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Evans MG, Campbell JC, Ribeiro GO, Henry DH, Waldner C, Penner GB. Effect of water sulfate and dietary bismuth subsalicylate on feed and water intake, ruminal hydrogen sulfide concentration, and trace-mineral status of growing beef heifers. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae031. [PMID: 38300904 PMCID: PMC10889742 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In the Northern Great Plains, cattle may be exposed to water with an elevated sulfate concentration resulting in ruminal hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production and risk of copper deficiency. There are currently few strategies available to help mitigate effects arising from high-sulfate water (HS). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding a moderate-forage diet with or without bismuth subsalicylate (BSS; 0.0% vs. 0.4% DM basis) when provided water with a low- (LS; 346 ± 13) or HS (4,778 ± 263 mg/L) concentration on feed and water intake, ruminal H2S concentration, and liver and serum trace-mineral concentrations. Twenty-four Limousin × Simmental cross beef heifers (221 ± 41 kg) were stratified based on initial liver Cu into a completely randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement. Feed and water intake (measured weekly), ruminal H2S concentration (measured on days 42 and 91), liver (measured on days -13 and 91), and serum trace-mineral concentrations (measured on days 1, 28, 56, and 91) were evaluated. Initial liver trace-mineral concentrations were used as a covariate in the statistical model. Water intake tended to be reduced with the inclusion of BSS (P = 0.095) but was not affected by water sulfate (P = 0.40). Water sulfate and BSS did not affect dry matter intake (DMI; P ≥ 0.89). Heifers consuming HS had a ruminal H2S concentration that was 1.58 mg/L more (P < 0.001) than LS. The inclusion of BSS reduced (P = 0.035) ruminal H2S concentration by more than 44% (1.35 vs. 0.75 mg/L). Regardless of the water sulfate concentration, heifers fed BSS had lesser liver Cu concentration (average of 4.08 mg/kg) than heifers not provided BSS, and when not provided BSS, HS had lesser Cu than LS (42.2 vs. 58.3; sulfate × BSS, P = 0.019). The serum concentration of Cu did not differ over time for heifers not provided BSS; whereas, heifers provided BSS had lesser serum Cu concentration on day 91 than on days 28 and 55 (BSS × time, P < 0.001). The liver concentration of selenium was reduced (P < 0.001) with BSS inclusion but the selenium concentration in serum was not affected by sulfate, BSS, or time (P ≥ 0.16). BSS reduced ruminal H2S concentration, but depleted liver Cu and Se. Moreover, sulfate concentration in water did not appear to affect DMI, water intake, or growth, but increased ruminal H2S and reduced liver Cu concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela G Evans
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, CanadaS7N 5A8
| | - John C Campbell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, CanadaS7N 5A8
| | - Gabriel O Ribeiro
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, CanadaS7N 5A8
| | | | - Cheryl Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, CanadaS7N 5A8
| | - Gregory B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, CanadaS7N 5A8
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Jiao P, Ma F, Beauchemin K, AlZahal O, Xie X, Yang W. Effect of mixed live yeast and lactic acid bacteria on in vitro fermentation with varying media pH using a high-grain or high-forage diet. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of media pH and mixtures (SCEF) of live yeast [Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC)] and lactic acid bacteria [Enterococcus faecium (EF)] on gas production (GP), dry matter disappearance (DMD), and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in batch culture using either high-forage (HF) or high-grain (HG) diets. Diets were evaluated in separate experiments, each as a complete randomized design with 2 (media pH 5.8 and 6.5) × 5 (control, three SCEF, monensin) factorial arrangement of treatments. The SCEF had varying ratios of SC:EF: 0:0 (control), 1.18:1 (SCEF1), 1.25:1 (SCEF2), and 1.32:1 (SCEF3), added on a log10 basis. For the HF diet, supplementation of SCEF had greater GP (P = 0.03) at pH 6.5 and greater DMD (P = 0.03) and VFA concentration (P < 0.01) at pH 5.8 and 6.5 than control. For the HG diet, acetate:propionate (A:P) ratio at pH 6.5 was greater (P = 0.05) for SCEF than control. Increasing ratio of SC to EF in SCEF linearly (P < 0.01) decreased GP and DMD and linearly increased acetate percentage at pH 6.5. These results suggest that optimizing the SC:EF ratio in a mixture of SCEF can help improve rumen fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.X. Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150038, China
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - F.C. Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150038, China
| | - K.A. Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - O. AlZahal
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK
| | - X.L. Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150038, China
| | - W.Z. Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
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Thompson AJ, Smith ZK, Sarturi JO, Johnson BJ. Antimicrobial supplementation alters digestibility and ruminal fermentation in a continuous culture model. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2021.1876704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Thompson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, USA
| | - Zachary K. Smith
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Jhones O. Sarturi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Bradley J. Johnson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Liu X, Liu F, Yan T, Chang S, Wanapat M, Hou F. Cistanche deserticola Addition Improves Growth, Digestibility, and Metabolism of Sheep Fed on Fresh Forage from Alfalfa/Tall Fescue Pasture. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040668. [PMID: 32290579 PMCID: PMC7222725 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cistanche deserticola is a functional plant which mainly grows in desert and is parasitic on roots of the host species Haloxylon ammodendron. It has advantages in improving bodily intestinal peristalsis, immunity, anti-aging, anti-oxidation, and liver health and was supplied for sheep in this experiment to study the effects of C. deserticola addition on nutrients digestion, nitrogen balance, energy utilization, and methane production. The results revealed that C. deserticola has good utilization value in animal nutrition. The data are useful for further research on this natural plant additive to improve the health and productivity of the sheep fed on fresh forage from alfalfa/tall fescue pastures. Abstract This study is targeted at evaluating whether C. deserticola addition promotes digestion, nitrogen and energy use, and methane production of sheep fed on fresh forage from alfalfa/tall fescue pastures. The sheep feeding trial was conducted with four addition levels with C. deserticola powder, and a basal diet of fresh alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Addition levels of 4% and 6% improved average body weight gain (BWG) by 215.71 and 142.86 g/d, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 0.20 and 0.14, respectively. Digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and ether extract (EE) was 62.25%, 65.18%, 58.75%, and 47.25% under the addition level of 2%, which is greater than that in the control group. C. deserticola addition improved energy utilization efficiency, while addition levels of 2% and 4% increased nitrogen intake and deposited nitrogen. Overall, C. deserticola has the potential to improve growth performance, digestion of sheep, so it has suitability to be used as a feed additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (X.L.); (F.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Fuyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (X.L.); (F.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Tianhai Yan
