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Kim M, Masaki T, Oikawa K, Ashihara A, Ikuta K, Iwamoto E, Lee H, Haga S, Uemoto Y, Roh S, Terada F, Nonaka I. Effect of residual methane emission on physiological characteristics and carcass performance in Japanese Black cattle. Anim Sci J 2024; 95:e13954. [PMID: 38797605 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the physiological characteristics and carcass performance associated with residual methane emissions (RME), and the effects of bull differences on CH4-related traits in Japanese Black cattle. Enteric methane (CH4) emissions from 156 Japanese Black cattle (111 heifers and 45 steers) were measured during early fattening using the sniffer method. Various physiological parameters were investigated to clarify the physiological traits between the high, middle, and low RME groups. CH4-related traits were examined to determine whether bull differences affected progeny CH4 emissions. Ruminal butyrate and NH3 concentrations were significantly higher in the high-RME group than in the low-RME group, whereas the propionate content was significantly higher in the low-RME group. Blood urea nitrogen, β-hydroxybutyric acid, and insulin concentrations were significantly higher, and blood amino acids were lower in the high-RME group than in the other groups. No significant differences were observed in the carcass traits and beef fat composition between RME groups. CH4-related traits were significantly different among bull herds. Our results show that CH4-related traits are heritable, wherein bull differences affect progeny CH4 production capability, and that the above-mentioned rumen fermentations and blood metabolites could be used to evaluate enteric methanogenesis in Japanese Black cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kim
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Masaki
- Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kasai, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kohei Oikawa
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akane Ashihara
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ikuta
- Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kasai, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Eiji Iwamoto
- Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kasai, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Huseong Lee
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Haga
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Uemoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sanggun Roh
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fuminori Terada
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Itoko Nonaka
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Sánchez-Arroyo E, Vargas-Romero JM, Rosendo-Ponce A, Hernández-Mendo O, Pérez-Chabela ML, Pro-Martínez A, Becerril-Pérez CM. Growth performance, carcass, and meat quality traits of Tropical Milking criollo bulls fed with two energy-level diets. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:62. [PMID: 36729241 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two energy-level diets on the beef performance of Tropical Milking criollo bulls grouped by weight and age in three periods: initial, middle, and final. Evidence on intensive beef production from Tropical Milking criollo cattle breeds are unknown, and productive alternatives for dairy producers in the hot tropics are needed. Bulls were fed in each period with low (LE, 2.2 Mcal ME/kg DM) and high (HE, 2.9 Mcal ME/kg DM) energy diets and content phase feeding protein of 14.5, 12.0, and 10.3%, respectively. For each period, ten bulls were randomly assigned to diets. In all periods, growth performance for final body weight, average daily gain, feed intake, and feed conversion were all superior in HE (p ≤ 0.05). For the final period, slaughter body, hot and cold carcass weights, and dressing were also superior in HE (p ≤ 0.05); for meat quality traits, differences were observed in muscles Longissimus dorsi, Semimembranosus, Infraspinatus, and Serratus ventralis for pH and tenderness (p ≤ 0.05), although not for diets. For color L*, a*, and b* system, neither diet nor muscle had effect on L* (p > 0.05); however, the diet-muscle interaction was significant for a* (p ≤ 0.05), and only muscle effect was detected for b* (p ≤ 0.05). Tropical Milking bulls responded positively to a high-energy diet, despite not being a beef breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Sánchez-Arroyo
- Programa de Ganadería, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Carretera Federal México-Texcoco Km 36.5, 56230, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Vargas-Romero
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Alcaldía Iztapalapa, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adalberto Rosendo-Ponce
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Veracruz, Programa de Agroecosistemas Tropicales, Carretera Federal Xalapa-Veracruz, Km. 88.5, 94251 Manlio Fabio Altamirano, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Omar Hernández-Mendo
- Programa de Ganadería, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Carretera Federal México-Texcoco Km 36.5, 56230, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - María Lourdes Pérez-Chabela
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Alcaldía Iztapalapa, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Pro-Martínez
- Programa de Ganadería, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Carretera Federal México-Texcoco Km 36.5, 56230, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos Miguel Becerril-Pérez
- Programa de Ganadería, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Carretera Federal México-Texcoco Km 36.5, 56230, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico. .,Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Veracruz, Programa de Agroecosistemas Tropicales, Carretera Federal Xalapa-Veracruz, Km. 88.5, 94251 Manlio Fabio Altamirano, Veracruz, Mexico.
