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Wu G, Bazer FW, Johnson GA, Satterfield MC, Washburn SE. Metabolism and Nutrition of L-Glutamate and L-Glutamine in Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1788. [PMID: 38929408 PMCID: PMC11201166 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Although both L-glutamate (Glu) and L-glutamine (Gln) have long been considered nutritionally nonessential in ruminants, these two amino acids have enormous nutritional and physiological importance. Results of recent studies revealed that extracellular Gln is extensively degraded by ruminal microbes, but extracellular Glu undergoes little catabolism by these cells due to the near absence of its uptake. Ruminal bacteria hydrolyze Gln to Glu plus ammonia and, intracellularly, use both amino acids for protein synthesis. Microbial proteins and dietary Glu enter the small intestine in ruminants. Both Glu and Gln are the major metabolic fuels and building blocks of proteins, as well as substrates for the syntheses of glutathione and amino acids (alanine, ornithine, citrulline, arginine, proline, and aspartate) in the intestinal mucosa. In addition, Gln and aspartate are essential for purine and pyrimidine syntheses, whereas arginine and proline are necessary for the production of nitric oxide (a major vasodilator) and collagen (the most abundant protein in the body), respectively. Under normal feeding conditions, all diet- and rumen-derived Glu and Gln are extensively utilized by the small intestine and do not enter the portal circulation. Thus, de novo synthesis (e.g., from branched-chain amino acids and α-ketoglutarate) plays a crucial role in the homeostasis of Glu and Gln in the whole body but may be insufficient for maximal growth performance, production (e.g., lactation and pregnancy), and optimal health (particularly intestinal health) in ruminants. This applies to all types of feeding systems used around the world (e.g., rearing on a milk replacer before weaning, pasture-based production, and total mixed rations). Dietary supplementation with the appropriate doses of Glu or Gln [e.g., 0.5 or 1 g/kg body weight (BW)/day, respectively] can safely improve the digestive, endocrine, and reproduction functions of ruminants to enhance their productivity. Both Glu and Gln are truly functional amino acids in the nutrition of ruminants and hold great promise for improving their health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (F.W.B.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Fuller W. Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (F.W.B.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Gregory A. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - M. Carey Satterfield
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (F.W.B.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Shannon E. Washburn
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
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Li S, Ding J, Jiang L, Hayat MA, Song Q, Li Y, Zhang X, Zhang J. Dynamic ROS Production and Gene Expression of Heifers Blood Neutrophil in a Oligofructose Overload Model. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:211. [PMID: 32373641 PMCID: PMC7186304 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alimentary oligofructose (OF) overload can induce several diseases in cattle, such as ruminal acidosis, laminitis, and synovitis. The role of blood polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) remains unclear during OF overload. The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the expression profile of genes in blood PMN in a model of OF overload. Twelve clinically healthy and non-pregnant Chinese Holstein heifers, aged between 18 and 26 mo, weighing 335–403 kg, BCS (5-point scale) ranges 2.7–3.3 were used for the experiments. OF heifers (n = 6) received 17 g/kg of BW oligofructose dissolved in 2 L/100 kg of BW tap water and the CON heifers (n = 6) received 2 L/100 kg of BW tap water. Blood PMN was isolated for each heifer 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h after administration. PMN was analyzed either by endogenous and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced ROS production or by quantitative real-time PCR. After 12 h, PMA-induced ROS production decreased, which was sustained until 48 h. The expressions of inflammation markers (IL1α, IL1β, IL6, IL10, TNFα, STAT3, TLR4, MMP9, and HP) and eicosanoids (ALOX5, ALOX5AP, and PLA2G4A) were upregulated. The expression of adhesion and migration (CXCR2, CXCL8, CD62L, ITGA4, ITGAM, and ITGB2) in OF heifers was increased compared with CON heifers. The expression of oxidative stress (SOD2 and S100A8) was upregulated, while SOD1 and MPO were downregulated. In metabolism and receptor genes, the expressions of GRα and INSR decreased after 12 h, while Fas increased until 6 h and then decreased at 18 h. The expression of LDHA and PANX1 did not show any differences after OF overload. These findings indicate that OF overload induced systemic activation of PMN, which provides a step toward a better understanding of the role of innate immune responses in response to oral OF administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaichen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jiafeng Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lihong Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Muhammad Abid Hayat
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Qiaozhi Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yuepeng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xianhao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
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Minuti A, Ahmed S, Trevisi E, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Bertoni G, Jahan N, Bani P. Experimental acute rumen acidosis in sheep: Consequences on clinical, rumen, and gastrointestinal permeability conditions and blood chemistry1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3966-77. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Minuti