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, County Down BT26 6DR, UK;
| | - Shenghua Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (X.L.); (F.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (X.L.); (F.L.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Jiao P, He Z, Ding S, Walker N, Cong Y, Liu F, Beauchemin K, Yang W. Impact of strain and dose of live yeast and yeast derivatives on in vitro ruminal fermentation of a high-grain diet at two pH levels. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of live yeast (LY) or yeast derivatives (YD) on gas production (GP), dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD), fermentation characteristics, and microbial profiles in batch culture. The study was a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement: 2 media pH × 5 yeasts × 4 dosages. An additional treatment of monensin (Mon) was added as a positive control for each pH level. Media pH was low (5.8) and high (6.5); the yeasts were three LY (LY1-3) and two YD (YD4-5); and doses were 0, 4 × 106, 8 × 106, and 1.6 × 107 cfu mL−1 for LY and 0, 15, 30, and 60 mg bottle−1 for YD. Substrate consisted of 10% silage and 90% concentrate (DM basis) and samples were incubated for 24 h. Media pH of 6.5 vs. 5.8, increased (P < 0.01) GP, DMD, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations but decreased (P < 0.01) NH3-N concentration and copy numbers of Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Selenomonas ruminantium. Increasing dose of LY2 linearly (P < 0.05) increased DMD. Total VFA concentration was greater with LY2 (P < 0.01) than LY3 and YD5 at pH 6.5. Overall, adding yeast products improved (P < 0.05) DMD at pH 5.8, and increased VFA concentration compared with Mon. These results indicate that in vitro GP and DMD of a high-grain diet varied with source and dose of yeast supplementation. Some yeast products have the potential to improve fermentation of feedlot diets when supplemented at appropriate doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.X. Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, People’s Republic of China
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4P4, Canada
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Z.X. He
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4P4, Canada
| | - S. Ding
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4P4, Canada
| | - N.D. Walker
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK
| | - Y.Y. Cong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, People’s Republic of China
| | - F.Z. Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - K.A. Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4P4, Canada
| | - W.Z. Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4P4, Canada
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Mariezcurrena-Berasain MA, Velázquez-Garduño G, Marín-Mendoza PM, Pliego AB, Vega Castillo LF, Carranza BV, Khusro A, Ugbogu EA, Salem AZM. Sensitivity of Coriandrum sativum extract on bacterial pathogens isolated from digestive system of rabbits, and its role on in vitro cecal gas production and fermentation. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:18-23. [PMID: 29906540 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present context was aimed to investigate the antibacterial potency of aqueous extract of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) leaves against bacterial pathogens isolated from the organs associated with digestive system of rabbit. This study also evaluated the influence of varied doses of aqueous extract of C. sativum (AECS) leaves on in vitro gas production (GP), methane (CH4) production, and some other pivotal fermentation parameters from caecal sample of rabbits. The pathogenic bacteria were isolated from mouth, caecum, and anus of rabbits, and further identified through morphological, biochemical, and molecular tools. The growth inhibitory characteristics of AECS against pathogens were determined using disc diffusion assay. Surprisingly, the result revealed lack of antibacterial potential at tested concentrations. Further, in order to demonstrate the in vitro GP and fermentation parameters in rabbits, four treatments comprising of 0, 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 mL extract/g dry matter (DM) of AECS were used. Results showed no linear or quadratic effect (P > 0.05) on in vitro GP and CH4 production after the supplementation of AECS in the feeding diet. However, the inclusion of AECS at the concentration of 1.8 mL/g DM exhibited the lowest asymptotic CH4 production and initial delay prior to CH4 production. Similarly, the addition of AECS at 1.8 mL/g DM concentration reduced asymptotic GP as well as CH4 production, and improved fermentation parameters of rabbits when compared with the control and other tested doses. In a nutshell, the tested doses of AECS showed lack of antibacterial trait against the pathogenic bacteria isolated from mouth, caecum, and anus of rabbits. Besides, the AECS exhibited the unique potentiality of reducing GP and improving diversified fermentation parameters in rabbits, thereby suggesting its plausible role as an alternative to commercially available growth promoters in livestock industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonia Mariezcurrena-Berasain
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Instituto Literario 100, Col. Centro, CP 50000, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Gisela Velázquez-Garduño
- Food Processes and Chemistry Area Biotechnology, The Technological University of Toluca Valley, Carretera del Departamento del D.F. km 7.5, Santa María Atarasquillo, CP 52044, Lerma, Mexico
| | - Perla Mabel Marín-Mendoza
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Instituto Literario 100, Col. Centro, CP 50000, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Alberto Barbabosa Pliego
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Instituto Literario 100, Col. Centro, CP 50000, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Luis Fernando Vega Castillo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Instituto Literario 100, Col. Centro, CP 50000, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Valladares Carranza
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Instituto Literario 100, Col. Centro, CP 50000, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Ameer Khusro
- Research Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai, 600034, India
| | | | - Abdelfattah Z M Salem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Instituto Literario 100, Col. Centro, CP 50000, Toluca, Mexico.