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Velazquez-González MY, Loya-Olguin JL, Valdes-Garcia YS, Martinez-Gonzalez S, Avila-Ramos F, Escalera-Valente F, Gonzalez-Montaña JR. Hura crepitans Seeds for Control of Eimeria spp. in Lambs as an Alternative to Conventional Therapies. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090488. [PMID: 36136702 PMCID: PMC9502760 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the anticoccidial effect of the Hura crepitans seed, 21 cross-breed lambs, 23 ± 3 kg live weight (PV) and 70 ± 6 days old, were used. Animals were housed individually in raised wire-mesh pens, with individual water troughs and feeders. Lambs were randomly divided into three groups (n = 7) that received different doses of Hura crepitans seeds: 4 g/kg B.W. (group 1), 6 g/kg B.W. (group 2) and 0 g/kg B.W. (control group or group 0). The treatment was administered at the beginning of the experiment once orally and the study lasted 21 days. Stool samples were taken for quantitative analysis of oocysts using the McMaster technique and blood for haematological and biochemical analysis. Lambs that received the seeds showed a higher excretion of coccidia oocysts between days 5 and 7 after treatment (p < 0.05) due to the antiparasitic effect of these seeds, without affecting their productive performance (daily feed intake (DFI)- total weight gain (TWG), daily weight gain (DWG)). In addition, the daily feed consumption (DFC) and dry matter intake (DMI) were similar between the groups. The analysed enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT and FA) and creatinine showed reference values. Only the urea and BUN levels were slightly increased, but without statistical difference between the groups. Therefore, the Hura crepitans seed, at doses of 4 and 6 g/kg, favours the expulsion of coccidial oocysts, without affecting either the health or the productive behaviour of lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose-Lenin Loya-Olguin
- Ciencias Biológico-Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Xalisco 63780, Mexico
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Compostela 63700, Mexico
| | - Yissel-Sacnicte Valdes-Garcia
- Ciencias Biológico-Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Xalisco 63780, Mexico
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Compostela 63700, Mexico
| | - Sergio Martinez-Gonzalez
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Compostela 63700, Mexico
| | - Fidel Avila-Ramos
- División Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36500, Mexico
| | | | - Jose-Ramiro Gonzalez-Montaña
- Departamento de Medicina, Cirugía y Anatomía Veterinaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain
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Pulina G, Acciaro M, Atzori AS, Battacone G, Crovetto GM, Mele M, Pirlo G, Rassu SPG. Animal board invited review - Beef for future: technologies for a sustainable and profitable beef industry. Animal 2021; 15:100358. [PMID: 34634751 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The global consumption, notably in developing countries, and production of beef are increasing continuously, and this requires the industry to improve performance and to reduce the environmental impact of the production chain. Since the improvement in efficiency and the highest impacts occur at farm level, it is appropriate to focus on the profitability and environmental sustainability of these enterprises. In many areas of the world, beef production is economically and socially relevant because it accounts for a significant portion of the agricultural production and represents a vital economic activity in mountain and hill districts of many regions, where few alternatives for other agricultural production exist. Due to the important role in the agricultural and food economy worldwide, the future of the beef industry is linked to the reduction of ecological impacts, mainly adopting the agroecological mitigation practices, and the simultaneous improvement of production performances and of product quality. This review analyses the technical and managerial solutions currently available to increase the efficiency of the beef industry and, at the same time, to reduce its environmental impacts in response to the growing concerns and awareness of citizens and consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pulina
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - A S Atzori
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - G Battacone
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - G M Crovetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - M Mele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agroambientali, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Pirlo
- Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Council for Agriculture Research and Economics, Lodi, Italy
| | - S P G Rassu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Gonzalez Ronquillo M, Faciola AP, Nursoy H, Broderick GA. Effect of increasing dietary protein with constant lysine:methionine ratio on production and omasal flow of nonammonia nitrogen in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5319-5331. [PMID: 33663832 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eight lactating cows were fed 4 diets in which dietary crude protein (CP) was increased in steps of approximately 2 percentage units from 11 to 17% of DM by replacing high-moisture corn with soybean meal supplemented with rumen-protected Met to maintain a Lys:Met ratio of 3:1 in metabolizable protein. Trial design was a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square; experimental periods lasted 28 d, with data and sample collection being performed during wk 3 and 4 of each period. Digesta samples were collected from the rumen as well as the omasum to measure metabolite concentrations and ruminal outflow of N fractions using infusion of 15N-enriched ammonia to quantify microbial nonammonia N (NAN) and nonmicrobial NAN. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc.). There were linear increases in the yields of milk and true protein and concentration of milk urea N, and a linear decrease in N efficiency, with increasing dietary CP. Apparent ruminal and total-tract N digestibility increased linearly with increasing dietary CP, but estimated true total-tract N digestibility was not affected. Apparent digestibility of the other macronutrients was not influenced by diet. Ruminal ammonia, total AA and peptides, and branched-chain VFA also increased linearly with dietary CP. The 15N enrichment of liquid- and particle-associated microbes linearly declined with increasing dietary CP due to decreasing 15N enrichment of the ammonia pool. Although no effect of dietary CP on nonmicrobial NAN flow was detected, total NAN flow increased linearly from 525 g/d at 11% CP to 637 g/d at 17% CP due to the linear increase in microbial NAN flow from 406 g/d at 11% CP to 482 g/d at 17% CP. Under the conditions of this study, when dietary CP was increased by adding soybean meal supplemented with rumen-protected Met, improved milk and protein yields were driven not by RUP supply but by increased ruminal outflow of microbial protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gonzalez Ronquillo
- Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto Literario 100, Toluca, Mexico 50000
| | - A P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - H Nursoy
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary Faculty, Bingol University, 12000, Bingol, Turkey
| | - G A Broderick
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI 53726; Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
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Lee YH, Ahmadi F, Lee M, Oh YK, Kwak WS. Effect of crude protein content and undegraded intake protein level on productivity, blood metabolites, carcass characteristics, and production economics of Hanwoo steers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:1599-1609. [PMID: 32106660 PMCID: PMC7463088 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study was designed to determine how feeding diets differing in crude protein (CP) and undegraded intake protein (UIP) levels affected productivity, blood metabolites, carcass characteristics, and the production economics of Hanwoo steers. Methods Thirty-six Hanwoo steers (age = 8.2±0.5 mo; body weight = 254±16.1 kg) were assigned at random to one of three treatments (4 steers/pen; 3 pens/treatment): i) a low-CP diet (LP; control) containing 12.1% CP with 35.1% UIP, 12.0% CP with 36.8% UIP, and 12.9% CP with 48.8% UIP, in the growing, fattening, and finishing periods, respectively; ii) a high-CP, low-UIP diet (HPLU) containing 15.0% CP with 33.7% UIP, 14.0% CP with 35.7% UIP, and 13.1% CP with 46.7% UIP, respectively; and iii) a high-CP, high-UIP diet (HPHU) containing 15.0% CP with 45.8% UIP, 14.0% CP with 44.6% UIP, and 13.0% CP with 51.1% UIP, respectively. Results The treatments did not affect feed intake and growth performance, except for average daily gain during the fattening period that tended to be the lowest (p = 0.08) in the HPLU-fed steers. The feed CP conversion ratio over the entire feeding period was higher with high-CP diets. The treatments did not affect most blood metabolites; however, blood cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein concentrations during the fattening and finishing periods were the lowest in steers fed a HPLU diet. The treatments had negligible effects on cold carcass weight, yield traits including longissimus muscle area, backfat thickness, yield index, and yield grade, plus quality traits including meat color, fat color, texture, and maturity. However, marbling score and frequency of carcass quality grade 1++ were greater in HPHU-fed steers. Conclusion Feeding diets with higher CP and UIP levels did not affect growth performance but tended to improve the carcass quality of Hanwoo steers, resulting in greater economic return.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Hee Lee
