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Wang J, Ding L, Yu X, Wu F, Zhang J, Chen P, Qian S, Wang M. Tryptophan improves antioxidant capability and meat quality by reducing responses to stress in nervous Hu sheep. Meat Sci 2023; 204:109267. [PMID: 37392733 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
In sheep, the effect of tryptophan (Trp) on behavioural traits that are associated with temperament and any effects on production traits is unknown. The hypothesis of this study is that the supplementation of Trp would improve temperament by enhancing serotonin production, which is beneficial to meat production subsequently in sheep. Twelve ewes that had the lowest and 12 ewes that had the highest behavioural responses to human contact were selected into the calm and the nervous groups respectively. Then, the ewes from each group were equally assigned into two treatments that were treated with the basal diet and the diet with extra 90 mg/kg/d Trp for 30 d. The temperament traits, the growth performance, the biochemicals that are related to health the slaughter performance and meat quality were measured at the end of feeding experiment. The findings in this study suggested the Hu sheep with calm temperament would experience less stress during production, resulting in less oxidative stress, better growth performance, slaughter traits and carcass traits, compared to the nervous sheep. Meanwhile, the dietary supplementation of Trp reduced stress responses by enhancing production of 5-HT in sheep from the nervous group which is beneficial to improve the production traits that mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Luoyang Ding
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, WA, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Feifan Wu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Peigen Chen
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shuhan Qian
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China.
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Czycholl I, Büttner K, Becker D, Schwennen C, Baumgärtner W, Otten W, Wendt M, Puff C, Krieter J. Are biters sick? Health status of tail biters in comparison to control pigs. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:19. [PMID: 37161469 PMCID: PMC10170755 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tail biting is a multifactorial problem. As the health status is one of the factors commonly linked to tail biting, this study focuses on the health of identified biters. 30 (obsessive) biters are compared to 30 control animals by clinical and pathological examination as well as blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples. In that way, altogether 174 variables are compared between the groups. Moreover, connections between the variables are analysed. RESULTS In the clinical examination, 6 biters, but only 2 controls (P = 0.019) were noticeably agitated in the evaluation of general behaviour, while 8 controls were noticeably calmer (2 biters, P = 0.02). Biters had a lower body weight (P = 0.0007) and 13 biters had overlong bristles (4 controls, P = 0.008). In the pathological examination, 5 biters, but none of the controls had a hyperceratosis or inflammation of the pars proventricularis of the stomach (P = 0.018). However, 7 controls and only 3 biters were affected by gut inflammation (P = 0.03). In the blood sample, protein and albumin levels were below normal range for biters (protein: 51.6 g/l, albumin: 25.4 g/l), but not for controls (protein: 53.7 g/l, albumin: 27.4 g/l), (protein: P = 0.05, albumin: P = 0.02). Moreover, 14 biters, but only 8 controls had poikilocytosis (P = 0.05). Although not statistically different between groups, many animals (36/60) were affected by hypoproteinemia and hyponatremia as well as by hypokalemia (53/60) and almost all animals (58/60) had hypomagnesemia. For hypomagnesemia, significant connections with variables linked to tail damage and ear necrosis were detected (rs/V/ρ ≥ 0.4, P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION The results suggest that behavioural tests might be helpful in identifying biters. Moreover, cornification and inflammation of the pars proventricularis is linked to becoming a biter. Furthermore, the results highlight the need for appropriate and adjusted nutrient and mineral supply, especially with regard to magnesium.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Czycholl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Kiel University, 24098, Kiel, Germany.
- Pig Improvement Company (PIC), Hendersonville, TN, 37075, USA.
- Department for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - K Büttner
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - D Becker
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - C Schwennen
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants and Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, 30173, Hanover, Germany
| | - W Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, 30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - W Otten
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - M Wendt
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants and Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, 30173, Hanover, Germany
| | - C Puff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, 30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - J Krieter
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Kiel University, 24098, Kiel, Germany
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Zhang L, Wang Z, Zhou P, Fu L, Zhang L, Xu C, Loor JJ, Zhang T, Chen Y, Zhou Z, Dong X. Vitamin E supplementation improves post-transportation systemic antioxidant capacity in yak. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278660. [PMID: 36459516 PMCID: PMC9718397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of post-transportation vitamin E (VE) supplementation on health condition, blood biochemical parameters, blood antioxidant indices and blood metabolomics in yak. Five yaks were used in this study. After 2100 km of highway transportation from Riwoqe county to Rongchang County, Chongqing, blood was collected immediately after arrival and these samples served as the baseline (control, CON_VE). A VE injection (40 mg/kg) was then performed and blood samples were collected 10 days later. Injection of VE led to lower serum VE concentration. Relative to the CON_VE, VE injection led to greater concentrations of creatinine and lower concentrations of glutamate pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, direct bilirubin, UREA and glucose. Compared with CON_VE, VE injection led the lower serum level of malondialdehydeand greater serum level of glutathione s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase 4. Based on metabolomics analysis, 119 differentially altered serum metabolites (P<0.05 and VIP>1.0) were identified with VE injection relative to CON_VE. VE injection resulted in changes of lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphocholine, choline, malate, citrate, α-Oxo-glutarate, phenylalanine, 3-Phenylpropanoic acid and 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid. These metabolites are associated with lipid metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative stress. Overall, our study indicates that VE injection can alleviate transportation stress in yak partly through protecting liver and kidney, and improving antioxidant defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Tibet Leowuqi Animal Husbandry Station, Changdu Tibet, China
| | - Changhui Xu
- Tibet Leowuqi Animal Husbandry Station, Changdu Tibet, China
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Champaign, IL, United States of America
| | - Tao Zhang
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Material and Device, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Material and Device, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (ZZ); (XD)
| | - Xianwen Dong
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, China
- * E-mail: (ZZ); (XD)