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Capelari M, Powers W. The effect of nitrate and monensin on in vitro ruminal fermentation. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:5112-5123. [PMID: 29293719 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments evaluated the effect of calcium ammonium nitrate decahydrate (calcium nitrate [NIT]) and monensin sodium (MON) on in vitro fermentation parameters of 2 contrasting diets (100:0 and 10:90 forage-to-concentrate ratios). Diet addition of NIT (0, 1.25, and 2.5 g/100 g DM) and MON (0, 3, and 6 mg/L) were tested alone and combined (9 treatments total; 5 bottles per treatment). Mixed ruminal microorganisms were incubated in anaerobic media containing 0.5 g of substrate diet, 1 of 9 treatments, and 40 mL buffer solution. Incubations were performed in batch cultures for 48 h at 39°C. Headspace gas volume was measured and sampled at 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h, and the VFA profile was assessed at the end of the experiment. Total gas production was reduced by NIT (87.9 vs. 94.6 mL; < 0.01) and MON (78.6 vs. 94.6 mL; < 0.01) and, in Exp. 2, further reduced by NIT+MON when the additives were combined (161.1 vs. 196.9 mL; < 0.01). Methane production from control in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2 averaged 9.1 and 15.3 mL, respectively, and was decreased by NIT (3.4 and 8.3 mL in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively; P < 0.01), MON (4.1 and 7.7 mL; in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively; < 0.01) and NIT+MON (1.1 and 1.5 mL; in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively; < 0.01). Both experiments demonstrated a significant increase in nitrous oxide (NO; < 0.01) when NIT was added. Compared to the control treatment, IVDMD was reduced when NIT+MON was added at the higher doses in EXP1 (31.7 vs. 37.4%; < 0.01) and EXP2 (76.6 vs. 79.9 %; < 0.01). Net VFA production was not affected by treatments ( > 0.10), but molar proportions of acetate and butyrate were reduced by MON ( < 0.01). Propionate molar proportion was increased in both experiments by MON ( < 0.01) and further increased in Exp. 2 when the additives were combined at lower doses ( < 0.01). Compared to the control treatment, the acetate:propionate (A:P) ratio was reduced by MON in Exp. 1(1.2 vs. 2.8; < 0.01) and Exp. 2 (1.0 vs. 2.3; < 0.01). Fermentation efficiency (%) was increased by MON (81.7 vs. 73.7%; < 0.01) and further increased in Exp. 2 when the additives were combined at lower doses (87.2 vs. 76.6%; < 0.01). The combination of NIT and MON in 2 contrasting diets proved beneficial by altering fermentation products toward lower CH and more propionate; however, the addition of NIT consistently increased NO production. Negative effects of the additives on IVDMD were found only when the additives were combined at higher doses.