- Department of Food Bio-science, College of Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Farhad Ahmadi
- Department of Food Bio-science, College of Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Myun Lee
- Department of Food Bio-science, College of Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Young-Kyoon Oh
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Wan Sup Kwak
- Department of Food Bio-science, College of Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
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Abbasi IHR, Abbasi F, Liu L, Bodinga BM, Abdel-Latif MA, Swelum AA, Mohamed MAE, Cao Y. Rumen-protected methionine a feed supplement to low dietary protein: effects on microbial population, gases production and fermentation characteristics. AMB Express 2019; 9:93. [PMID: 31243611 PMCID: PMC6595026 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of different concentration of rumen-protected methionine (RPMet) with a low level of crude protein (CP) using rumen simulation technology on many parameters. The experiment was assigned randomly into four treatments: (1) high protein diet (163.39 g/kg CP) without RPMet (HP); (2) low protein diet (146.33 g/kg CP) without RPMet (LP); (3) low protein diet, supplement with low RPMet (RPMet: 0.11 g/kg) (LPLMet); and (4) low protein diet, supplement with high RPMet (RPMet: 0.81 g/kg) (LPHMet), mixed with 20 g basal diet in each fermenter. Based on National Research Council (NRC) (Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2001) recommendation for dairy ruminants HP diet was formulated as positive normal control and LP as a negative control. Results demonstrated that CP disappearance was found significantly higher (P < 0.05) in supplement groups compared with HP and found similar (P > 0.05) with LP. However, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and gross energy (GE) were found a parallel among supplement groups compared to HP and higher than LP. Furthermore, microbial crude protein, total and short chain fatty acids were found similar in LPHMet and HP and found significantly higher than LPLMet and LP. The R. albus population of LPHMet found parallel to HP and pointedly higher than LP in a solid and liquid fraction. Daily production of ammonia nitrogen, total gas, and methane were higher in HP than LP, LPLMet, and LPHMet. Overall, results concluded that values of digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbial crude protein, and R. albus population were similar of LPHMet to that of HP group. However, production of ammonia-N, total gas, and methane volume were significantly higher in the HP group than LPLMet, LPHMet, and LP groups. In conclusion, rumen-protected methionine is a good feed supplement to low dietary protein in the level of 0.81 g/kg.
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Cowley F, Jennings J, Cole A, Beauchemin K. Recent advances to improve nitrogen efficiency of grain-finishing cattle in North American and Australian feedlots. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an19259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Formulating diets conservatively for minimum crude-protein (CP) requirements and overfeeding nitrogen (N) is commonplace in grain finishing rations in USA, Canada and Australia. Overfeeding N is considered to be a low-cost and low-risk (to cattle production and health) strategy and is becoming more commonplace in the US with the use of high-N ethanol by-products in finishing diets. However, loss of N from feedlot manure in the form of volatilised ammonia and nitrous oxide, and nitrate contamination of water are of significant environmental concern. Thus, there is a need to improve N-use efficiency of beef cattle production and reduce losses of N to the environment. The most effective approach is to lower N intake of animals through precision feeding, and the application of the metabolisable protein system, including its recent updates to estimation of N supply and recycling. Precision feeding of protein needs to account for variations in the production system, e.g. grain type, liveweight, maturity, use of hormonal growth promotants and β agonists. Opportunities to reduce total N fed to finishing cattle include oscillating supply of dietary CP and reducing supply of CP to better meet cattle requirements (phase feeding).