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Pastorelli G, Serra V, Turin L, Redaelli V, Luzi F, Barbieri S. Tranquillizing Effect of Passiflora incarnata Extract: Outcome on Behavioral and Physiological Indicators in Weaning Pigs with Intact Tails. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020203. [PMID: 35049826 PMCID: PMC8773376 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Post-weaning is the most critical phase in pig farming, characterized by efforts to ensure health, performance and welfare of animals. Despite that EU Directive 2008/120/EC prohibits the practice of tail docking, it is still commonly applied in intensive farming to avoid tail biting. From a nutritional perspective, the dietary supplementation with natural extracts with calming properties could represent a promising approach to overcome common production stressors, reducing abnormal behaviors such as tail biting. This study intended to determine the effects of the dietary inclusion of Passiflora incarnata, known for its tranquillizing activity, on skin lesions, thermal imaging, behavior, salivary cortisol and IgA levels on post-weaning piglets reared with intact tails. Growth performances were also monitored. No differences were recorded between diets regarding growth performance, whereas findings concerning aggressive and abnormal behaviors, such as tail and ear biting, and lower levels of cortisol confirmed the hypothesis of the calming effect of P. incarnata on post-weaning piglets. Abstract Tail docking has been used in the pig industry to decrease the occurrence of tail biting behavior. This abnormal behavior has a multifactorial origin since it is a response to simultaneous environmental, nutritional and management changes. Given the calming properties of Passiflora incarnata, we hypothesized that dietary supplementation with the extract in weaned pigs could result in a modification of behavior and physiologic indicators linked to stress. Weaned piglets (n = 120, mean body weight 9.07 ± 2.30 kg) were randomly allocated to one of two dietary treatments: control diet (CON) and CON supplemented with 1 kg/t of P. incarnata (PAS). The trial was 28 days long. The presence of skin lesions was assessed at d-1, d-10, d-19, and d-28, and saliva samples were collected for IgA and cortisol determinations at the same sampling times. Results showed the PAS group was characterized by equal growth performance as the CON group, fewer ear lesions (p < 0.05), less aggressive behavior (p < 0.001), higher enrichment exploration (p < 0.001) and lower cortisol levels (p < 0.01). Time effect was observed for tail lesions (p < 0.001) and behavioral observations (p < 0.001). Additional research is required to determine the effect of P. incarnata extract using a larger number of animals and longer period of supplementation when risks associated with tail biting are uncontrolled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Pastorelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Valentina Serra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.P.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (L.T.); Tel.: +39-02-503-34762 (V.S.); +39-02-503-34518 (L.T.)
| | - Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.P.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (L.T.); Tel.: +39-02-503-34762 (V.S.); +39-02-503-34518 (L.T.)
| | - Veronica Redaelli
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via della Commenda 10, 20100 Milano, Italy; (V.R.); (F.L.)
| | - Fabio Luzi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via della Commenda 10, 20100 Milano, Italy; (V.R.); (F.L.)
| | - Sara Barbieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.P.); (S.B.)
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Song Q, Zhang Y, Bai H, Zhong L, Li X, Zhao W, Chang G, Chen G. Mineral Element Deposition and Gene Expression across Different Tissues of Cherry Valley Ducks. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:238. [PMID: 33477854 PMCID: PMC7832843 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the deposition of several mineral elements and the mRNA levels of mineral-related genes across different tissues of cherry valley ducks. The contents of magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) in ducks' breast muscle, thigh muscle, liver, skin, and tibia at the age of 0, 21, 35, 49, and 63 days, respectively, were measured using an atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer, while the mRNA levels of mineral-related genes were detected by qRT-PCR. The results revealed that the dynamics of Mg and K were generally similar in each tissue, with a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05). In the breast muscle, thigh muscle, and liver, the contents of almost all mineral elements reached their peak values (p < 0.05) at the age of 49 to 63 days. Interestingly, the expression of most mineral-related genes was the highest at birth (p < 0.05). In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between the expression of ATP1A1 and the deposition of K (r = -0.957, p < 0.05), and a similar result was found for the expression of ATP8 and the deposition of Zn (r = -0.905, p < 0.05). Taken together, Mg and K could be used as joint indicators for the precise breeding of the high-quality strain of cherry valley ducks, while the age of 49 to 63 days could be used as the reference for the best marketing age. In addition, ATP1A1 and ATP8 could be used as the key genes to detect K and Zn, respectively. Hence, the findings of this study can be used to improve the production and breeding efficiency of high-quality meat ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hao Bai
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.S.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (W.Z.); (G.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Guohong Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.S.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (W.Z.); (G.C.)
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Bushby EV, Dye L, Collins LM. Is Magnesium Supplementation an Effective Nutritional Method to Reduce Stress in Domestic Pigs? A Systematic Review. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:596205. [PMID: 33511164 PMCID: PMC7835408 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.596205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In commercial pig production, stressful events are common and can have detrimental impacts on the pig's health and welfare, as well as on the performance of the farm. Supplementary magnesium may reduce stress, and subsequent harmful and aggressive behaviors, that occur during stressful events, such as regrouping. However, reports on the efficacy of this treatment are mixed. We aimed to systematically review the studies in which magnesium was given to pigs to examine the effects on measures of stress. Of the 16 studies included in the final corpus, 10 reported at least one statistically significant beneficial effect of supplementary magnesium on reducing stress. However, two studies found that magnesium significantly increased stress suggesting supplementary dietary magnesium may be harmful in some cases. Overall, there are a limited number of studies investigating the possible effect of magnesium on reducing stress in pigs, and although results were varied, the majority found beneficial effects of supplementary magnesium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily V Bushby
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Dye
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa M Collins
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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7
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Casal N, Font-I-Furnols M, Gispert M, Manteca X, Fàbrega E. Effect of Environmental Enrichment and Herbal Compounds-Supplemented Diet on Pig Carcass, Meat Quality Traits, and Consumers' Acceptability and Preference. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8070118. [PMID: 30013014 PMCID: PMC6071039 DOI: 10.3390/ani8070118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Interest in animal welfare has increased and been considered a relevant attribute for the concept of the ethical quality of pig products. The present study suggests that consumers would appreciate particular improvements on animal welfare such as providing environmental enrichment or herbal compounds. The provision of those welfare improvement strategies did not have a significant effect on technological carcass and meat quality parameters. However, the strategies used in this study that can increase animal welfare in production systems were valued by consumers. Abstract Animal welfare can be considered an ethical attribute of product quality, but consumers should appreciate its added value. The aim of this study was to evaluate consumer’s acceptability, preference, and the meat and carcass quality of pigs reared with two stress-reducing strategies: supplementation of an herbal compound (HC) containing Valeriana officinalis and Passiflora incarnata, and environmental enrichment (EE) by the provision of hemp ropes, sawdust, and rubber balls. A total of 56 pigs were divided in four treatments in two pens of seven pigs per treatment (2 × 2 factorial design). Meat and carcass quality were evaluated. Consumer’s acceptability and preference were analysed with a sensory test and a conjoint analysis in 110 consumers. Before slaughter, control pigs (no EE and no HC) presented lower live weight compared with other treatments (p = 0.0009). Although acceptance was the same for all of the treatments, consumers preferred systems aiming to increase pig welfare. The most important factor was production system, with a preference for those improving welfare, followed by feeding system, with a preference for those with natural herbs supplementation. Although price was the least important factor, a segment of consumers showed a clear preference for lower prices. These results suggest that welfare improvements could be appreciated by particular consumer segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Casal
- IRTA, Veïnat de Sies s/n, 17121 Monells, Spain.
- Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.
| | | | | | - Xavier Manteca
- Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.
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Patra AK, Amasheh S, Aschenbach JR. Modulation of gastrointestinal barrier and nutrient transport function in farm animals by natural plant bioactive compounds – A comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:3237-3266. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1486284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Kumar Patra
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 K. B. Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata, India
| | - Salah Amasheh
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Rudolf Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, Berlin, Germany
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Peterson BC, Peatman E, Ourth DD, Waldbieser GC. Phytogenic feed-additive effects on channel catfish rhamnose-binding lectin levels, and susceptibility to Edwardsiella ictaluri. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 129:99-106. [PMID: 29972370 DOI: 10.3354/dao03235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of a phytogenic feed additive on disease susceptibility to Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and regulation of 6 rhamnose-binding lectin (RBL) genes. Juvenile catfish (n = 250, 13.4 ± 0.1 g) were allotted to the following treatments: control (floating diet) or EO (floating diet supplemented with essential oils; Digestarom® P.E.P. MGE). The fish were fed their respective diets for 6 wk. Following subjection to different feed treatments, all fish were exposed to pathogenic E. ictaluri by bath immersion. Another group of fish were not challenged (non-challenged controls, fed control feed). Mucosal tissue samples were taken to quantify gene expression levels of RBL on Days 1 and 2 post-challenge. After challenge, survival was higher (64.4 vs. 48.0%) in fish fed EO compared to controls (p < 0.05). Relative to non-challenged controls, gill RBL1a mRNA was higher in fish fed EO (p < 0.05) on Day 1 while gill RBL3b was higher in fish fed EO (p < 0.01) on Days 1 and 2, respectively. RBL5a in the skin and proximate small intestine did not change significantly relative to non-challenged fish on Days 1 and 2 of the disease challenge. Results demonstrate that Digestarom® P.E.P. MGE improved survival of channel catfish challenged with E. ictaluri. One of the mechanisms through which essential oils may improve survival is through upregulation of RBL1a and RBL3b in the gill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Peterson
- USDA/ARS National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, Franklin, ME 04643, USA
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10
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The Effect of PUFA-Rich Plant Oils and Bioactive Compounds Supplementation in Pig Diet on Color Parameters and Myoglobin Status in Long-Frozen Pork Meat. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051005. [PMID: 29693580 PMCID: PMC6100354 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study evaluated the effect of pig diet supplementation with rapeseed or linseed oil, and vitamin E or selenium, or both vitamin E and selenium on color parameters and myoglobin content of pork Semimembranosus muscle after long-term freezing storage during nine months. The influence of the type of the bioactive compounds added to pig diet on the content of myoglobin or oxymyoglobin, metmyoglobin and deoksymyoglobin in Semimembranosus m. was also assessed. The results indicate that the presence of oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in pig diet improves the color of pork meat. Supplementation of dietary plant oils or dietary oils with antioxidants tended to increase significantly the concentration of oxymyoglobin and decrease the concentration of metmyoglobin in meat compared to the control group. The highest content of oxymyoglobin was observed in meat obtained from pigs fed diets with linseed oil. The best color scores (highest a* parameter) was noted for rapeseed oil group (with no addition of antioxidants). In conclusion, the addition of antioxidants to pigs’ forage supplemented with PUFA-rich oils is not recommended in order to improve color of long-term frozen pork.