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Fessenden SW, Carpenter AJ, Ruiz-Moreno M, Jenkins TC, Stern MD. Effects of bismuth subsalicylate and dietary sulfur level on fermentation by ruminal microbes in continuous culture. Transl Anim Sci 2017; 1:559-569. [PMID: 32704678 PMCID: PMC7204973 DOI: 10.2527/tas2017.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In ruminants, excess dietary sulfur can be associated with a reduction in DM intake, poor feedlot performance and sulfur-associated polioencephalomalacia. Bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) has been shown to decrease hydrogen sulfide in vitro. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate effects of BSS inclusion (0 or 0.5% of diet DM) and dietary sulfur (0.21 or 0.42% of diet DM) on microbial fermentation in continuous culture. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Eight dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used during 2 consecutive 10-d periods consisting of 7 d for stabilization followed by 3 d of sampling. A pelleted feedlot diet containing 39% dry rolled corn, 32% earlage, 21% wet distillers grains, 3.2% corn silage, 1.5% soybean meal, 0.6% urea and 2.7% mineral premix (DM basis) was provided as substrate for microbes at a rate of 75 g of DM × fermenter–1 × d–1. Effluents from sampling days were composited by fermenter within period, resulting in 4 replicates/treatment. Bismuth subsalicylate inclusion decreased (P < 0.01) true OM digestion, while no effects were observed for NDF and ADF digestion. Total VFA concentrations, molar proportions of acetic, propionic, and branched-chained VFA decreased (P < 0.01) with BSS addition. The ratio of acetic to propionic acid and the molar proportion of butyric acid increased (P < 0.01) with BSS addition. In regard to nitrogen metabolism, BSS increased NH3–N concentration, NH3–N and dietary-N flows (P < 0.01), and decreased non-NH3–N flow, microbial-N flow, CP degradation, and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (P < 0.01). Inclusion of BSS increased mean, minimum, and maximum fermentation pH (P < 0.01). Amount of dietary sulfur and BSS inclusion influenced flows of amino acids and fatty acids from fermenters. Influences on fatty acid biohydrogenation and amino acid flows demonstrated an overall suppression of microbial fermentation. Results from this experiment indicate that BSS inclusion at 0.5% of diet DM has detrimental effects on in vitro rumen fermentation in continuous culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Fessenden
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, 55108
| | - A J Carpenter
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, 55108
| | - M Ruiz-Moreno
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, 55108
| | - T C Jenkins
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - M D Stern
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, 55108
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Lourenço JM, Froetschel MA, Segers JR, Tucker JJ, Stewart RL. Utilization of canola and sunflower meals as replacements for soybean meal in a corn silage-based stocker system1. Transl Anim Sci 2017; 1:592-598. [PMID: 32704681 PMCID: PMC7204982 DOI: 10.2527/tas2017.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate 3 silage-based stocker diets. In Exp. 1, diets were fed to a total of 276 animals over a period of 3 yr and performance data was collected. In Exp. 2, the same diets were subjected to in vitro digestion for 5 time periods: 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h, to evaluate IVDMD, production of fermentation end products, and efficiency of transformation of energy. The experimental diets were similar, except for their protein supplements. They were composed of: 1) 74% corn silage, 15.2% ground ear corn, and 10.8% soybean meal (SBM); 2) 74.4% corn silage, 9.8% ground ear corn, and 15.8% canola meal (CAN); 3) 74.5% corn silage, 9.8% ground ear corn, and 15.7% sunflower meal (SUN). Results from Exp. 1 showed that DMI was similar across all treatments (P = 0.167), but ADG was greater (P = 0.007) for animals fed either SBM or CAN than for animals fed SUN (1.29, 1.28, and 1.20 kg/d, respectively). Both CAN and SUN significantly reduced (P < 0.001) daily feeding cost per animal in comparison to SBM. Exp. 2 revealed that total VFA production was similar for all treatments (P = 0.185), and greatest molar proportions of propionate were observed for SBM and CAN (P = 0.02). Additionally, IVDMD was highest for SBM (P < 0.001). Regression analysis showed that most of the evaluated traits followed a quadratic trend for incubation times (P ≤ 0.02). On average, the in vitro technique used in this study was able to account for 97.03% of the caloric transformations suffered by DE throughout the different incubation times. Overall, our findings revealed that although animals receiving SUN had the cheapest daily feeding cost, important traits like ADG and feed conversion rate were negatively affected by this treatment. In contrast, data showed that CAN was an effective replacement for SBM for it maintained similar animal performance while decreasing feed costs. Therefore, from a producer standpoint, CAN is a viable alternative to replace the more costly SBM diet in silage-based stocker operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Lourenço
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, 30602
| | - M. A. Froetschel
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, 30602
| | - J. R. Segers
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, The University of Georgia, Tifton, 31793
| | - J. J. Tucker
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, The University of Georgia, Tifton, 31793
| | - R. L. Stewart
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, 30602
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Binversie EY, Ruiz-Moreno M, Carpenter AJ, Heins BJ, Crawford GI, DiCostanzo A, Stern MD. Effects of dietary roughage and sulfur in diets containing corn dried distillers grains with solubles on hydrogen sulfide production and fermentation by rumen microbes in vitro. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:3883-3893. [PMID: 27898920 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) have been used in production animal diets; however, overuse of DDGS can cause toxic concentrations of ruminal hydrogen sulfide gas (HS), resulting in polioencephalomalacia, a deleterious brain disease. Because HS gas requires an acidic rumen environment and diet can influence ruminal pH, it has been postulated that dietary manipulation could help mitigate HS production. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of dietary roughage and sulfur concentrations on HS production and rumen fermentation. In Exp. 1, 7 dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used in 4 consecutive 9-d periods consisting of 6 d of adaptation followed by 3 d of sampling. At the conclusion of each 9-d continuous culture period, adapted rumen fluid was used for inoculation of 24-h batch culture incubations for Exp. 2. For both experiments, 6 dietary treatments were formulated to consist of 0.3%, 0.4%, or 0.5% dietary sulfur (LS, MS, and HS, respectively) and 3% or 9% dietary roughage (LR and MR, respectively), using grass hay as the roughage source. A corn-based diet without DDGS was used as a control diet. Headspace gas was sampled to determine HS production and concentration. In Exp. 1, greater dietary roughage had no effect ( = 0.14) on HS production but did create a less acidic environment because of an increase ( < 0.01) in the in vitro pH. In Exp. 2, an increase in dietary sulfur caused an increase ( = 0.04) in ruminal HS production, but there was no direct effect ( = 0.25) of dietary roughage on HS production. Greater dietary roughage resulted in a less ( = 0.01) acidic final batch culture pH but a lower ( < 0.01) total VFA concentration. Further investigation is needed to determine a more effective way to mitigate ruminal HS production using dietary manipulation, which could include greater inclusion of dietary roughage or the use of different roughage sources.