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Jennings JS, Meyer BE, Guiroy PJ, Cole NA. Energy costs of feeding excess protein from corn-based by-products to finishing cattle. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:653-669. [PMID: 29390094 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased use of by-products in finishing diets for cattle leads to diets that contain greater concentrations of crude protein (CP) and metabolizable protein (MP) than required. The hypothesis was that excess dietary CP and MP would increase maintenance energy requirements because of the energy costs of removing excess N as urea in urine. To evaluate the potential efficiency lost, two experiments were performed to determine the effects of feeding excess CP and MP to calves fed a finishing diet at 1 × maintenance energy intake (Exp. 1) and at 2 × maintenance intake (Exp. 2). In each experiment, eight crossbred Angus-based steers were assigned to two dietary treatments in a switchback design with three periods. Treatments were steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets with two dietary protein concentrations, 13.8% CP/9.63% MP (CON) or 19.5% CP/14.14% MP (dry matter basis; ECP), containing corn gluten meal to reflect a diet with excess CP and MP from corn by-products. Each period was 27 d in length with a 19-d dietary adaptation period in outdoor individual pens followed by a 4-d sample collection in one of four open circuit respiration chambers, 2-d fast in outdoor pen, and 2-d fast in one of four respiration chambers. Energy metabolism, diet digestibility, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) balance, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide and methane production were measured. At both levels of intake, digestible energy as a proportion of gross energy (GE) tended to be greater (P < 0.06) in ECP than in CON steers. Metabolizable energy (ME) as a proportion of GE tended to be greater (P = 0.08) in the ECP steers than in the CON steers at 2 × maintenance intake. At 1 × and 2 × maintenance intake, urinary N excretion (g/d) was greater (P < 0.01) in the ECP steers than the CON steers. Heat production as a proportion of ME intake at 1 × maintenance tended (P = 0.06) to be greater for CON than for ECP (90.9% vs. 87.0% for CON and ECP, respectively); however, at 2 × maintenance energy intake, it was not different (63.9% vs. 63.8%, respectively). At 1 × maintenance intake, fasting heat production (FHP) was similar (P = 0.45) for both treatments, whereas at 2 × maintenance intake, FHP tended to be greater (P = 0.09) by 6% in ECP than in CON steers. Maintenance energy requirements estimated from linear and quadratic regression of energy retention on ME intake were 4% to 6% greater for ECP than for CON. Results of these studies suggest that feeding excess CP and MP from a protein source that is high in ruminally undegradable protein and low in protein quality will increase maintenance energy requirements of finishing steers.
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Abbasi IHR, Abbasi F, Abd El-Hack ME, Abdel-Latif MA, Soomro RN, Hayat K, Mohamed MAE, Bodinga BM, Yao J, Cao Y. Critical analysis of excessive utilization of crude protein in ruminants ration: impact on environmental ecosystem and opportunities of supplementation of limiting amino acids-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:181-190. [PMID: 29116537 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein quality plays a key role than quantity in growth, production, and reproduction of ruminants. Application of high concentration of dietary crude protein (CP) did not balance the proportion of these limiting amino acids (AA) at duodenal digesta of high producing dairy cow. Thus, dietary supplementation of rumen-protected AA is recommended to sustain the physiological, productive, and reproductive performance of ruminants. Poor metabolism of high CP diets in rumen excretes excessive nitrogen (N) through urine and feces in the environment. This excretion is usually in the form of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrate, and ammonia. In addition to producing gases like methane, hydrogen carbon dioxide pollutes and has a potentially negative impact on air, soil, and water quality. Data specify that supplementation of top-limiting AA methionine and lysine (Met + Lys) in ruminants' ration is one of the best approaches to enhance the utilization of feed protein and alleviate negative biohazards of CP in ruminants' ration. In conclusion, many in vivo and in vitro studies were reviewed and reported that low dietary CP with supplemental rumen-protected AA (Met + Lys) showed a good ability to reduce N losses or NH3. Also, it helps in declining gases emission and decreasing soil or water contamination without negative impacts on animal performance. Finally, further studies are needed on genetic and molecular basis to explain the impact of Met + Lys supplementation on co-occurrence patterns of microbiome of rumen which shine new light on bacteria, methanogen, and protozoal interaction in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz Hussain Raja Abbasi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Farzana Abbasi
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Mervat A Abdel-Latif
