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Gebauer J, Hodkovicova N, Tosnerova K, Skoupa K, Batik A, Bartejsova I, Charvatova M, Leva L, Jarosova R, Sladek Z, Faldyna M, Stastny K. Anabolic steroids induced changes at the level of protein expression: Effects of prolonged administration of testosterone and nandrolone to pigs. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 107:104422. [PMID: 38521435 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic derivatives of steroid hormones, specifically anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), have gained prominence due to their observed benefits in enhancing meat quality. The study replicated the administration of banned AAS and investigated their impacts on pigs to contribute to the understanding of animal biochemistry and to explore the feasibility of detecting AAS administration by employing a non-targeted analysis. The effects were corroborated by evaluating changes in the expression of selected proteins, as well as examining haematological and biochemical profiles and histological alterations. Exposure to AAS influenced the expression of proteins related to drug-metabolizing enzymes, muscle and lipid metabolism, kidney function, reproductive processes, immune system functions, and carcinogenic changes. The effects of AAS appear intricate and contingent on factors such as the specific drug used, dosage, and duration of administration. The results underscore that protein expression analysis holds promise as a valuable tool for detecting illicit AAS use in the fattening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gebauer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Hodkovicova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kristina Tosnerova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Skoupa
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgrSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Batik
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgrSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Bartejsova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Charvatova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Leva
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rea Jarosova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbysek Sladek
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgrSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Stastny
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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Fulton JO, Block JJ, Underwood KR, Zuelly SMS, Olson KC, Blair AD. Effects of Zilpaterol Hydrochloride Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality for Steers Differing in Breed Type. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:607. [PMID: 38396575 PMCID: PMC10886322 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
To determine the effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality for steers differing in breed type, steers with British (B; n = 76) or British × Continental (BC; n = 57) backgrounds were allocated to a randomized incomplete block design with a 2 × 2 treatment structure. Pens within each block × breed type were randomly assigned to either ZH (8.3 mg/kg of DM; fed for 20 d before slaughter, followed by a 3-day withdrawal) or control (CON; 0 mg/kg ZH). Steers were subjected to ultrasound immediately before ZH inclusion and following withdrawal to determine the influence of ZH on changes in longissimus muscle area (LMA), fat thickness and percent intramuscular fat (IMF). Carcass data were collected, and the longissimus lumborum was collected for analysis of tenderness, moisture percentage, crude fat content, collagen content, postmortem proteolysis and sensory attributes. The ZH × breed type interaction did not influence (p > 0.05) the feedlot performance, carcass or meat quality attribute traits evaluated, with the exception of moisture percentage. Responses among breed types were as expected for B vs. BC cattle types. Supplementation with ZH improved (p < 0.05) LMA and yield grade but increased Warner-Bratzler shear force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse O Fulton
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska Panhandle Research & Extension Center, 4502 Ave I, Scottsbluff, NE 69361, USA
| | - Janna J Block
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Keith R Underwood
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Stacy M S Zuelly
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kenneth C Olson
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Amanda D Blair
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Webb EC, van Emmenis R, Cassens AM. The Effects of Different Zilpaterol Hydrochloride Feed Supplements and Extended Aging Periods on the Meat Quality of Feedlot Bulls. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:361. [PMID: 38338004 PMCID: PMC10854545 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study researched the effects of two commercially available zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) β-adrenergic agonists, denoted as ZH-A and ZH-B, on the meat quality characteristics of typical South African feedlot bulls (taurine × indicus composites), over extended aging periods of up to 120 days. The effects of ZH were studied to address concerns about the possible adverse effects of ZH on beef quality following extended aging, which typically occurs during the exportation of beef by boat. The completely randomized control study consisted of 3 homogenous experimental groups, with 3 replicates per treatment and 50 bulls per replicate = 450 animals. Treatments were a negative control (CT) with no ZH supplementation added to the basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with either zilpaterol hydrochloride A (ZH-A) or zilpaterol hydrochloride B (ZH-B), both at 105 g ZH/ton, fed from the first day of the finishing period (D0) for 30 days. Subsamples were collected from 38 random carcasses from each treatment for proximate analysis and meat quality analysis using Longissimus dorsi samples. ZH supplementation decreased meat tenderness (Warner-Bratzler shear force values (WBSF)) of bulls fed ZH-A or ZH-B, compared to those fed the CT diet (p < 0.05; η2 = 0.24). The WBSF values of both ZH treatments were about 0.5-0.8 kg higher during the aging periods compared to the CT, but ZH did not affect post-mortem meat aging or meat quality characteristics differently compared to the CT. Post-mortem aging per se influenced all meat quality characteristics investigated (p < 0.001; η2 > 0.30), showing improvements in WBSF, a decrease in meat colour and an increase in drip and cooking losses. L*-values increased from 3 to 56 days of aging and then decreased to day 120 (p < 0.001; η2 = 032). Chroma values decreased from day 3 to day 120 (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.50). Hue° decreased from day 3 to day 7 and stabilized until day 120 (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.40). Moisture and cooking loss (CL) increased to 56 days and then decreased to 120 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C. Webb
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0002, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- Department of Animal Science, Tarleton State University, Box T-0070, Stephenville, TX 76402, USA;