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Impact of strain and dose of lactic acid bacteria on in vitro ruminal fermentation with varying media pH levels and feed substrates. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Biswas AA, Lee SS, Mamuad LL, Kim SH, Choi YJ, Bae GS, Lee K, Sung HG, Lee SS. Use of Lysozyme as a Feed Additive on In vitro Rumen Fermentation and Methane Emission. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:1601-1607. [PMID: 27703130 PMCID: PMC5088380 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of lysozyme addition on in vitro rumen fermentation and to identify the lysozyme inclusion rate for abating methane (CH4) production. An in vitro ruminal fermentation technique was done using a commercial concentrate to rice straw ratio of 8:2 as substrate. The following treatments were applied wherein lysozyme was added into 1 mg dry matter substrate at different levels of inclusion: Without lysozyme, 2,000, 4,000, and 8,000 U lysozyme. Results revealed that, lysozyme addition had a significant effect on pH after 24 h of incubation, with the highest pH (p<0.01) observed in 8,000 U lysozyme, followed by the 4,000 U, 2,000 U, and without lysozyme. The highest amounts of acetic acid, propionic acid (p<0.01) and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) (p<0.05) were found in 8,000 U after 24 h of incubation. The CH4 concentration was the lowest in the 8,000 U and the highest in the without lysozyme addition after 24 h of incubation. There was no significant differences in general bacteria, methanogen, or protozoan DNA copy number. So far, addition of lysozyme increased the acetate, propionate, TVFA, and decreased CH4 concentration. These results suggest that lysozyme supplementation may improve in vitro rumen fermentation and reduce CH4 emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A Biswas
- Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Korea
| | - Sung Sill Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 , IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Lovelia L Mamuad
- Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Korea
| | - Seon-Ho Kim
- Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Korea
| | - Yeon-Jae Choi
- Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Korea
| | - Gui-Seck Bae
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Korea
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ha-Guyn Sung
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Korea
| | - Sang-Suk Lee
- Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Korea
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Ruiz-Moreno M, Binversie E, Fessenden SW, Stern MD. Mitigation of in vitro hydrogen sulfide production using bismuth subsalicylate with and without monensin in beef feedlot diets. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:5346-54. [PMID: 26641054 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if a sulfur binder, bismuth subsalicylate (BSS), alone or combined with monensin (MON) could decrease the production of HS by rumen microbes. In Exp. 1, two 24-h batch culture incubations were conducted using a substrate consisting of 50% corn, 40% distillers grains, 9.75% hay, and 0.25% mineral premix, on a DM basis. Five treatments including BSS concentrations of 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4% of DM were assigned in 5 replicates to 120-mL serum bottles containing rumen fluid, buffer, and 0.5 g of dietary substrate. Addition of 2% and 4% BSS decreased ( < 0.05) gas production, whereas all concentrations of BSS reduced ( < 0.05) HS production by 18%, 24%, 82%, and 99% for 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4% BSS, respectively. Final pH increased ( < 0.05) with 2% and 4% BSS treatments. At 4% of DM, BSS decreased ( < 0.05) total VFA concentration (m) and propionate (mol/100 mol) but increased acetate (mol/100 mol) and acetate to propionate ratio. Concentration of branched-chain VFA increased ( < 0.05) with the addition of 0.5% BSS, compared with the control. On the basis of these results, addition of BSS (1% of DM) and MON (5 mg/kg) were used to assess their effects on metabolism and HS release by rumen microbes in 8 dual flow continuous culture fermenters during two 10-d periods (Exp. 2). Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Substrate similar to that used in Exp. 1 was provided at 75 g DM/fermenter daily. Headspace HS concentration was reduced ( < 0.05) by 99% with BSS treatment but was not affected ( = 0.21) by MON. An overall increase ( < 0.05) in fermentation pH was found following addition of BSS. Addition of BSS increased ( < 0.05) digestion of NDF and ADF but decreased ( < 0.05) nonfiber carbohydrate digestion and total VFA concentration. Acetate and propionate (mol/100 mol) increased ( < 0.05) with BSS, whereas butyrate (mol/100 mol) and branched-chain VFA (m) decreased ( < 0.05). Addition of BSS increased ( < 0.05) NH-N concentration and NH-N outflow but decreased ( < 0.05) microbial N outflow. Results from this study showed no response to monensin addition, but BSS markedly reduced HS production and altered microbial fermentation during in vitro rumen fluid incubations.