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhur, 22511, Egypt
| | - Rab N Soomro
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Khawar Hayat
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohamed A E Mohamed
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bello M Bodinga
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhu Yao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yangchun Cao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Mantovani R, Guzzo N, Sartori C, Bailoni L. In vivo performance of Italian Heavy Draft Horse weanlings fed two protein levels and slaughtered at two ages. J Anim Sci 2015; 92:4998-5008. [PMID: 25349349 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating in vivo performance, growth parameters, intakes, dressing percentage, and blood parameters in Italian Heavy Draft Horse (IHDH) weanlings fed 2 CP levels up to the 2 typical ages of slaughter. Forty-one weanlings were grouped in 8 pens according to sex, age, and BW. After a transition period, animals were randomly assigned to 2 isoenergetic diets containing different CP levels: 10.6 and 11.2% CP in DM for low protein (LP) and 13.2 and 14.7% CP in DM for high protein (HP) diets in the first and second phase, respectively. About half of the animals (n = 22) were slaughtered when aged 13 mo (end of first phase); the remaining animals (n = 19) were slaughtered at 18 mo (end of second phase). Animals were weighed, measured for withers height, and scored in vivo for fleshiness and BCS at 3 wk intervals. Feed intake in each pen was measured weekly, and feed samples were collected every 2 mo. Blood samples from venous jugular were collected in both phases to analyze plasma protein, urea, glucose, bilirubin, hepatic enzymes, and mineral content. Growth parameters were estimated within phase by modeling BW as a function of age using fourth-degree Legendre polynomials. During the first phase, a different linear coefficient (P = 0.051) for the growth curve was observed between females fed a HP or a LP diet, while males showed differences only on quadratic and cubic Legendre coefficients. However, no significant differences were detected in ADG between the CP levels and sexes. In the second phase, Legendre coefficients were not different between treatments for the remaining weanlings, and once again no differences were found on ADG. The DM intake was influenced by diets in both periods, greater in the HP diet as compared with the LP diet (P < 0.001). No differences due to diet were observed for fleshiness or BCS scores at the end of each phase or in the dressing percentage at slaughter. As expected, plasma urea was greater (P < 0.001) in animals fed the HP diet but was within a normal range for healthy horses. In conclusion, a small dietary protein restriction (i.e., on average 3% of DM) did not change the in vivo performance of IHDH weanlings up to 13 or up to 18 mo of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mantovani
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment,and
| | - N Guzzo
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment,and Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - C Sartori
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment,and
| | - L Bailoni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Review: Nitrogen sustainability and beef cattle feedyards: II. Ammonia emissions11Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDA.22The USDA prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, and so on) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.33Funded by the Beef Checkoff. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.15232/pas.2015-01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nuñez A, Felix T, Loerch S, Schoonmaker J. Effect of dried distillers grains with solubles or corn in growing cattle diets, followed by a corn-based finishing diet, on performance of feedlot cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Xu L, He M, Liang R, McAllister T, Yang W. Effects of grain source and monensin level on growth performance, carcass traits and fatty acid profile in feedlot beef steers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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INVITED REVIEW: Applied protein nutrition of ruminants—Current status and future directions1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Montes F, Meinen R, Dell C, Rotz A, Hristov AN, Oh J, Waghorn G, Gerber PJ, Henderson B, Makkar HPS, Dijkstra J. SPECIAL TOPICS — Mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from animal operations: II. A review of manure management mitigation options1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:5070-94. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Montes
- Plant Science Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - R. Meinen
- Animal Science Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - C. Dell
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, PA 16802
| | - A. Rotz
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, PA 16802
| | - A. N. Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - J. Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | | | - P. J. Gerber
- Agriculture and Consumer protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - B. Henderson
