental dietary energy contribution from RO-cDDGS changed the response in a given variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. N. Smit
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 5T6
| | - V. Zamora
- Gowans Feed Consulting, Wainwright, Alberta, Canada T9W 1N3
| | - M. G. Young
- Gowans Feed Consulting, Wainwright, Alberta, Canada T9W 1N3
| | - N. G. Campbell
- Gowans Feed Consulting, Wainwright, Alberta, Canada T9W 1N3
| | - B. Uttaro
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - E. Beltranena
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 5T6
- University of Alberta, Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
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Woyengo TA, Yánez J, Young MG, Lanz G, Beltranena E, Zijlstra RT. Nutritional value of full-fat green canola seed fed to growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3449-59. [PMID: 24987067 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immature green canola seed (full-fat green canola seed [FFGC]) is rejected by canola crushing plants due to chlorophyll staining of oil destined for human consumption. With >35% oil, FFGC can contribute energy to pig diets. The nutritive value of FFGC for growing-finishing pigs was determined in 2 studies. In Exp. 1, 6 ileal-cannulated barrows (46.5 kg BW) were fed 3 diets as a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square to determine standardized ileal digestible (SID) coefficients of AA and calculate DE and NE values for FFGC. A diet including 40% FFGC replaced wheat in a basal diet and a cornstarch-based N-free diet were fed to determine energy and nutrient digestibility by difference and to estimate basal endogenous AA losses to calculate SID of AA. In Exp. 2, 1,100 pigs (32.9 kg BW), housed in 50 pens of 22 barrows or gilts per pen, were fed 5 diets including 0, 5, 10, and 15% constant or declining amounts (15, 10, 5, 0, and 0%, respectively) of FFGC over 5 phases to determine effects of feeding FFGC on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Phase diets were formulated to provide 4.00, 3.60, 3.25, 2.90, and 2.65 g SID Lys/Mcal NE for d 0 to 21, d 22 to 42, d 43 to 62, d 63 to 74, and d 75 to 123 kg market weight. Carcass characteristics were measured using the Destron grading system. On DM basis, FFGC contained 43% ether extract, 25% CP, 22% NDF, 10 μmol/g glucosinolates, 1.35% Lys, 0.5% Met, 0.9% Thr, and 0.27% Trp. In FFGC, SID coefficients of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp were 86.9, 87.3, 76.9, and 84.3%, respectively, and calculated DE and NE values were 4.92 and 3.50 Mcal/kg of DM, respectively. Overall, increasing dietary FFGC inclusion from 0 to 15% linearly decreased (P < 0.05) G:F, carcass weight, and dressing percentage (0.392 to 0.381 kg/kg, 96.7 to 95.7 kg, and 78.4 to 77.8%, respectively) and tended to decrease (P = 0.078) ADG. Pigs fed decreasing amounts of FFGC by growth phase compared with controls (0% FFGC) had lower (P = 0.011) overall G:F (0.392 vs. 0.372 kg/kg). Increasing dietary FFGC inclusion did not affect carcass backfat thickness and loin depth. The FFGC was a good source of dietary energy and AA. However, increasing dietary FFGC inclusion for pigs reduced G:F and dressing percentage likely because of the increased dietary fiber content, resulting from increasing FFGC and barley and reducing wheat, soybean meal, and tallow in diets. Inclusion of FFGC in swine diets should, therefore, be based on targeted G:F and relative cost to other feedstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Woyengo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - J Yánez
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, 90500 Tlaxcala, México
| | - M G Young
- Gowans Feed Consulting, Wainwright, Alberta T9W 1N3, Canada
| | - G Lanz
- Gowans Feed Consulting, Wainwright, Alberta T9W 1N3, Canada
| | - E Beltranena
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 5T6, Canada
| | - R T Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
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Le M, Landero J, Beltranena E, Zijlstra R. The effect of feeding increasing inclusion of extruded Brassica juncea canola expeller on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Smit M, Seneviratne R, Young M, Lanz G, Zijlstra R, Beltranena E. Feeding increasing inclusions of canola meal with distillers dried grains and solubles to growing-finishing barrows and gilts. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Woyengo TA, Beltranena E, Zijlstra RT. Nonruminant Nutrition Symposium: Controlling feed cost by including alternative ingredients into pig diets: a review. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1293-305. [PMID: 24492540 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained price increases for traditional cereal grain and protein meal feed commodities have forced the pork industry to consider the dietary inclusion of alternative feedstuffs. Crop seed may serve as feedstuffs but their demand as feedstock for human food, biofuel, and bioindustrial products has increased. Together with these products, coproducts such as distillers dried grains with solubles, wheat millrun, and canola meal are produced. As omnivores, pigs are ideally suited to convert these non-human-edible coproducts into high-quality food animal protein. Therefore, coproducts and other low-cost alternative feedstuffs such as pulses and oilseeds can be included in pig diets to reduce feed cost per metric ton of feed. However, inclusion of alternative feedstuffs in pig diets does not necessarily reduce feed cost per kilogram of gain. Therefore, the use of novel and existing feedstuffs in pig diets must be optimized following their characterization for energy and AA profile. Alternative feedstuffs generally have a high content of at least 1 of the following antinutritional factors (ANF): fiber, tannins, glucosinolates, and heat-labile trypsin inhibitors. Several methods can optimize nutrient use of pigs fed alternative feedstuffs by reducing effects of their ANF. These methods include 1) particle size reduction to increase nutrient digestibility, 2) dehulling or scarification to reduce tannin and fiber content of pulses and oilseeds, 3) air classification to create fractions that have a greater content of nutrients and lower content of ANF than the feedstock, 4) heat treatments such as extrusion, toasting, roasting, and micronization to reduce heat-labile ANF, 5) dietary supplementation with fiber-degrading enzymes or predigestion of fibrous feedstuffs or diets with fiber-degrading enzymes to increase dietary nutrient availability, and 6) formulation of diets based on bioavailable AA coefficients. In conclusion, the feeding of alternative ingredients may reduce feed cost per unit of pork produced provided that their price per unit NE or digestible lysine is less than that of the traditional feedstuffs and that negative effects of their ANF are controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Woyengo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
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Girard CL. From the editor: Biofuel: Good or bad? No easy answer! Anim Front 2013. [DOI: 10.2527/af.2013-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane L. Girard
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1M 0C8, Canada
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Jha R, Htoo JK, Young MG, Beltranena E, Zijlstra RT. Effects of increasing co-product inclusion and reducing dietary protein on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and jowl fatty acid profile of growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2178-91. [PMID: 23463553 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-5065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary inclusion of co-products (Co-P) provides opportunities for diversifying the feedstuff matrix by using local feedstuffs, reducing feed costs, and producing value-added pork. In 2 studies, we determined effects of Co-P (canola meal, distillers dried grains with solubles, and co-extruded oil seed and field pea) inclusion level and reduced dietary CP concentration on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and jowl fatty acid profiles of growing-finishing pigs. Pigs were fed isoenergetic and isolysinic diets over 4 growth phases with 8 pen observations per dietary regimen. At slaughter, carcasses were characterized for all pigs and jowl fat was collected from 2 pigs per pen. In Exp. 1, 1,056 pigs (initial BW, 35.3 ± 0.4 kg) were fed 3 levels of dietary Co-P (low, mid, and high) and 2 CP concentrations (low and normal). Overall (d 0 to 86), increasing Co-P inclusion from low to mid or high decreased (P < 0.001) ADFI and ADG of pigs. Low CP concentration increased (P < 0.05) ADFI and ADG compared with normal CP concentration. An interaction (P = 0.026) occurred between dietary Co-P inclusion and CP concentration for G:F; low CP reduced (P < 0.05) G:F compared with normal CP for pig fed low Co-P, but G:F did not differ between CP concentrations for pigs fed mid and high Co-P. Increasing dietary Co-P inclusion from low to high increased (P < 0.001) α-linolenic acid (ALA) in jowl fat but decreased (P < 0.001) carcass weight and loin depth. In Exp. 2, 1,008 pigs (initial BW, 30.3 ± 0.4 kg) were assigned to 5 dietary regimens with Co-P increasing from 2.0 to 50.0% or a sixth regimen with 10% extra supplemental AA for the 37.5% Co-P diet. Overall (d 0 to 97), increasing Co-P inclusion did not affect ADFI, ADG, and G:F. Increasing dietary Co-P inclusion linearly decreased (P < 0.01) carcass weight, dressing percentage, backfat thickness, and loin depth but linearly increased (P < 0.001) jowl ALA. Supplementing 10% extra AA to the 37.5% Co-P diet did not affect growth performance or dressing percentage but increased (P = 0.014) carcass leanness and decreased (P = 0.023) backfat thickness compared with the 37.5% Co-P diet, indicating that dietary AA supply did not limit BW gain. In conclusion, Co-P can be included by up to 50% in diets for growing-finishing pigs without affecting G:F. However, increasing dietary Co-P may reduce ADG, ADFI, and carcass weight even if diets are balanced for dietary NE and standardized ileal digestible AA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jha
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
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