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Effects of a blend of essential oils, chitosan or monensin on nutrient intake and digestibility of lactating dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Aguilar-Hernández JA, Urías-Estrada JD, López-Soto MA, Barreras A, Plascencia A, Montaño M, González-Vizcarra VM, Estrada-Angulo A, Castro-Pérez BI, Barajas R, Rogge HI, Zinn RA. Evaluation of isoquinoline alkaloid supplementation levels on ruminal fermentation, characteristics of digestion, and microbial protein synthesis in steers fed a high-energy diet. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:267-74. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Drewnoski ME, Pogge DJ, Hansen SL. High-sulfur in beef cattle diets: A review. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3763-80. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. E. Drewnoski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0908
| | - D. J. Pogge
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - S. L. Hansen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0908
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Effect of Haylage and Monensin Supplementation on Ruminal Bacterial Communities of Feedlot Cattle. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:169-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Effects of high fat, modified wet, corn distiller's grains plus solubles on beef steer performance and carcass characteristics. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fonseca AJM, Cabrita ARJ, Pinho LAO, Kim EJ, Dewhurst RJ. Effects of protein sources on concentrations of hydrogen sulphide in the rumen headspace gas of dairy cows. Animal 2013; 7:75-81. [PMID: 23031538 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731112000973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two Latin square design experiments investigated the relationship between hydrogen sulphide concentration in the rumen headspace gas of dairy cows and the early stages of protein degradation in the rumen. In Expt 1, three protein sources differing in rumen N (nitrogen) degradability (maize gluten feed (MGF); sunflower meal (SFM); and soyabean meal (SBM)) were used, whereas in Expt 2 four different batches of the same feed (MGF) differing in colour (CIE L*, a*, b* (CIELAB) scale) were used. After allowing the concentration of hydrogen sulphide in rumen gas to decline close to zero, a fixed amount of protein sources was offered to cows and the concentrations of hydrogen sulphide were recorded in rumen headspace gas at 30-min intervals. In Expt 1, the concentration of hydrogen sulphide showed considerable variation between protein sources, with MGF having the highest concentration followed by SFM and SBM resulting in very low concentrations. The N wash losses (zero time measurements with nylon bags) ranked the feeds in the same way, from MGF (highest; 61%) to SBM (lowest; 26%). There were marked differences in the degradation of cystine and methionine between protein sources, although the degradation of cystine was always higher than for methionine. MGF (Expt 2) led to increased concentrations of hydrogen sulphide, with peak concentrations achieved between 1 and 2 h after feeding. The concentrations of hydrogen sulphide were higher for MGF1, intermediate for MGF2 and lower for MGF3 and MGF4, agreeing with colour scale. Differences in the early stages of dietary sulphur degradation corresponded with differences in hydrogen sulphide concentrations in rumen gas. The results suggest that hydrogen sulphide concentrations in the rumen headspace gas could be useful to evaluate nutritional parameters not measured by the in sacco technique, contributing to a better understanding of the response of dairy cows to different protein supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J M Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, Portugal
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Felix TL, Pyatt NA, Loerch SC. Effects of monensin supplementation on ruminal metabolism of feedlot cattle fed diets containing dried distillers grains. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3905-13. [PMID: 22665654 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-5059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of monensin and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on ruminal metabolism in 8 fistulated steers. In Exp. 1, treatments were (DM basis): 1) 0 mg monensin/kg diet DM, 2) 22 mg monensin/kg diet DM, 3) 33 mg monensin/kg diet DM, and 4) 44 mg monensin/kg diet DM. The remainder of the diet was 10% corn silage, 60% DDGS, 10% corn, and 20% mineral supplement that used ground corn as the carrier. There was no effect (P > 0.80) of dietary monensin inclusion on DMI. Increasing dietary monensin did not affect (P > 0.05) ruminal VFA concentrations or lactic acid concentrations. There was no effect (P > 0.15) of increasing dietary monensin concentration on ruminal hydrogen sulfide gas (H(2)S) and liquid sulfide (S(2-)) concentrations, or ruminal pH. In Exp. 2, treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial and contained (DM basis): 1) 0 mg monensin/kg diet DM + 25% DDGS inclusion, 2) 0 mg monensin/kg diet DM + 60% DDGS inclusion, 3) 44 mg monensin/kg diet DM + 25% DDGS inclusion, and 4) 44 mg monensin/kg diet DM + 60% DDGS inclusion. The remainder of the diet was 15% corn silage, corn, and 20% mineral supplement that used ground corn as a carrier. With 60% dietary DDGS inclusion, DMI decreased (P < 0.01) when compared with 25% DDGS inclusion. With 25% DDGS in the diet, 0 h postfeeding acetate concentration was decreased compared with when 60% DDGS was fed (P < 0.01). A similar response (P < 0.01) occurred for total VFA concentrations at 0 h postfeeding. However, at 3 and 6 h postfeeding, propionate concentrations increased (P ≤ 0.05) in cattle fed the 60% DDGS diets, regardless of monensin inclusion. This increase in propionate concentrations contributed to the increase (P = 0.03) in total VFA concentrations at 3 h postfeeding when 60% DDGS diets were fed. There was no interaction detected (P > 0.05) for H(2)S or S(2-) concentrations in Exp. 2. Feeding 60% DDGS diets increased mean H(2)S by 71% when compared with feeding 25% DDGS diets. Similar to the response observed for H(2)S, feeding 60% DDGS diets increased mean S(2-) by 64% when compared with feeding 25% DDGS diets. Although these studies did not show beneficial effects of monensin supplementation on ruminal pH, VFA, or H(2)S concentrations, adverse rumen conditions, notably low ruminal pH, when high DDGS diets were fed may have precluded the effects of monensin from being realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Felix
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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21
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Ponce C, Smith D, Branine M, Hubbert M, Galyean M. Effects of type of ionophore and carrier on in vitro ruminal dry matter disappearance, gas production, and fermentation end products of a concentrate substrate. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Neville BW, Lardy GP, Karges KK, Eckerman SR, Berg PT, Schauer CS. Interaction of corn processing and distillers dried grains with solubles on health and performance of steers1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:560-7. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. W. Neville