- Agriculture and Consumer protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - H. P. S. Makkar
- Agriculture and Consumer protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - J. Dijkstra
- Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Luebbe MK, Erickson GE, Klopfenstein TJ, Greenquist MA. Nutrient mass balance and performance of feedlot cattle fed corn wet distillers grains plus solubles1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:296-306. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. K. Luebbe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
| | - G. E. Erickson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
| | | | - M. A. Greenquist
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
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Sampaio CB, Detmann E, Paulino MF, Valadares Filho SC, de Souza MA, Lazzarini I, Paulino PVR, de Queiroz AC. Intake and digestibility in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage and supplemented with nitrogenous compounds. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 42:1471-9. [PMID: 20414721 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of supplementation with nitrogenous compounds on intake, digestibility, and microbial protein synthesis in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage were assessed. Five rumen fistulated crossbred Holstein x Gir heifers were used, with initial average live weight of 180 +/- 21 kg. Signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) hay (48.6 g kg(-1) of crude protein (CP), on a dry matter (DM) basis) was used as roughage. Five treatments were defined according to nitrogen supplementation level (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 g of CP kg(-1) above the CP level of the hay). A mixture of urea, ammonium sulfate, and albumin at the ratios of 4.5:0.5:1.0, respectively, was used as nitrogen source. The experiment consisted of five experimental periods, according to a 5 x 5 Latin square design. The average CP contents in the diets were 51.9, 71.1, 86.0, 116.7, and 130.2 g kg(-1), on a DM basis. A quadratic effect was detected (P < 0.10) of the CP levels in the diets on DM and neutral detergent fiber intake (kg/day), with maximum response at the levels of 102.4 and 100.5 g CP kg(-1) DM, respectively. The average daily concentration of rumen ammonia nitrogen showed increasing linear pattern (P < 0.01) as function of CP levels in the diet, with estimated value of 9.64 mg dL(-1) equivalent to the maximum DM intake. Microbial nitrogen flow in the intestine was linearly and positively related (P < 0.01) with the CP levels in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia B Sampaio
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Fiscus DA. Comparative network analysis toward characterization of systemic organization for human–environmental sustainability. Ecol Modell 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Vasconcelos JT, Cole NA, McBride KW, Gueye A, Galyean ML, Richardson CR, Greene LW. Effects of dietary crude protein and supplemental urea levels on nitrogen and phosphorus utilization by feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 2008; 87:1174-83. [PMID: 19028866 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three dietary CP concentrations (11.5, 13.0, and 14.5% of DM) and 3 supplemental urea levels (100, 50, and 0% of supplemental N) were used in a completely randomized block design experiment conducted at 2 locations to determine N and P balance and serum urea N (SUN) concentrations of feedlot cattle. Crossbred steers [British and British x Continental; initial BW = 315.0 +/- 3.2 kg at location 1 (n = 27) and initial BW = 353.2 +/- 8.4 kg at location 2 (n = 27)] were used in 3 nutrient balance sampling periods (SP) at the beginning, middle, and end of the feeding period (154 d in location 1 and 159 d in location 2). Fecal N (g/d; P = 0.03), urinary N (g/d; P < 0.01), urinary urea N (UUN; g/d; P < 0.01), apparent N absorption (g/d; P < 0.01), and SUN concentration (mg/dL; P < 0.01) increased linearly as dietary CP concentration increased. Nitrogen retention (g/d) was not affected (P = 0.61) by dietary CP concentration. Phosphorus intake (g/d; P = 0.02), fecal P (g/d; P = 0.04), and urinary P (g/d; P = 0.01) increased linearly as dietary CP increased, reflecting changes in diet composition with increasing CP concentrations. As dietary urea levels increased, urinary N (g/d; P = 0.04), UUN (g/d; P = 0.01), and apparent N absorption (g/d; P = 0.04) increased linearly, but P intake (g/d; P = 0.10) and urinary P (g/d; P = 0.02) decreased linearly. No interactions were observed between SP and dietary treatments for most variables. Evaluation of SP means, however, showed that as days on feed increased, fecal N (g/d; P = 0.01), urinary N (g/d; P < 0.01), UUN (g/d; P < 0.01), apparent absorption of N (g/d; P < 0.01), SUN (mg/dL; P < 0.01), and urinary P (g/d; P < 0.01) increased linearly, whereas retained N (g/d) decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing days on feed. These data suggest that changes in dietary CP and urea levels, as well as stage of the feeding period, markedly alter N and P utilization by feedlot cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Vasconcelos
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409, USA.