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Sbardella M, Racanicci AM, Gois FD, de Lima CB, Migotto DL, Costa LB, Miyada VS. Effects of dietary hop (Humulus lupulus L.) β-acids on quality attributes, composition and oxidative stability of pork meat. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:2385-2392. [PMID: 29023816 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of dietary levels of hop β-acids on physical attributes, lipid oxidation and chemical composition of pork meat were evaluated. Thirty-two castrated male pigs obtained from a complete block design feeding experiment (6.23 ± 0.42 kg initial body weight (BW) to 20.45 ± 0.95 kg final BW) and fed diets supplemented with 0, 120, 240 or 360 mg kg-1 hop β-acids during 35 days were slaughtered to sample longissimus dorsi muscle for meat analysis. RESULTS No effects (P > 0.05) of dietary hop β-acids were observed on meat physical attributes. Quadratic effects (P < 0.05) of hop β-acids were observed on lipid and protein contents and on thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) values of meatballs, whose equations allowed the estimation of dietary hop β-acid levels of 176, 169 and 181 mg kg-1 to provide up to 16.20% lipid reduction, 1.95% protein accretion and 23.31% TBARS reduction respectively. CONCLUSION Dietary hop β-acids fed to pigs might reduce lipid, increase protein and reduce lipid oxidation without affecting physical attributes of the pork meat. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maicon Sbardella
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz' (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Mc Racanicci
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária (FAV), Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Franz D Gois
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais (DCAA), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Ba, Brazil
| | - Cristiane B de Lima
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária (FAV), Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Dannielle L Migotto
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária (FAV), Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Leandro B Costa
- Escola de Ciências da Vida (ECV), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Valdomiro S Miyada
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz' (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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12
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Casal-Plana N, Manteca X, Dalmau A, Fàbrega E. Influence of enrichment material and herbal compounds in the behaviour and performance of growing pigs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Rey A, López-Bote C, Litta G. Effects of dietary vitamin E (DL-α-tocopheryl acetate) and vitamin C combination on piglets oxidative status and immune response at weaning. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/76595/2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Zou Y, Hu XM, Zhang T, Wei HK, Zhou YF, Zhou ZX, Peng J. Effects of dietary oregano essential oil and vitamin E supplementation on meat quality, stress response and intestinal morphology in pigs following transport stress. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 79:328-335. [PMID: 27916788 PMCID: PMC5326938 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of dietary oregano essential oil (OEO) and vitamin E
(Vit E) supplementation on meat quality, stress response and intestinal morphology in pigs
following transport stress. A total of 288 finishing pigs were randomly assigned to three
groups: a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented either with 200 mg/kg Vit E or 25 mg/kg
OEO. After a 28-day feeding trial, total of 132 finishing pigs according diet and
transport stress were assigned to one of four treatment groups: 1) control treatment
without transport stress (Control group), 2) control treatment with 5-hr transport stress
(Negative group), 3) Vit E treatment with 5-hr transport stress and 4) OEO treatment with
5-hr transport stress. Transport stress pigs had lower muscle 45 min pH (pHi) and higher
drip loss than control pigs. Dietary OEO and Vit E supplementation significantly increased
45min pH under transport stress, and the OEO groups produced lower 24-hr drip loss values
(P<0.05) than that of pigs from the negative group. The
OEO-supplemented pigs showed decreased serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and cortisol
(P<0.05), and decreased Hsp 27 (heat shock protein
27) and Hsp 70 (heat shock protein 70) mRNA expression in the muscle
(P<0.05). Additionally, histological analysis revealed intestinal
epithelial damage in transport stress pigs that was reversed by dietary supplementation
with OEO. In conclusion, supplementation with dietary OEO may be superior to
supplementation with dietary Vit E in alleviating the meat quality, stress response and
intestinal morphology of pigs after challenge due to transportation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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15
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Mancini S, Paci G, Pisseri F, Preziuso G. Effect of Turmeric (Curcuma longaL.) Powder as Dietary Antioxidant Supplementation on Pig Meat Quality. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mancini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Pisa; Viale delle Piagge 2 Pisa Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - Gisella Paci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Pisa; Viale delle Piagge 2 Pisa Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Preziuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Pisa; Viale delle Piagge 2 Pisa Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
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16
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Zou Y, Wei HK, Xiang QH, Wang J, Zhou YF, Peng J. Protective effect of quercetin on pig intestinal integrity after transport stress is associated with regulation oxidative status and inflammation. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1487-1494. [PMID: 27301842 PMCID: PMC5059377 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of quercetin supplementation on
intestinal integrity, intestinal reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and intestinal
inflammation in pigs under transport stress. A total of 170 finishing pigs were randomly
assigned into two groups. Animals in the control group consumed a basal diet, while those
in the treatment group consumed the same diet supplemented with 25 mg quercetin per kg
feed. After a 4-week period, pigs were transported for 5 hr. The quercetin-supplemented
pigs showed decreased serum levels of endotoxin (P<0.05), increased
height of jejunum villi (P<0.05), and increased occludin and zonula
occudens-1 (ZO-1) mRNA expression in the jejunum (P<0.05). These
parameters are associated with intestinal health and were markedly improved by quercetin
supplementation. Pigs consuming the quercetin-supplemented diet had lower intestinal
levels of ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) compared with the control group
(P<0.05). This finding coincided with greater inhibition of the
innate immune system (P<0.05), including mitogen-activated protein
kinase (MAPK), protein kinase B (Akt) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, as
well as decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines in the jejunum. These results
indicate that quercetin alleviates intestinal injury in pigs during transport, probably
through modulation of intestinal oxidative status and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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17
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Pastorelli G, Rossi R, Ratti S, Corino C. Plant extracts in heavy pig feeding: effects on quality of meat and Cremona salami. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an14532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The influence of dietary plant extracts (PE) from Lippia spp. titrated in verbascoside (0 and 5 mg/kg feed) during the last period of heavy fattening pig on fresh meat and on Cremona (Protected Geographical Indication) salami quality were evaluated. Meat quality was measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), chemical composition, drip and cooking loss and quality of Cremona salami was assessed as chemical composition, TBARS, cholesterol content, fatty acid composition and sensory analysis. No differences were found for proximate composition either in raw meat or in salami. A lower oxidative (P < 0.05) susceptibility was found in the Biceps femoris muscle of the PE group. Sensory analysis of salami showed that dietary integration did not affect the characteristics of the Protected Geographical Indication product excepting for the colour that resulted more intensely in the PE group. PE significantly lowered the saturated fatty acid content and increased the monounsaturated fatty acids of salami. These results need to be confirmed in further studies.
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18
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Bekenev V, Garcia A, Hasnulin V. Adaptation of Piglets Using Different Methods of Stress Prevention. Animals (Basel) 2015; 5:349-60. [PMID: 26479239 PMCID: PMC4494417 DOI: 10.3390/ani5020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the viability and growth rate of piglets after weaning, the content of lipids in the blood and liver, antioxidant activity (AOA) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) when various additives are used in feed. The experiments were performed on two crosses of piglets obtained from Large White breed sows and Landrace breed boars. Twenty to 28 animals were randomly assigned per group. The following additives were tested: the benzodiazepine phenazepam, the neuroleptic aminazine, vitamins E and C, and the extract Eleutherococcus senticosus (Araliaceae). Different doses and combinations of the additives against ultraviolet irradiation were used. The addition of these substances improved the growth rate and viability of piglets. AOA increased under the influence of all factors studied, especially with the addition of extract of Eleutherococcus in feed in combination with aminazine and UV-irradiation (p < 0.01). However, the addition of Eleutherococcus extract and aminazine intensified LPO (p < 0.01), but use of UV irradiation helped to decrease LPO values (p < 0.01). Feeding a mixture of additives per pig per day of 3 mL of Eleutherococcus extract, 80 mg of 25% tocopherol, and 500 mg of ascorbic acid increased survival rate, average daily gain, and live weight at the end of the experiment. Thus, the use of prophylactic antistress and sedative drugs during weaning helps AOA normalize LPO of red blood cells; enhance post weaning growth of the pigs by 4.8% to 24.6% and increases piglet survival rate by 5% to 5.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Bekenev
- Federal State Scientific Institution, Siberian Research and Technological Institute of Animal Husbandry, Novosibirsk reg., Krasnoobsk 630501, Russia.