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - G. P. Lardy
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - K. K. Karges
- Dakota Gold Research Association, Sioux Falls, SD 57104
| | - S. R. Eckerman
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
- Hettinger Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Hettinger 58639
| | - P. T. Berg
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - C. S. Schauer
- Hettinger Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Hettinger 58639
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Salem A, Olivares M, Lopez S, Gonzalez-Ronquillo M, Rojo R, Camacho L, Cerrillo S, Mejia H. Effect of natural extracts of Salix babylonica and Leucaena leucocephala on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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24
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Influence of individual and mixed extracts of two tree species on in vitro gas production kinetics of a high concentrate diet fed to growing lambs. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Felix TL, Loerch SC. Effects of haylage and monensin supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, and ruminal metabolism of feedlot cattle fed diets containing 60% dried distillers grains. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:2614-23. [PMID: 21454865 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this research were to determine the interaction of monensin and haylage supplementation for steers fed 60% dried distillers grains (DDGS) on 1) mineral status, performance, and carcass characteristics, and on 2) ruminal pH, H(2)S, and short-chain fatty acid concentrations. In Exp. 1, Angus-cross steers (n=168; BW=277 ± 67 kg) were blocked by BW and allotted in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to 24 pens. Dietary treatments were 1) 0 mg of monensin/kg of diet + 0% haylage, 2) 33 mg of monensin/kg of diet + 0% haylage, 3) 0 mg of monensin/kg of diet + 10% haylage, and 4) 33 mg of monensin/kg of diet + 10% haylage. The remainder of the diet was 60% DDGS, 10% corn silage, 15% supplement, and corn (either 5 or 15%) on a DM basis. When supplemented with 0 mg of monensin/kg of diet, added haylage increased ADG by 5.7%, whereas when supplemented with 33 mg of monensin/kg of diet, added haylage increased ADG by 13% (P < 0.01). No interactions of monensin and haylage were observed for DMI or G:F (P ≥ 0.36). Haylage inclusion increased (P < 0.01) DMI and decreased (P < 0.01) G:F. No interactions (P > 0.05) on plasma mineral concentrations were observed; however, over time, plasma Cu concentrations decreased (P < 0.01), whereas plasma ceruloplasmin and S concentrations increased (P < 0.01). There were no treatment effects (P ≥ 0.08) on carcass characteristics. Cattle fed the 60% DDGS diets benefitted from increased dietary forage, and the effects of monensin and forage were additive for ADG and final BW. In Exp. 2, ruminally fistulated steers (n=8; BW = 346 ± 34 kg) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design and were randomly assigned to the diets used in Exp. 1. Haylage inclusion increased ruminal pH from 1.5 through 12 h postfeeding, and the effects of monensin supplementation were additive (P < 0.05). From 1.5 through 9 h postfeeding, steers fed 33 mg of monensin/kg of diet tended to have reduced (P ≤ 0.10) concentrations of H(2)S when compared with steers fed 0 mg of monensin/kg of diet. Acetate:propionate ratios at 6 h postfeeding were 0.94, 0.93, 1.29, and 1.35 for diets 1 to 4, respectively (P < 0.01); total lactate was decreased regardless of treatment (range: 0.94 to 1.42 µmol/mL). Sulfuric acid in DDGS, not ruminal short-chain fatty acids, may be responsible for the low rumen pH observed and may influence the maximum inclusion of DDGS in cattle diets. Monensin supplementation decreased H(2)S concentration and may decrease the risk of polioencephalomalacia for cattle fed high-DDGS diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Felix
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691, USA
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May ML, Quinn MJ, Dilorenzo N, Smith DR, Galyean ML. Effects of roughage concentration in steam-flaked corn-based diets containing wet distillers grains with solubles on feedlot cattle performance, carcass characteristics, and in vitro fermentation. J Anim Sci 2010; 89:549-59. [PMID: 21036933 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to evaluate effects of wet distillers grains with solubles (WDG) and dietary concentration of alfalfa hay (AH) on performance of finishing beef cattle and in vitro fermentation. In both studies, 7 treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial; factors were dietary concentrations (DM basis) of WDG (15 or 30%) and AH (7.5, 10, or 12.5%) plus a non-WDG control diet that contained 10% AH. In Exp. 1, 224 beef steers were used in a randomized complete block (initial BW 342 kg ± 9.03) finishing trial. No WDG × AH interactions were observed (P > 0.12). There were no differences among treatments in final shrunk BW or ADG (P > 0.15), and DMI did not differ with WDG concentration for the overall feeding period (P = 0.38). Increasing dietary AH concentration tended (P < 0.079) to linearly increase DMI, and linearly decreased (P < 0.05) G:F and calculated dietary NE(m) and NE(g) concentrations. Carcasses from cattle fed 15% WDG had greater yield grades (P = 0.014), with tendencies for greater 12th-rib fat (P = 0.054) and marbling score (P = 0.053) than those from cattle fed 30% WDG. There were no differences among treatments (P > 0.15) in HCW, dressing percent, LM area, KPH, proportions of cattle grading USDA Choice, and incidence of liver abscesses. In Exp. 2, ruminal fluid was collected from 2 ruminally cannulated Jersey steers adapted to a 60% concentrate diet to evaluate in vitro gas production kinetics, H(2)S production, IVDMD, and VFA. Relative to the control substrate, including WDG in substrates increased (P < 0.01) H(2)S production and decreased total gas production (P = 0.01) and rate of gas production (P = 0.03). Increasing substrate WDG from 15 to 30% increased (P < 0.05) H(2)S production and decreased (P < 0.001) total gas production, with a tendency (P = 0.073) to decrease IVDMD and fractional rate of gas production (P = 0.063). Treatments did not significantly affect (P > 0.09) molar proportions or total concentration of VFA. Results indicate that including 15 or 30% WDG in steam-flaked corn-based diets did not result in major changes in feedlot performance or carcass characteristics, but increasing AH concentration from 7.5 to 12.5% in diets containing WDG decreased G:F. Including WDG in substrates decreased rate and extent of gas production and increased H(2)S production. Changes in various measures of in vitro fermentation associated with AH concentrations were not large.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L May
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Box 42141, Lubbock 79409, USA.