| | - Rochelle van Emmenis
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0002, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Andrew M. Cassens
- Department of Animal Science, Tarleton State University, Box T-0070, Stephenville, TX 76402, USA;
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4
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Leighton PLA, López-Campos Ó, Chabot B, Scott HR, Zawadski S, Barragán-Hernández W, Aalhus JL, Prieto N. Impact of a constant current electrical stimulation (CCES) system and hormonal growth-promoting (HGP) implants on meat quality and palatability of finished steers. Meat Sci 2023; 205:109297. [PMID: 37544261 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of a constant current electrical stimulation (CCES) system and hormonal growth-promoting (HGP) implants on the quality and palatability of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) from yearling-finished steers. The experiment used a total of 46 Angus cross steers, which were either non-implanted (n = 20) or implanted with trenbolone acetate and estradiol benzoate (n = 26). The CCES was applied to one side of each carcass during the slaughter process, whereas the other side remained unstimulated. Regardless of the application of HGP implants, the CCES reduced pH at 3 and 72 h post-mortem and shear force at all ageing times (P < 0.05), improved colour at 72 h post-mortem and during the retail display (P < 0.05), increased initial and overall tenderness (P < 0.01), and decreased the amount of perceived connective tissue and the proportion of trained panelists detecting spongy texture (P < 0.05) compared to meat from unstimulated carcass sides. Although CCES increased meat purge losses and reduced moisture content (P < 0.05), this did not affect meat juiciness (P > 0.10). CCES interacted with HGP to prevent increase in drip loss (P > 0.10), increase frequency of panelists detecting bloody/serumy flavour and typical texture, and reduce the proportion of panelists detecting rubbery texture in meat (P < 0.05). Regardless of stimulation treatment, meat from implanted animals had a more pronounced pH decline at 72 h post-mortem (P < 0.05) and a higher proportion of panelists finding no off-flavours (P < 0.05) or bloody/serumy flavour (P < 0.01) than non-implanted cattle. The CCES system tested in this study improved LTL quality and palatability of heavier beef carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L A Leighton
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Ó López-Campos
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - B Chabot
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - H R Scott
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - S Zawadski
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - W Barragán-Hernández
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), El Nus Research Centre, San Roque, Antioquía, Colombia
| | - J L Aalhus
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - N Prieto
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada.
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Skoupá K, Bátik A, Št'astný K, Sládek Z. Structural Changes in the Skeletal Muscle of Pigs after Long-Term Administration of Testosterone, Nandrolone and a Combination of the Two. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2141. [PMID: 37443939 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Anabolic steroid hormones (AASs) are used in most countries of the world to accelerate the growth of animals, increase the volume of their muscles and thereby increase meat production. However, there is a strict ban on the use of AASs in the fattening of all animals in all countries of the European Union, and there must therefore be effective methods of detection and control of these substances. Methods based on chromatography and mass spectrometry may no longer be completely effective when faced with new synthetic steroids of unknown chemical structures and low concentrations. Therefore, there is an effort to develop new methods of AAS detection, based primarily on the monitoring of biological changes at the level of gene expression or changes in metabolism or structure at the cellular level. More detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of action of AASs on tissues is essential for these methods, and histological changes are one of them. In this study, we report histological changes in muscle structure after AAS application, specifically in the size of muscle fibers, the amount of endomysium and the number of nuclei and satellite cells in muscle fibers. A pig model was also intentionally used for the study, as no such study has been carried out on this species, and at the same time, pork is one of the most consumed meats across Europe. The results of histology and fluorescent antibody labeling showed that AASs increased the diameter and surface area of muscle fibers and also significantly increased the number of satellite cells on the fiber surface. The evident correlations between the number of satellite cells, all nuclei and the diameters of muscle fibers between some experimental groups provide evidence that the selected histological parameters could be additional detection mechanisms for screening a large number of samples and indicate the possibility of the presence of AASs in pork meat in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Skoupá
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgrSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Bátik
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgrSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Št'astný
- Veterinary Research Institute in Brno, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyšek Sládek
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgrSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Reichhardt CC, Cuthbert JM, Motsinger LA, Brady TJ, Briggs RK, Thomas AJ, Thornton KJ. Anabolic implants alter abundance of mRNA involved in muscle growth, metabolism, and inflammation in the longissimus of Angus steers in the feedlot. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2023; 82:106773. [PMID: 36375404 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2022.106773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The majority of beef cattle in the United States often receive at least one anabolic implant resulting in improved growth, feed efficiency, and environmental and economic sustainability. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms through which anabolic implants increase skeletal muscle growth of beef cattle remain elusive. The objective of this study was to identify transcriptional changes occurring in skeletal muscle of steers receiving anabolic implants containing different steroid hormones. Forty-eight steers were stratified by weight into 1 of 4 (n = 12/treatment) implant treatment groups: (1) estradiol (ImpE2; 25.7 mg E2; Compudose, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN), (2) trenbolone acetate (ImpTBA; 200 mg TBA; Finaplix-H, Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ), (3) combination (ImpETBA; 120 mg TBA + 24 mg E2; Revalor-S, Merck Animal Health), or (4) no implant (CON). Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken from the longissimus 2 and 10 d post-implantation. The mRNA abundance of 94 genes associated with skeletal muscle growth was examined. At 10 d post-implantation, steers receiving ImpETBA had greater (P = 0.02) myoblast differentiation factor 1 transcript abundance than CON. Citrate synthase abundance was increased (P = 0.04) in ImpETBA steers compared to CON steers. In ImpE2 steers 10 d post-implantation, muscle RING finger protein 1 decreased (P = 0.05) compared to CON steers, and forkhead box protein O4 decreased (P = 0.05) in ImpETBA steers compared to CON steers. Interleukin-6 abundance tended to be increased (P = 0.09) in ImpE2 steers compared to both ImpETBA and CON steers. Furthermore, interleukin-10 mRNA abundance tended to be increased (P = 0.06) in ImpTBA steers compared to ImpETBA steers. Leptin receptor abundance was reduced (P = 0.01) in both ImpE2 and ImpTBA steers when compared to CON steers. Abundance of phosphodiesterase 4B was increased (P = 0.04) in ImpTBA steers compared to CON steers 2 d post-implantation. Taken together, the results of this research demonstrate that estradiol increases skeletal muscle growth via pathways related to nutrient partitioning and mitochondria function, while trenbolone acetate improves steer skeletal muscle growth via pathways related to muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Reichhardt
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawai`i at Mānoa, 1955 East-West Rd., Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - J M Cuthbert
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Department of Biology, Westminster College, 1840 South 1300 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84105, USA
| | - L A Motsinger
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, 425 River Rd., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - T J Brady
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - R K Briggs
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - A J Thomas
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - K J Thornton
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
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Anabolic Steroids in Fattening Food-Producing Animals—A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162115. [PMID: 36009705 PMCID: PMC9405261 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Anabolic steroids significantly affect animal tissues and cause morphological and histological changes, which are often irreversible. This issue is currently a very hot topic, as the answers to the questions concerning the health of endangered animals and humans vary greatly from country to country. There is a need to further investigate whether the use of anabolic steroids in animal fattening threatens consumer health and to develop new tools for the detection of anabolic steroids in meat. One possibility for detection could be to observe histological changes in the tissues, which form a typical pattern of anabolic abuse. This review gathered information on the anabolic steroids most commonly used in animal fattening, the legislation governing this issue, and the main effects of anabolics on animal tissues. Abstract Anabolic steroids are chemically synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone. They are used in medicine for their ability to support muscle growth and healing and by athletes for esthetic purposes and to increase sports performance, but another major use is in fattening animals to increase meat production. The more people there are on Earth, the greater the need for meat production and anabolic steroids accelerate the growth of animals and, most importantly, increase the amount of muscle mass. Anabolic steroids also have proven side effects that affect all organs and tissues, such as liver and kidney parenchymal damage, heart muscle degeneration, organ growth, coagulation disorders, and increased risk of muscle and tendon rupture. Anabolic steroids also have a number of harmful effects on the developing brain, such as brain atrophy and changes in gene expression with consequent changes in the neural circuits involved in cognitive functions. Behavioral changes such as aggression, irritability, anxiety and depression are related to changes in the brain. In terms of long-term toxicity, the greatest impact is on the reproductive system, i.e., testicular shrinkage and infertility. Therefore, their abuse can be considered a public health problem. In many countries around the world, such as the United States, Canada, China, Argentina, Australia, and other large meat producers, the use of steroids is permitted but in all countries of the European Union there is a strict ban on the use of anabolic steroids in fattening animals. Meat from a lot of countries must be carefully inspected and monitored for steroids before export to Europe. Gas or liquid chromatography methods in combination with mass spectrometry detectors and immunochemical methods are most often used for the analysis of these substances. These methods have been considered the most modern for decades, but can be completely ineffective if they face new synthetic steroid derivatives and want to meet meat safety requirements. The problem of last years is the application of “cocktails” of anabolic substances with very low concentrations, which are difficult to detect and are difficult to quantify using conventional detection methods. This is the reason why scientists are trying to find new methods of detection, mainly based on changes in the structure of tissues and cells and their metabolism. This review gathered this knowledge into a coherent form and its findings could help in finding such a combination of changes in tissues that would form a typical picture for evidence of anabolic misuse.
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Peña-Torres EF, Castillo-Salas C, Jiménez-Estrada I, Muhlia-Almazán A, Peña-Ramos EA, Pinelli-Saavedra A, Avendaño-Reyes L, Hinojosa-Rodríguez C, Valenzuela-Melendres M, Macias-Cruz U, González-Ríos H. Growth performance, carcass traits, muscle fiber characteristics and
skeletal muscle mRNA abundance in hair lambs supplemented with ferulic
acid. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:52-69. [PMID: 35174342 PMCID: PMC8819324 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA) is a phytochemical with various bioactive properties. It has
recently been proposed that due to its phytogenic action it can be used as an
alternative growth promoter additive to synthetic compounds. The objective of
the present study was to evaluate the growth performance, carcass traits, fiber
characterization and skeletal muscle gene expression on hair-lambs supplemented
with two doses of FA. Thirty-two male lambs (n = 8 per treatment) were
individually housed during a 32 d feeding trial to evaluate the effect of FA
(300 and 600 mg d−1) or zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH; 6 mg
d−1) on growth performance, and then slaughtered to
evaluate the effects on carcass traits, and muscle fibers morphometry from
Longissimus thoracis (LT) and mRNA abundance of
β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR), MHC-I,
MHC-IIX and IGF-I genes. FA increased final weight and average daily gain with
respect to non-supplemented animals (p < 0.05). The ZH
supplementation increased LT muscle area, with respect to FA doses and control
(p < 0.05). Cross-sectional area (CSA) of oxidative
fibers was larger with FA doses and ZH (p < 0.05).