| | - Arlene Garcia
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Vyacheslav Hasnulin
- Federal State Organization, Research Institute of Internal Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Novosibirsk 630089, Russia.
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19
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Peterson BC, Peatman E, Ourth DD, Waldbieser GC. Effects of a phytogenic feed additive on growth performance, susceptibility of channel catfish to Edwardsiella ictaluri and levels of mannose binding lectin. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:21-25. [PMID: 25659231 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate the effect of a phytogenic feed additive (Digestarom® P.E.P. MGE; containing the essential oils carvacrol, thymol, anethol, and limonene) on growth performance and disease susceptibility to Edwardsiella ictaluri. Two hundred and fifty juvenile channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (7.2 ± 0.1 g) were allotted into the following treatments: Control (floating diet) and EO (floating diet supplemented with essential oils). The fish were fed their respective diets for 6 weeks. At the end of the study, all fish were exposed to virulent E. ictaluri by bath immersion (1.9 × 10(7) cfu/mL; final concentration). Plasma and tissue samples were taken to quantify protein and mRNA expression levels of mannose binding lectin (MBL). Weight gain and food conversion ratio were similar between treatments. After exposing fish to virulent E. ictaluri and monitoring mortality for 21 days, survival was 43% higher (69.5 vs 48.4%) in fish fed EO compared to fish not treated with EO (P < 0.05). One day after challenge, plasma MBL levels were down-regulated in the non-treated fish compared to non-challenged fish. In the EO fish, MBL levels were similar to non-challenged fish but significantly higher than non-treated fed fish (P < 0.001). By d 7, plasma MBL levels increased in non-treated fed fish to levels observed in the EO and non-challenged fish. On d 14, MBL mRNA levels were upregulated 15-fold in fish fed EO compared to non-treated fed fish and non-challenged fish (P < 0.001). The results demonstrate that essential oils improved survival of channel catfish challenged with E. ictaluri. Mechanisms through which essential oils improve survival may involve MBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Peterson
- USDA/ARS Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, PO Box 38, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
| | - E Peatman
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - D D Ourth
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Memphis, Life Sciences Bldg., Memphis, TN 38152-3560, USA
| | - G C Waldbieser
- USDA/ARS Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, PO Box 38, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
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20
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Rubio Lozano MS, Méndez Medina RD, Reyes Mayorga K, Rubio García ME, Ovando MA, Ngapo TM, Galindo Maldonado FA. Effect of an allostatic modulator on stress blood indicators and meat quality of commercial young bulls in Mexico. Meat Sci 2015; 105:63-7. [PMID: 25817802 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To assess the effect of an allostatic modulator (AM) on stress blood indicators and meat quality traits, the feed of 80 non-castrated 18-20 month-old bulls was supplemented with 10 g/day of an AM for 30 days before slaughter. Another 80 bulls served as control animals. The AM was comprised of ascorbic acid, acetoxybenzoic acid and sodium and potassium chloride. Blood samples were taken at slaughter for analyses of hematocrit value, erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, and glucose, lactate and cortisol concentrations. Post-mortem measures of meat color and pH were made at 24h and color, shear force and cooking loss on meat from 20 animals at 28 days. The AM supplementation resulted in lower hematocrit value, erythrocyte count and glucose level (P<0.05), higher a* (P<0.0001) and b* (P<0.0001) at 24h and lower b* (P<0.05) at 28 days. Thus AM treatment improved some stress blood indicators and meat color and therefore merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Rubio Lozano
- Meat Science Laboratory, Centro de Enseñanza Práctica e Investigación en Producción y Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Cruz Blanca 486, San Miguel Topilejo, Mexico DF 14500, Mexico.