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
- PRONUTRIGEN- Centro di Ricerca sulla Proteomica e Nutrigenomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - S. Ahmed
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
- Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - E. Trevisi
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
- PRONUTRIGEN- Centro di Ricerca sulla Proteomica e Nutrigenomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - F. Piccioli-Cappelli
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - G. Bertoni
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - N. Jahan
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - P. Bani
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
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Mainardi SR, Hengst BA, Nebzydoski SJ, Nemec LM, Gressley TF. Effects of abomasal oligofructose on blood and feces of Holstein steers. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:2510-7. [PMID: 21764841 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subacute ruminal acidosis can result in increased flow of fermentable substrates to the hindgut, which can negatively affect animal health and productivity. However, animal responses to increased hindgut fermentation independent of subacute ruminal acidosis have rarely been evaluated. This study determined the impact of abomasal dosage of a fermentable carbohydrate on animal performance and blood and fecal variables. Six ruminally cannulated Holstein steers fed a lactating dairy cow ration were used in a crossover design study with 14-d periods. On d 13 of each period, steers were infused abomasally with a pulse dose of 0 (control) or 1 (Oligo) g of oligofructose/kg of BW. Blood samples collected at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h after abomasal oligofructose dose were evaluated for metabolites (blood urea N, β-hydroxybutyric acid, and NEFA) and systemic inflammatory markers (Cu, serum amyloid A, and haptoglobin). Fecal samples, rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were taken at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 h after abomasal dosage. Fecal samples were assayed for pH, DM percentage, consistency score (1=liquid to 5=coarse), and organic acid concentrations. Data were evaluated using a model including the fixed effects of treatment, time after dosage, and their interaction. Effects of treatment or treatment × time were not significant for DMI, blood variables, rectal temperature, or respiratory rate. Fecal pH was slightly reduced for Oligo compared with control steers (6.76 vs. 7.02; P=0.04). A treatment × time interaction occurred for fecal DM (P < 0.001). Compared with control steers, DM content of feces was reduced in Oligo steers at 6 h (12.6 vs. 15.2%) but increased at 9 h (16.3 vs. 15.0%) and 12 h (16.5 vs. 15.0). Fecal consistency score was reduced by the Oligo treatment at 6 h (1.44 vs. 2.83; P < 0.001) and 9 h (1.83 vs. 2.67; P=0.005). A treatment × time interaction was detected for fecal concentrations of lactate and acetate (P < 0.05) and tended to occur for propionate and butyrate (P < 0.10). The greatest difference for all organic acids occurred at 12 h, when fecal concentrations of lactate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate were 0.5, 47, 11, and 4.0 mM in control steers and 5.3, 76, 15, and 6.8 mM in Oligo steers, respectively. In summary, abomasal dosage of 1 g of oligofructose/kg of BW increased fecal excretion of microbial fermentation products in steers without causing metabolic acidosis, metabolic disruption, or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Mainardi
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, USA
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Greenwood SL, AlZahal O, Swanson KC, Matthews JC, McBride BW. Influence of glutamine infusion on ubiquitin, caspase-3, cathepsins L and B, and m-calpain expression in sheep with nutritionally induced metabolic acidosis. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:2073-9. [PMID: 19251930 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Provision of AA has shown success in attenuating proteolytic activity in monogastrics suffering from metabolic acidosis. However, it is unknown whether AA supplementation can provide any beneficial effects to ruminants with nutritionally induced metabolic acidosis. The objective of the current study was to examine the effects of glutamine infusion on various protein degradation components across several tissues in sheep with induced metabolic acidosis. Sheep were assigned to a randomized complete block design with 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (n = 6 sheep/treatment) consisting of a control or acidosis diet, and receiving a saline or L-glutamine infusion. Sheep were fed diets for 10 d and slaughtered on d 11. Liver, kidney, and muscle samples were collected at slaughter and examined for relative messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of ubiquitin, C8, E2, cathepsin L, cathepsin B, caspase-3, and m-calpain, as well as protein expression of ubiquitin. Relative mRNA expression of C8 (P = 0.02), E2 (P = 0.06), and ubiquitin (P = 0.07) was less in kidney in acidotic vs. control sheep. Additionally, mRNA expression of m-calpain in kidney was greater (P = 0.01) as a result of glutamine infusion. There were no significant alterations (P > 0.10) in mRNA of any component as a result of acidosis in the liver or muscle. This study demonstrates the inability of metabolic acidosis to increase expression of the ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic pathway in skeletal muscle; however, downregulation of renal mRNA expression of these components is apparent during the induction of metabolic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Greenwood
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada N1G 2W1
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