Feeding ZH increased mRNA abundance for β2-AR compared to FA
and control (p < 0.05), and expression of MHC-I was
affected by FA doses and ZH (p < 0.05). Overall, FA
supplementation of male hair lambs enhanced productive variables due to skeletal
muscle hypertrophy caused by MHC-I up-regulation. Results suggest that FA has
the potential like a growth promoter in lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Fernando Peña-Torres
- División de Ciencias de la Salud,
Universidad de Quintana Roo, Quintana Roo 77039, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en
Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Sonora
83304, Mexico
| | - Candelario Castillo-Salas
- Departamento de Ciencias
Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Tecnológico de
Sonora, Sonora 85000, Mexico
| | - Ismael Jiménez-Estrada
- Departamento de Fisiología,
Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y Estudios
Avanzados del IPN, San Pedro Zacatenco 07000, Mexico
| | - Adriana Muhlia-Almazán
- Centro de Investigación en
Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Sonora
83304, Mexico
| | - Etna Aida Peña-Ramos
- Centro de Investigación en
Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Sonora
83304, Mexico
| | | | - Leonel Avendaño-Reyes
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas,
Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Baja
California 21705, Mexico
| | - Cindy Hinojosa-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Fisiología,
Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y Estudios
Avanzados del IPN, San Pedro Zacatenco 07000, Mexico
| | | | - Ulises Macias-Cruz
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas,
Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Baja
California 21705, Mexico
| | - Humberto González-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en
Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Sonora
83304, Mexico
- Corresponding author: Humberto
González-Ríos, Centro de Investigación en
Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Sonora 83304, Mexico. Tel:
+52-662-289-2400, E-mail:
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9
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Meat Quality of Nellore Young Bulls-Effects of Different Days on Feed and Zilpaterol Hydrochloride Supplementation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092688. [PMID: 34573654 PMCID: PMC8467322 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ninety-six Nellore young bulls were fed (90 or 117 day) diets containing ZH (8.33 mg/kg) for 0, 20, 30, or 40 days to evaluate the effects of days on feed (DOF) and length of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) supplementation on meat quality. At the end of feeding period, animals were slaughtered, and samples of the Longissimus muscle were collected to evaluate the chemical composition, fatty acid profile, color stability, shear force, and sensory profile. DOF did not affect chemical composition, shear force, sensory tenderness, and most of fatty acids; however, animals fed for 90 d had lower redness (p < 0.01), sustained juiciness (p < 0.01), and more flavor (p = 0.03) than those fed for 117 d. The ZH supplementation decreased lipid content and redness (p < 0.01), initial and sustained tenderness (p < 0.01), initial and sustained juiciness (p < 0.01), but increased protein (p < 0.01) and shear force (p < 0.01) as compared to non-supplemented animals. The ZH supplementation increased total PUFA, c9,c12-18:2, and 20:4-n6, and decreased c9-20:1 (p < 0.05). Feeding ZH impairs meat quality attributes of Nellore young bulls, regardless of duration of supplementation, while DOF has a small effect on meat quality properties.
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Dilger AC, Johnson BJ, Brent P, Ellis RL. Comparison of beta-ligands used in cattle production: structures, safety, and biological effects. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6333506. [PMID: 34337648 PMCID: PMC8326055 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Technologies that increase the efficiency and sustainability of food animal production to provide meat for a growing population are necessary and must be used in a manner consistent with good veterinary practices, approved labeled use, and environmental stewardship. Compounds that bind to beta-adrenergic receptors (β-AR), termed beta-adrenergic receptor ligands (β-ligands), are one such technology and have been in use globally for many years. Though all β-ligands share some similarities in structure and function, the significance of their structural and pharmacological differences is sometimes overlooked. Structural variations in these molecules can affect absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion as well as cause substantial differences in biological and metabolic effects. Several β-ligands are available for use specifically in cattle production. Ractopamine and zilpaterol are beta-adrenergic agonists approved to increase weight gain, feed efficiency, and carcass leanness in cattle. They both bind to and activate β1- and β2-AR. Lubabegron is a newly developed selective beta-adrenergic modulator with unique structural and functional features. Lubabegron displays antagonistic behavior at the β1- and β2-AR but agonistic behavior at the β3-AR. Lubabegron is approved for use in cattle to reduce ammonia emissions per unit of live or carcass weight. Additionally, lubabegron can withstand prolonged use as the β3-AR lacks structural features needed for desensitization. Due to these unique features of lubabegron, this new β-ligand provides an additional option in cattle production. The individual properties of each β-ligand should be considered when making risk management decisions, as unique properties result in varying human food safety profiles that can determine appropriate safe β-ligand use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Corresponding author:
| | - Bradley J Johnson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Paul Brent
- University of Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Global Risk Assessment and Risk Management Solutions, Queensland, Australia