| | - R D Méndez Medina
- Pathology Department, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Avenida Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, Mexico DF 04150, Mexico
| | - K Reyes Mayorga
- Meat Science Laboratory, Centro de Enseñanza Práctica e Investigación en Producción y Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Cruz Blanca 486, San Miguel Topilejo, Mexico DF 14500, Mexico
| | - M E Rubio García
- Meat Science Laboratory, Centro de Enseñanza Práctica e Investigación en Producción y Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Cruz Blanca 486, San Miguel Topilejo, Mexico DF 14500, Mexico
| | - M A Ovando
- Meat Science Laboratory, Centro de Enseñanza Práctica e Investigación en Producción y Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Cruz Blanca 486, San Miguel Topilejo, Mexico DF 14500, Mexico
| | - T M Ngapo
- Food Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600 Boul. Casavant Ouest, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 8E3, Canada
| | - F A Galindo Maldonado
- Ethology and Wildlife Department, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Avenida Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, Mexico DF 04150, Mexico
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21
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Zhou TX, Zhang ZF, Kim IH. Effects of Dietary Coptis Chinensis Herb Extract on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Characteristics and Meat Quality in Growing-finishing Pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 26:108-15. [PMID: 25049712 PMCID: PMC4093060 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dietary Coptis chinensis herb extract (CHE) on growth performance, blood characteristics, nutrient digestibility and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs were investigated in an 18-wk feeding trial. A total of 36 Landrace×Yorkshire-Duroc pigs with an initial body weight of 20±1.0 kg were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments with 6 replications per treatment and 2 pigs per pen. A maize-soybean meal-based diet was formulated as a control diet and other treatment diets were supplemented with 0.5, or 1 g CHE/kg, respectively. After the feeding period, meat samples were collected from those pigs that had reached the market BW. During the experimental periods, growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen were unaffected (p>0.05) by the dietary supplementation of CHE. Plasma erythrocytes counts were increased (Linearly, p<0.05) in response to application of CHE at the end of the experiment. Moreover, pigs fed the CHE diets had better (p<0.05) meat color, pH and water holding capacity (WHC) than pigs fed the control diet. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with CHE could increase blood erythrocytes counts and improve meat quality in growing-finishing pigs but not improve growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T X Zhou
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No.29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 330-714, Korea
| | - Z F Zhang
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No.29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 330-714, Korea
| | - I H Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No.29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 330-714, Korea
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22
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Turyk Z, Osek M, Olkowski B, Janocha A. Pig Feeding under the Potato-green Forage Base System with or without Addition of Herbs versus a Concentrate Based System: Effect on Post-slaughter Performance and Pork Characteristics. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 27:683-9. [PMID: 25050003 PMCID: PMC4093189 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined carcass and meat quality parameters in growing/finishing pigs fed unconventionally versus the concentrate-based system. Ninety-six, 12 wk old pigs (34±SD 0.3 kg) were randomly divided into three groups, assigned to one of the three dietary treatments: standard complete concentrate mixture, conventional (C diet); unconventional, steamed potato-green forage-concentrate based diet (U diet), and unconventional basal diet+herbage mix (UH diet). Pigs fed U diet showed lower dressing percentage, meatiness, loin eye area, and weight of pork neck (p≤0.05), but their carcasses were significantly (p≤0.05) longer and had increased backfat depth (p≤0.05). There was no impact of the diet on the meat content of dry matter, crude ash, acidity, and colour parameters of m. longissimus. Unconventional feeding significantly (p≤0.05) elevated water the holding capacity of m. longissimus and slightly improved the sensory attributes analysis of meat. The addition of herbs resulted in increased loin eye area (p≤0.05), decreased fat content (p≤0.05) in m. longissimus, and tended to improve some sensory attributes of meat. There were significant gender differences in response to all diets. There were significant diet×sex interactions for some measured variables, but there were no clearly identifiable trends with regard to any specific carcass or meat parameters. Feeding unconventional diet to pigs may offer better culinary attributes of the meat, and improve some technologically important characteristics of pig carcass, but may negatively affect some carcass or meat parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bogusław Olkowski
- Corresponding Author: B. Olkowski. Tel: +48-25-6431249, Fax: +48-25-6431267, E-mail:
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23
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Nielsen B, O'Connor-Robison C. A pilot study to determine if a dietary mineral supplement can affect reactivity to stimuli by horses in training. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/cep140006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Trainers have reported horses to be calmer and easier to train after receiving a calcium- and magnesium-rich mineral supplement derived from a calcified algae source. The purpose of this study was to test whether horses receiving this supplement were calmer than horses receiving a placebo. Fourteen 2-year-old Arabians in training were subjected to a ‘moving object reactivity test’ (MORT) and ‘handling reactivity test’ (HRT). The MORT involves quickly raising a bag suspended from the ceiling and scoring horses' reactions. The HRT involves placing horses into breeding stocks and scoring the horses’ nervousness. Horses were equipped with heart rate (HR) monitors and were scored by four observers blinded to treatment. Reactivity scores and HR were used to randomly striate the horses into two groups: a treated group (MIN) receiving 100 g of Aquacid/horse/day and a control group (CO) receiving a placebo. After supplementation for 60 days, horses were retested. Using PROC Mixed, changes from day 0 were examined. In the MORT, CO had an increase of 29 bpm (P=0.001), while MIN only showed a trend to increase (12 bpm; P=0.1). There was no difference between treatments (P=0.12). Reactivity scores during the MORT were not different between treatments (P=0.14) with CO horses increasing by 0.58 (1 to 5 scale) and MIN horses by 0.31. In the HRT, the peak HR of CO increased from day 0 by 17 bpm (P=0.009), but only by 11 bpm in the MIN (P=0.08). Reactivity scores for MIN horses improved by 0.45 (scale from 1 to 4) while the CO worsened by 0.04. Neither HRT measurement was significant (P=0.41 and P=0.33, respectively). Limited treatment differences suggest greater subject numbers were needed due to variability in behavioural responses despite some outcomes favouring MIN. Though inconclusive, results suggest anecdotal claims of calming effects may warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.D. Nielsen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 1287D Anthony Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824-1225, USA
| | - C.I. O'Connor-Robison
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 1287D Anthony Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824-1225, USA
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24