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Effects of Distillers Grains and Substrate Steam-Flaked Corn Concentration on In Vitro Dry Matter Disappearance, Gas Production Kinetics, and Hydrogen Sulfide Production1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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May ML, DeClerck JC, Leibovich J, Quinn MJ, DiLorenzo N, Smith DR, Hales KE, Galyean ML. Corn or sorghum wet distillers grains with solubles in combination with steam-flaked corn: in vitro fermentation and hydrogen sulfide production. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:2425-32. [PMID: 20382867 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of wet distillers grains with solubles (WDG) on in vitro rate of gas production, IVDMD, H(2)S production, and VFA were evaluated. Five substrate treatments that were balanced for ether extract content were arranged in a 2 x 2 + 1 factorial. Factors were concentration (15 or 30%; DM basis) and source of WDG (corn or sorghum WDG; CDG and SDG, respectively) plus a 0% WDG control in substrates with steam-flaked corn as the basal grain. Control substrates had greater (P < 0.01) IVDMD and total gas production per gram of substrate DM than WDG-based substrates, and IVDMD was greater (P = 0.03) for CDG than for SDG substrates. Increasing WDG inclusion from 15 to 30% decreased IVDMD and total gas production (P < 0.05), but H(2)S production (micromol/g of fermentable DM) increased (P = 0.01) as inclusion of WDG increased. There were no differences (P > or = 0.10) among treatments in proportions of major VFA, acetate:propionate ratio, and total VFA concentration. These results suggest that including WDG in the substrate decreased IVDMD and gas production, which was particularly evident as WDG increased from 15 to 30% of substrate DM. In addition, CDG seemed to be more digestible than SDG. Hydrogen sulfide production increased with increasing WDG in the substrate, reflecting greater S concentrations in WDG, but in vitro VFA profiles were not affected by WDG concentration or source.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L May
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA.
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Smith DR, DiLorenzo N, Leibovich J, May ML, Quinn MJ, Homm JW, Galyean ML. Effects of sulfur and monensin concentrations on in vitro dry matter disappearance, hydrogen sulfide production, and volatile fatty acid concentrations in batch culture ruminal fermentations1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:1503-12. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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DiLorenzo N, Galyean ML. Applying technology with newer feed ingredients in feedlot diets: do the old paradigms apply? J Anim Sci 2009; 88:E123-32. [PMID: 19820060 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of coproducts such as corn and sorghum distillers grain (DG) and corn gluten feed (CGF) in beef cattle finishing diets has increased significantly in recent years, but research to evaluate the efficacy of traditional feeding practices and feed additives when coproducts are fed has not kept pace. Grain processing methods that increase starch availability seem equally effective in traditional diets and diets with wet CGF; however, in wet DG diets, some studies have shown decreased efficacy of grain processing, whereas others have shown no evidence of an interaction. Limited data are available on the physical and nutritional value of the fiber in wet DG and CGF; however, CGF at concentrations >/=25% of the dietary DM seems to have some degree of "roughage value," whereas fiber in wet DG seems to have less potential to replace traditional roughage sources. There is little evidence that efficacy of ionophores and antibiotics is changed with diets based on wet CGF or that they interact when wet DG is added to finishing diets. In vitro data from our laboratory suggest no loss of monensin efficacy in substrates with 15% (DM basis) corn DG in terms of changes in VFA and gas production. Moreover, efficacy of ionophores was not affected in our data by diet substrates with increasing concentrations of S, and in vitro H(2)S production in substrates containing wet DG seems predictable from substrate S concentrations. Nonetheless, limited in vivo data indicate decreased ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratios in diets with increased wet DG, which may minimize the potential for ionophores to alter propionate. Likewise, in vivo results indicate that feeding wet DG may decrease ruminal pH; thus, to maximize DMI and minimize digestive upsets, optimal concentrations of roughage need to be evaluated in diets containing wet DG. Research is needed on other potential technology interactions with coproducts of biofuel production such as glycerol and condensed distillers solubles. The effects of yeast products and live microbial cultures in diets with coproduct feeds have generally not been determined. Because of the elevated fiber concentrations in CGF and DG, effects of exogenous enzyme preparations on ruminal fermentation and fiber digestion of diets containing these coproducts should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N DiLorenzo
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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