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Wu H, Sun H, Ma C, Lian L, Lu L, Xu L, Xu L. Effects of maternal dietary energy restriction on breast muscle fibre development in the offspring of broiler breeders. Anim Biosci 2021; 34:1829-1838. [PMID: 33902177 PMCID: PMC8563253 DOI: 10.5713/ab.20.0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The effects of maternal dietary energy levels on breast muscle fibre development in offspring of broiler breeders were investigated. Methods A total of 480 20-week-old Arbor Acres (AA) healthy female broiler breeders, with an average body weight of 2.33±0.01 kg, were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups with 6 replicates and 20 broiler breeders for each replicate and fed a corn and soybean meal diet with 100%, 80%, 70%, and 50% energy levels, respectively. Approximately 300 eggs per treatment were collected for incubation for 6 days. Then, 120 0-day-old female broilers at each energy level were randomly selected and divided into 6 replicates with 20 broilers for each replicate, with this experimental phase with the offspring lasting for 49 days. Results Compared with the 100% energy group, the breast muscle fibre diameter at embryonic day 21 in the 80% energy group was significantly reduced (p<0.05). In the 80% energy group, the muscle fibre density of the breast increased significantly (p<0.05) at embryonic days 15 and 21. The breast muscle fibre diameter of the offspring in each group was significantly decreased (p<0.05) on the 1st day. The breast muscle sarcomere length of the embryos in the 80% energy group was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in the 70% and 50% energy groups. Compared with the 100% energy group, the expression of the myostatin gene in the offspring was significantly decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, the effects of a maternal dietary energy level of 80% in this study were found to be optimal for breast muscle fibre development in offspring, which indicated that the metabolic energy level of AA broilers of 9.36 MJ/kg for the mid-term diet for laying eggs has a more practical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Chengzhan Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Lina Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Lei Lu
- Hebei Sogreen Food Co., Ltd. Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Liangmei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Li Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
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López-Baca MÁ, Avendaño-Reyes L, Macías-Cruz U, Muhlia-Almazán A, Valenzuela-Melendres M, Peña-Ramos EA, Islava-Lagarda TY, González-Rios H. Muscle fiber morphometry and physicochemical characteristics of the Longissimus thoracis muscle of hair male lambs fed zilpaterol hydrochloride and implanted with steroids. Meat Sci 2021; 177:108490. [PMID: 33744607 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscle fiber morphometry and physicochemical characteristics were evaluated in LT muscles obtained from entire male lambs treated with zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH, 0 and 0.15 mg/kg body weight) and/or steroidal implant (SI, with and without trenbolone acetate/estradiol). ZH and SI acted synergistically to increase LT area, type-IIb fiber cross-sectional area and soluble collagen content, likewise to decrease metmyoglobin concentration and insoluble collagen content. Ash content and ultimate pH showed a decrease due to an antagonistic effect between ZH and SI. Content of total collagen, protein, fat, moisture, oxidized lipids and water-holding capacity were unaffected by ZH and SI. Supplemental ZH, but not SI, decreased all color parameters and tended to increase shear force. Overall, the SI implantation of male lambs followed by a ZH supplementation promoted greater LT hypertrophy, without affecting protein and fat content, and physicochemical characteristics in their meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ángeles López-Baca
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - Leonel Avendaño-Reyes
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja california, Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Valle de Mexicali, Baja California 21705, Mexico
| | - Ulises Macías-Cruz
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja california, Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Valle de Mexicali, Baja California 21705, Mexico
| | - Adriana Muhlia-Almazán
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - Martín Valenzuela-Melendres
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - Etna Aida Peña-Ramos
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - Thalia Y Islava-Lagarda
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - Humberto González-Rios
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
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Barido FH, Utama DT, Jeong HS, Kim J, Lee CW, Park YS, Lee SK. The effect of finishing diet supplemented with methionine/lysine and methionine/α-tocopherol on performance, carcass traits and meat quality of Hanwoo steers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:69-78. [PMID: 31480172 PMCID: PMC6946993 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to compare the effects of diets with and without supplements of methionine/lysine (met/lys) and methionine/α-tocopherol (met/α-tocopherol) on the performance, carcass traits and meat quality of Hanwoo steers. Methods A total of 21 Hanwoo steers were divided into three different groups. Each group consisted of 7 animals that received different dietary treatments for 120 days as follows: a control (C) diet composed of a basal diet with 74% total digestible nutrient and 12% crude protein; treatment 1 (T1) composed of a basal diet enriched with methionine 69%+lysine 31%; and treatment (T2) composed of a basal diet enriched with methionine 84.65%+α-tocopherol 15.35%. Daily supplementation was given using the top-dressing method (20 g/animal). Results The met/lys groups yielded a longissimus lumborum with increased water holding capacity (p<0.01) and lower shear force value (p<0.05). Dietary met/lys did not have an adverse effect on the animal performance and carcass traits. Instead, these supplements contributed significantly to the higher protein content compared to the control diet (p<0.05). Myristic acid (C14:0) was the only fatty acid affected by the supplementation. While the met/α-tocopherol group led to significantly higher protein and oxymyoglobin contents during storage (p<0.05). It also contributed significantly to the lower shear force value and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances score during storage (p<0.05) compared to the control and treatment 1 since the initial storage day. The met/α-tocopherol diet also yielded meat with a redder color (p<0.05) after 3 days of storage. However, it did not significantly contribute to the fatty acid profiles of Hanwoo steers. Conclusion Met/lys supplementation resulted in higher protein scores, water holding capacity and lower shear force scores. While met/α-tocopherol supplementation contributes to the production of redder meat, reduces lipid oxidation, production of more tender meat and increases the content of protein and oxymyoglobin percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farouq Heidar Barido
- Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Dicky Tri Utama
- Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.,Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Hae Seong Jeong
- Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Juntae Kim
- Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Chang Woo Lee
- Gangwon Province Livestock Research Institute, Hoengseong 25266, Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Park
- Gangwon Province Livestock Research Institute, Hoengseong 25266, Korea
| | - Sung Ki Lee
- Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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Mazon MR, Antonelo DS, Gómez JF, Nubiato KE, Balage JM, Silva HB, Tapp WN, Leme PR, Goulart RS, Fukumasu H, Johnson BJ, Pesce DM, Silva SL. Effects of combining immunocastration and β-adrenergic agonists on the meat quality of Nellore cattle. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Growth, carcass characteristics, cut yields and meat quality of lambs finished with zilpaterol hydrochloride and steroid implant. Meat Sci 2019; 158:107890. [PMID: 31382221 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Forty hairbreed male lambs were used to evaluate the effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH, 0 and 0.15 mg/kg BW) and steroid implant (SI, without and with 52.5 mg trenbolone acetate and 7.5 mg 17β-estradiol) on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, non-carcass components, wholesale cut yield, and meat quality. Supplemental ZH increased growth rate, feed efficiency, carcass weight, and dressing percentage, with no effect on wholesale cut yields. Feeding ZH increased muscle pH at 24 h. Supplemental ZH increased meat shear force, but decreased lightness, redness, and yellowness after frozen storage followed by a 14-day aging period. The SI administration increased dressing percentage and neck yield, but decreased testicle weight and meat redness, without affecting other variables. The LT area was greater with ZH + SI administration than with individual application of ZH or SI. Compared to individual administration, simultaneous application of ZH and SI did not result in improved growth performance, carcass traits and wholesale cut yields in hairbreed male lambs.
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Effects of immunocastration and a β-adrenergic agonist on retail cuts of feedlot finished Nellore cattle. Animal 2018; 12:1690-1695. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117003317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Hergenreder JE, Legako JF, Dinh TTN, Broadway PR, Spivey KS, Baggerman JO, Hutcheson JP, Corrigan ME, Johnson BJ. Zilpaterol Hydrochloride affects Cellular Muscle Metabolism and Lipid Components of 10 Different Muscles in Feedlot Heifers. MEAT AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22175/mmb2017.02.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined if zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) altered muscle metabolism and lipid components of 10 muscles. Crossbred heifers were either supplemented with ZH (n = 9) or not (Control; n = 10). Muscle tissue was collected (adductor femoris, biceps femoris, gluteus medius, infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, longissimus dorsi, pectoralis profundi, semitendinosus, subscapularis, trapezius) immediately following carcass splitting. The mRNA abundance of AMPkɑ, IGF-I, MHC-I, IIA and IIX, β1-adrenergic receptor (βAR) and β2AR was determined, as well as, cross-sectional area and proportion of myosin isoforms, β1AR, β2AR, β3AR, nuclei, and satellite cell density. Furthermore, neutral (NL) and polar lipid (PL) fatty acids (FA) were quantified (mg/g). Zilpaterol hydrochloride decreased MHC-IIA mRNA (P = 0.007). In addition, ZH decreased total nuclei and β1AR and increased MHC-IIX cross-sectional area (P ≤ 0.021). Quantity of NL FA were not affected by ZH (P ≥ 0.173). However, among PL FA the ratio of PUFA:SFA was greater with ZH (P = 0.048). Muscle type impacted mRNA concentration of AMPkɑ, IGF-I, MHC-I, IIA, IIX, and β1AR mRNA concentration (P ≤ 0.037). Furthermore, the fiber type proportion, fiber cross-sectional area, and the densities of nuclei, β1AR, β2AR, β3AR, and satellite cells were influenced by muscle type (P ≤ 0.030). Total NL FA were affected by muscle (P ≤ 0.046). Meanwhile, total PL FA did not differ due to muscle (P = 0.242). However, prominent PL FA,18:0, 18:1 trans, and 18:2 n-6 were each greater (P < 0.05) among the oxidative subscapularis compared with glycolytic semitendinosus and adductor femoris. Overall, these data reveal that ZH impacts muscle metabolism and myogenic activity that establishes protein deposition. Meanwhile, ZH did not alter triglyceride content (NL), but cell membrane saturation (PL) was influenced, in accordance with alterations to muscle fiber type. Muscle also influenced muscle fiber type and lipid components. Therefore, muscle biology is greatly influenced by muscle but also through dietary inclusion of ZH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. F. Legako
- Texas Tech University Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | - T. T. N. Dinh
- Mississippi State University Department of Animal and Dairy Science
| | - P. R. Broadway
- Texas Tech University Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | - K. S. Spivey
- Texas Tech University Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | - J. O. Baggerman
- Texas Tech University Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | | | | | - B. J. Johnson
- Texas Tech University Department of Animal and Food Sciences
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Gangnat ID, Dufey PA, Silacci P, Messadene-Chelali J, Kreuzer M, Berard J. Effect of nursing or mentoring by adult cows on physical activity, performance and meat quality of fattening beef calves kept on alpine pastures. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2742-2749. [PMID: 27747894 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with weaned calves, nursed calves benefit from access to milk as nutrient-dense feed and mentoring by their dams. Both may be decisive for growth under difficult conditions such as grazing on alpine pastures, where experience could play an essential role. These factors were investigated separately by comparing nursed calves with calves weaned at 3 months of age and grazing with or without a mentor cow (n = 8 calves). RESULTS Weaned calves with mentor cows spent less time lying and walked more than nursed calves. Irrespective of whether they had a mentor cow or not, the weaned calves grew slower than the nursed calves (357, 428 and 1324 g day-1 respectively). This also adversely affected slaughter weight, dressing percentage, conformation and fat cover at slaughter. In general, mentoring had no effect. Meat quality did not differ whether weaned calves were mentored or not. Nursed calves were superior in intramuscular fat content, tenderness and water-holding capacity. CONCLUSION The availability of milk appeared to be much more important to the calves under demanding grazing conditions than did mentoring. The differences in growth rate were accompanied by unexpectedly large differences in meat quality, showing that early weaning was not suitable for this system.© 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Dm Gangnat