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Effect of long term dietary supplementation with plant extract on carcass characteristics meat quality and oxidative stability in pork. Meat Sci 2013; 95:542-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Chen J, Liu X, Bian L. Effects of Short-term Feeding Magnesium before Slaughter on Blood Metabolites and Postmortem Muscle Traits of Halothane-carrier Pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2013; 26:879-85. [PMID: 25049863 PMCID: PMC4093246 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-four, mixed-sex, halothane-carrier crossbred (Yorkshire×Landrace) pigs with an average initial BW of 108.2±0.8 kg were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments for 5 d before slaughter: i) a control corn-soybean meal finisher diet devoid of supplemental magnesium; ii) a diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg of elemental Mg from magnesium acetate; and iii) a diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg of elemental Mg from magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate and glucose were analyzed at slaughter. Muscles from longissimus (LM) were packaged and stored to simulate display storage for muscle lactate and glycogen determinations at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 d. Mg supplementation reduced (p<0.05) serum CK and lactate concentration, but had no effect (p>0.05) on serum glucose. Daily change of muscle lactate concentration linearly increased (p<0.01), while glucose concentration linearly decreased (p<0.05) as storage time increased in all treatments. However, dietary Mg acetate and Mg sulfate supplementation in pigs elevated (p<0.05) muscle glycogen and reduced (p<0.05) muscle lactate concentrations, especially during the first 2 d of display, compared with pigs fed the control diet. This study suggests that short-term feeding of magnesium acetate and magnesium sulfate to heterozygous carriers of the halothane gene has beneficial effects on stress response and pork quality by improving blood and muscle biochemical indexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866,
China
| | - XianJun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866,
China
| | - LianQuan Bian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866,
China
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26
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O’Driscoll K, Teixeira DL, O’Gorman D, Taylor S, Boyle LA. The influence of a magnesium rich marine supplement on behaviour, salivary cortisol levels, and skin lesions in growing pigs exposed to acute stressors. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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The influence of a magnesium-rich marine extract on behaviour, salivary cortisol levels and skin lesions in growing pigs. Animal 2012; 7:1017-27. [PMID: 23253104 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731112002431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing pigs can display undesirable behaviours, reflecting or causing poor welfare. Addition of magnesium (Mg) to the diet could reduce these, as Mg supplementation has been associated with improved coping ability in response to stress. This study examined the effect of supplementation with a Mg-rich marine extract-based product (Supplement) on the behaviour, skin and tail lesion scores and salivary cortisol concentrations of growing pigs. At weaning (28 days), 448 piglets were assigned to either Control or Supplement (0.05%) diets in single-sex groups of 14. Four weeks later (c. 17 kg), pigs were blocked according to weight and back test scores. Seven piglets from each pen were mixed with seven from another pen of the same sex and dietary treatment to yield the following groups: control male, Supplement male, control female and Supplement female (n = 4 of each). This marked the start of the 9-week experimental period. Instances of the following behaviours were recorded in each pen for 8 × 2 min periods 1 day/week: aggression (fight, head-knock and bite); harmful (tail-in-mouth, ear-chewing and belly-nosing); and sexual/mounting behaviour. Four focal pigs were selected from each pen, and their behaviour was continuously recorded for 2 × 5 min periods on the same day. Saliva was collected once per week at 1000 h by allowing pigs to chew on a cotton bud for c. 1 min. Salivary cortisol was analysed in duplicate by an enzyme immunoassay. Skin and tail lesions were scored according to severity 1 day/week. There were fewer aggressive incidents in Supplement pens (P < 0.01), and mounting behaviour (performed only by males) was almost three times lower in Supplement than in control pens (P < 0.01). However, there was no effect of Supplement on the incidence of each of the harmful behaviours. Behaviour of the focal pigs showed no treatment effect on the duration or incidence of aggressive behaviour. However, Supplement pigs spent less time performing harmful behaviours compared with control pigs (P < 0.001). Supplement had no effect on the occurrence or severity of tail-biting outbreaks or on tail lesion scores. However, Supplement females had lower skin lesion scores, in particular in the ears and shoulders (P < 0.01). Finally, Supplement pigs had lower salivary cortisol concentrations (P < 0.01). Mounting is a major welfare concern in uncastrated pigs, and therefore this represents an important welfare benefit of Supplement. Reduced salivary cortisol, in conjunction with reduced skin lesion scores in supplemented females, suggests that addition of a Mg-rich marine extract improved pig welfare in this system.
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28
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Faucitano L, Torrey S, Bergeron R, del Castillo JRE, Matte JJ. Effects of water supplementation with tryptophan and vitamin B6 or feeding hydrogenated fat on reducing hunger-induced drinking pre-slaughter in pigs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2012-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Faucitano, L., Torrey, S., Matte, J. J., del Castillo, J. R. E. and Bergeron, R. 2012. Effects of water supplementation with tryptophan and vitamin B6 or feeding hydrogenated fat on reducing hunger-induced drinking pre-slaughter in pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 319–326. A current food safety challenge at pig slaughter plants comes with the presence of stomachs filled with liquid induced by hunger-related drinking in lairage. With the objective to reduce hunger-related excess drinking, 30 barrows were assigned to three treatments (10 pigs per treatment): (1) unsupplemented water or feed regimen (CONT), (2) L-Tryptophan (3 g L−1) and vitamin B6 (10 mg L−1) in the drinking water for 5d (TRP-B6), (3) hydrogenated fat (HF) supplemented at 10% in the diet for the last day of feeding before pre-slaughter fasting. As compared with CONT, neither TRP-B6 nor HF supplementation influenced behaviour in lairage and water intake at anytime over the pre-slaughter fasting period as reflected on stomach weight and its liquid content at slaughter (P>0.10). However, in HF-fed pigs plasma non-esterified fatty acids concentrations tended to be lower (P=0.09) while carcass yield was higher (P=0.04) than CONT pigs. It appears, therefore, that neither drinking water supplementation with TRP-B6 for 5 d nor feeding HF the last day before slaughter can be recommended strategies to limit excess water drinking prior to slaughter and liquid stomach content at slaughter. However, dietary HF supplementation the last day before slaughter may attenuate the effects of fasting on body energy reserves and improve carcass yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Faucitano
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, P.O. Box 90-2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - S. Torrey
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, P.O. Box 90-2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - R. Bergeron
- Université Laval, Département de sciences animales, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1K 7P4
- University of Guelph, Alfred Campus, 31 St. Paul Street, P.O. Box 580, Alfred, Ontario, Canada K0B 1A0
| | - J. R. E. del Castillo
- Université de Montréal, Département de biomédecine vétérinaire, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S 7C6
| | - J. J. Matte
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, P.O. Box 90-2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8