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Cole NA, Todd RW. Opportunities to enhance performance and efficiency through nutrient synchrony in concentrate-fed ruminants1,2,3. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:E318-33. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Vasconcelos J, Tedeschi L, Fox D, Galyean M, Greene L. REVIEW: Feeding Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Beef Cattle Feedlot Production to Mitigate Environmental Impacts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1532/s1080-7446(15)30942-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cole NA, Defoor PJ, Galyean ML, Duff GC, Gleghorn JF. Effects of phase-feeding of crude protein on performance, carcass characteristics, serum urea nitrogen concentrations, and manure nitrogen of finishing beef steers. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:3421-32. [PMID: 17093237 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As cattle mature, the dietary protein requirement, as a percentage of the diet, decreases. Thus, decreasing the dietary CP concentration during the latter part of the finishing period might decrease feed costs and N losses to the environment. Three hundred eighteen medium-framed crossbred steers (315 +/- 5 kg) fed 90% (DM basis) concentrate, steam-flaked, corn-based diets were used to evaluate the effect of phase-feeding of CP on performance and carcass characteristics, serum urea N concentrations, and manure characteristics. Steers were blocked by BW and assigned randomly to 36 feedlot pens (8 to 10 steers per pen). After a 21-d step-up period, the following dietary treatments (DM basis) were assigned randomly to pens within a weight block: 1) 11.5% CP diet fed throughout; 2) 13% CP diet fed throughout; 3) switched from an 11.5 to a 10% CP diet when approximately 56 d remained in the feeding period; 4) switched from a 13 to an 11.5% CP diet when 56 d remained; 5) switched from a 13 to a 10% CP diet when 56 d remained; and 6) switched from a 13 to an 11.5% CP diet when 28 d remained. Blocks of cattle were slaughtered when approximately 60% of the cattle within the weight block were visually estimated to grade USDA Choice (average days on feed = 182). Nitrogen volatilization losses were estimated by the change in the N:P ratio of the diet and pen surface manure. Cattle switched from 13 to 10% CP diets with 56 d remaining on feed or from 13 to 11.5% CP with only 28 d remaining on feed had lower (P < 0.05) ADG, DMI, and G:F than steers fed a 13% CP diet throughout. Steers on the phase-feeding regimens had lower (P = 0.05) ADG and DMI during the last 56 d on feed than steers fed 13.0% CP diet throughout. Carcass characteristics were not affected by dietary regimen. Performance by cattle fed a constant 11.5% CP diet did not differ from those fed a 13% CP diet. Serum urea N concentrations increased (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary CP concentrations. Phase-feeding decreased estimated N excretion by 1.5 to 3.8 kg/steer and nitrogen volatilization losses by 3 to 5 kg/steer. The results suggest that modest changes in dietary CP concentration in the latter portion of the feeding period may have relatively small effects on overall beef cattle performance, but that decreasing dietary CP to 10% of DM would adversely affect performance of cattle fed high-concentrate, steam-flaked, corn-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Cole
- USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, TX 79012, USA.
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