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Alain Dufey
- Agroscope, Institute of Livestock Sciences (ILS), 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Silacci
- Agroscope, Institute of Livestock Sciences (ILS), 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joel Berard
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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Moholisa E, Hugo A, Strydom PE, van Heerden I. The effects of animal age, feeding regime and a dietary beta-agonist on tenderness of three beef muscles. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2375-2381. [PMID: 27716945 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal age as determined by number of permanent incisors (p. i.) is used in classification of beef carcasses to describe expected meat tenderness. However, animals differing in age are reared under different production systems (pasture or feedlot). In addition to age, other factors associated with particular production systems may also influence the palatability of meat. Therefore, the effects of age combined with feeding regime and the supplementation of a beta-agonist (zilpaterol) on the tenderness of M. longissimus lumborum (LL), M. semitendinosus (ST) and M. biceps femoris (BF) muscles were investigated. RESULTS Tenderness of LL cuts was least affected by age but zilpaterol significantly decreased tenderness and ageing potential. Tenderness of high-collagen cuts (BF and ST) was negatively affected by age due to reduced collagen solubility. The effect of zilpaterol on these cuts was less significant and BF and ST cuts of the grain-fed A-age animals (0 p. i.) supplemented with zilpaterol (AZ) were more tender than the same cuts of grass-fed animals with 1-2 p. i. (AB-age) and grass-fed animals with 3-6 p. i. (B-age) according to Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and sensory analysis for tenderness. CONCLUSION This study indicates that beta-agonists may influence variation in tenderness within an age class more than age or feeding regime. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ennet Moholisa
- Animal Production Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Irene, South Africa
| | - Arno Hugo
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Phillip E Strydom
- Animal Production Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Irene, South Africa
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Ina van Heerden
- Animal Production Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Irene, South Africa
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Ebarb SM, Phelps KJ, Drouillard JS, Maddock-Carlin KR, Vaughn MA, Burnett DD, Noel JA, Van Bibber- Krueger CL, Paulk CB, Grieger DM, Gonzalez JM. Effects of anabolic implants and ractopamine-HCl on muscle fiber morphometrics, collagen solubility, and tenderness of beef longissimus lumborum steaks1,2. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:1219-1231. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Cônsolo NRB, Ferrari VB, Mesquita LG, Goulart RS, Silva LFPE. Zilpaterol hydrochloride improves beef yield, changes palatability traits, and increases calpain-calpastatin gene expression in Nellore heifers. Meat Sci 2016; 121:375-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Cônsolo NRB, Rodriguez FD, Goulart RS, Frasseto MO, Ferrari VB, Silva LFP. Zilpaterol hydrochloride improves feed efficiency and changes body composition in nonimplanted Nellore heifers. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:4948-55. [PMID: 26523587 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to evaluate the effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH; MSD Animal Health, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) on the performance, carcass traits, serum metabolites, body composition, and gain composition of nonimplanted Nellore heifers. Nellore heifers ( = 72; average BW = 267 ± 16 kg; average 18 mo of age) were maintained in a feedlot system for 118 d. Heifers were separated into 2 groups: Control and ZH. The ZH group received ZH (8.3 mg/kg diet DM) for 30 d with 3 d of withdrawal before slaughter. Heifers were allotted to 18 pens, 9 pens per treatment, and assigned to a randomized block design. The animals were weighed, blood samples were collected, and subgroups of heifers were slaughtered at the beginning of supplementation and after 20 and 33 d to evaluate performance, blood metabolites, empty BW (EBW), and EBW composition. Hot carcass and kidney-pelvic fat weights were recorded at slaughter. At 24 h postmortem, carcasses were fabricated and the 9-10-11th rib (HH) section was removed from the primal rib to analyze moisture, protein, ash, and ether extract (EE) content in empty body (EB) and gain composition. Heifers fed ZH had gains in HCW that were 19.7 kg greater than controls, reflecting the 30% increase ( < 0.01) in ADG. There was no change in DMI, resulting in a 20% greater G:F ratio ( < 0.01) for heifers fed ZH. Heifers supplemented with ZH had carcass dressing percentages that were 3% greater than controls ( < 0.01), and there was also a 19% reduction in kidney-pelvic fat ( = 0.05) in ZH-treated heifers. Zilpaterol increased serum creatinine ( < 0.01), tended to increase ( = 0.06) serum triacylglycerol, decreased serum NEFA ( = 0.04), and tended to decrease ( = 0.06) serum glucose. The EBW composition was changed after 20 d of ZH supplementation ( = 0.02), with ZH increasing the moisture, ash, and protein contents, whereas carcass fat was decreased by ZH by 14%. Consequently, the carcass CP:EE ratio after 20 d was increased ( = 0.03) by 24% with ZH supplementation. There was no change on EBW composition after 30 d of ZH supplementation ( = 0.17). Regarding carcass gain composition, ZH increased EBW gain ( = 0.02) by 842 g/d from d 0 to d 30, EB protein gain by 221 g/d ( = 0.05) from d 0 to d 20, and by 180 g/d ( = 0.01) from d 0 to d 33. In conclusion, ZH supplementation in nonimplanted Nellore heifers altered the composition of body weight gain, promoting greater lean tissue deposition and improving feed efficiency.