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Alonso V, Provincial L, Gil M, Guillén E, Roncalés P, Beltrán JA. The impact of short-term feeding of magnesium supplements on the quality of pork packaged in modified atmosphere. Meat Sci 2011; 90:52-9. [PMID: 21696893 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effect of dietary magnesium (Mg) supplementation on pork quality during 13 days of storage at 4±1°C under modified atmosphere. The experiment was conducted with 40 gilts (Pietrain×(Landrace×Large White)) which were fed one of four diets five days prior to slaughter: 1) control diet; 2) Mg oxide; 3) Mg sulphate; or 4) Mg chelate. Dietary Mg supplementation did not affect 24-h pH, colour, and Warner-Bratzler shear force values. Pork from pigs fed the Mg chelate-supplemented diet had the lowest (P≤0.05) drip, exudative, and cooking losses. Furthermore, pork from pig supplemented with Mg oxide had the lowest TBARS values. Visual assessment of pork from pigs supplemented with Mg chelate received higher colour and lower exudative scores, as well as overall acceptability scores, throughout display. Thus, Mg chelated supplementation could be effective in improving pork quality during 13 days of storage under modified atmosphere conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Alonso
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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30
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Ao X, Yan L, Meng Q, Zhou T, Wang J, Kim H, Cho J, Kim I. Effects of Saururus chinensis extract supplementation on growth performance, meat quality and slurry noxious gas emission in finishing pigs. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Kołodziej-Skalska A, Rybarczyk A, Matysiak B, Jacyno E, Pietruszka A, Kawęcka M. Effect of dietary plant extracts mixture on pork meat quality. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2011.599860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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32
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Ma XY, Jiang ZY, Lin YC, Zheng CT, Zhou GL. Dietary supplementation with carnosine improves antioxidant capacity and meat quality of finishing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 94:e286-95. [PMID: 20626506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) supplementation on antioxidant capacity and meat quality of pigs. 72 pigs approximately 60 kg were fed a corn- and soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 0, 25, 50 or 100 mg carnosine per kg diet for 8 weeks. Carnosine supplementation did not affect growth performance and carcass traits of pigs. However, the addition of 100 mg carnosine per kg diet increased pH value of muscle at 45 min, 24 h and 48 h postmortem. It also decreased drip loss at 48 h postmortem and increased redness value of muscle at 45 min postmortem (p < 0.05). The addition of 100 mg carnosine per kg diet enhanced glycogen concentration and Ca-ATPase activity at 24 and 48 h postmortem, and reduced malondialdehyde and carbonyl protein complexes concentrations in muscle at 24 h postmortem (p < 0.05). The addition of 100 mg carnosine per kg diet increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in plasma, liver or muscle, as well as SOD and GSH-Px genes expression in muscle (p < 0.05). Taken together, these findings indicate that carnosine supplementation improves antioxidant capacity and meat quality of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Simitzis PE, Symeon GK, Charismiadou MA, Bizelis JA, Deligeorgis SG. The effects of dietary oregano oil supplementation on pig meat characteristics. Meat Sci 2009; 84:670-6. [PMID: 20374841 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of different concentrations of dietary oregano essential oil supplementation on finishing pig meat characteristics were investigated in the present study. Thirty-two barrows and thirty-two gilts were divided into four equal groups. During the experimental period, which started when the animals were 5 months old and finished after 35 days, the first group was fed the control diet (group C), whereas the other three groups consumed the same diet, with the only difference that the feed was supplemented with oregano essential oil at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 ml/kg of fed diet (groups OR1, OR2 and OR3, respectively). At the end of the experiment, pigs were fasted for 12 h, weighed and slaughtered. After overnight chilling, a 50 cm loin section was removed from the half of the carcasses (8 pigs per nutritional treatment; 4 barrows and 4 gilts) and transported to laboratory for further examination. No significant differences were observed after dietary oregano essential oil supplementation in final body weight (kg), body weight gain (g) and dressing out (%). Tenderness of longissimus muscle, expressed as shear force value, pH values at 45 min and 24 h postmortem, colour parameters and sensory attributes of eating quality were not significantly influenced by the dietary treatment. Moreover, the lipid oxidation results suggested a lack of antioxidant effect for the oregano essential oil. In conclusion, carcass and meat quality attributes were unchanged, indicating that the dietary administration of different levels of oregano essential oil did not exert any effect on pig meat parameters in the present experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Simitzis
- Faculty of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 118 55 Athens, Greece
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34
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Dietary supplementation of magnesium sulfate and sodium bicarbonate and its effect on pork quality during environmental stress. Livest Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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35
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Li WJ, Zhao GP, Chen JL, Zheng MQ, Wen J. Influence of dietary vitamin E supplementation on meat quality traits and gene expression related to lipid metabolism in the Beijing-you chicken. Br Poult Sci 2009; 50:188-98. [PMID: 19373719 DOI: 10.1080/00071660902755409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
1. The effects of dietary vitamin E (DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) on carcase and meat quality, oxidative stability, fatty acid composition of muscle lipids, and gene expression related to lipid metabolism were studied in Beijing-you chickens. 2. A total of 360 female birds were distributed among 6 treatments, containing 6 replicates, each of 10 birds. The feed for each treatment was supplemented with vitamin E (0, 10, 50, 100, 150, or 200 mg/kg feed). At 120 d, 30 birds from each treatment were slaughtered to examine the effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on evaluated traits. 3. The results showed that supplemental vitamin E in diet significantly increased alpha-tocopherol contents of breast and thigh muscles, reduced the drip loss and improved tenderness but did not influence carcase yield, meat colour or pH value 24 h after slaughter. 4. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values decreased with increase in dietary vitamin E, and the addition of 100 mg/kg or more vitamin E had a beneficial effect on oxidative stability as indicated by TBARS values during storage up to 7 d. 5. Dietary vitamin E supplementation significantly altered fatty acid composition of breast muscle. Supplementing with 200 mg/kg vitamin E led to lower saturated fatty acids and greater polyunsaturated fatty acids proportions in breast muscle than control and 10 mg/kg vitamin E treatments. 6. Vitamin E supplementation significantly inhibited expression of the cytosolic phospholipase A(2) gene (cPLA(2)) in breast muscle, while enhancing that of the peroxisome proliterator-activated receptor beta (PPAP-beta) and heart fatty acid binding protein genes (H-FABP). The results indicate that dietary supplementation with vitamin E increased lipid stability in muscle and improved meat quality and fatty acid composition, probably by its influence on the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Li
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, China
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36
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Have we underestimated the impact of pre-slaughter stress on meat quality in ruminants? Meat Sci 2008; 80:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Kim SW, Fan MZ, Applegate TJ. Nonruminant nutrition symposium on natural phytobiotics for health of young animals and poultry: mechanisms and application. J Anim Sci 2007; 86:E138-9. [PMID: 18073287 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S W Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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