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Knobel-Graves SM, Brooks JC, Johnson BJ, Starkey JD, Beckett JL, Hodgen JM, Hutcheson JP, Streeter MN, Thomas CL, Rathmann RJ, Garmyn AJ, Miller MF. Effect of vitamin D3, zilpaterol hydrochloride supplementation, and postmortem aging on shear force measurements of three muscles in finishing beef steers1,2. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:2637-47. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Hosford AD, Hergenreder JE, Kim JK, Baggerman JO, Ribeiro FRB, Anderson MJ, Spivey KS, Rounds W, Johnson BJ. Effects of supplemental lysine and methionine with zilpaterol hydrochloride on feedlot performance, carcass merit, and skeletal muscle fiber characteristics in finishing feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:4532-44. [PMID: 26440352 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) with ruminally protected AA was evaluated in a small-pen feeding trial. Crossbred steers ( = 180; initial BW = 366 kg) were blocked by weight and then randomly assigned to treatments (45 pens; 9 pens/treatment). Treatment groups consisted of no ZH and no AA (Cont-), ZH and no AA (Cont+), ZH and a ruminally protected lysine supplement (Lys), ZH and a ruminally protected methionine supplement (Met), and ZH and ruminally protected lysine and methionine (Lys+Met). Zilpaterol hydrochloride (8.3 mg/kg DM) was fed for the last 20 d of the finishing period with a 3-d withdrawal period. Lysine and Met were top dressed daily for the 134-d feeding trial to provide 12 or 4 g·hd·d, respectively, to the small intestine. Carcass characteristics, striploins, and prerigor muscle samples were collected following harvest at a commercial facility. Steaks from each steer were aged for 7, 14, 21, and 28 d, and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) was determined as an indicator of tenderness. Prerigor muscle samples were used for immunohistological analysis. Cattle treated with Met and Lys+Met had increased final BW ( < 0.3) and ADG ( < 0.05) compared to Cont- and Cont+. Supplementation of Lys, Met, and Lys+Met improved G:F ( < 0.05) compared to Cont- during the ZH feeding period (d 111 to 134) as well as the entire feeding period ( < 0.05). Zilpaterol hydrochloride increased carcass ADG ( < 0.05) when compared to non-ZH-fed steers. Methionine and Lys+Met treatments had heavier HCW ( < 0.02) than that of Cont-. Yield grade was decreased ( < 0.04) for Cont+ steers compared to steers treated with Lys, Lys+Met, and Cont-. Tenderness was reduced ( < 0.05) with ZH regardless of AA supplementation. Lysine, Met, Lys+Met, and Cont+ had less tender steaks ( < 0.05) throughout all aging groups compared to Cont-. Steaks from Lys-treated steers were less tender ( < 0.05) than those of Cont+ during the 7- and 14-d aging periods. Nuclei density was the greatest with Cont- cattle compared to all other treatments suggesting a dilution effect of the nuclei in the larger muscle fibers with ZH feeding. Supplementation of Met in conjunction with ZH feeding increased ADG and HCW although this may lead to decreased tenderness even after aging for 28 d. These findings indicated that steers fed ZH may require additional AA absorbed from the small intestine to maximize performance.
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Ebarb SM, Drouillard JS, Maddock-Carlin KR, Phelps KJ, Vaughn MA, Burnett DD, Van Bibber-Krueger CL, Paulk CB, Grieger DM, Gonzalez JM. Effect of growth-promoting technologies on Longissimus lumborum muscle fiber morphometrics, collagen solubility, and cooked meat tenderness12. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:869-81. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Vahedi V, Towhidi A, Hedayat-Evrigh N, Vaseghi-Dodaran H, Khodaei Motlagh M, Ponnampalam E. The effects of supplementation methods and length of feeding of zilpaterol hydrochloride on meat characteristics of fattening lambs. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Effects of ractopamine hydrochloride and dietary protein content on performance, carcass traits and meat quality of Nellore bulls. Animal 2015; 10:539-46. [PMID: 26355556 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115001895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Ractopamine hydrochloride (RH) alters protein metabolism and improves growth performance in Bos taurus cattle with high carcass fat. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of RH, dietary CP and RH×CP interaction on performance, blood metabolites, carcass characteristics and meat quality of young Nellore bulls. A total of 48 bulls were randomly assigned to four treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. The factors were two levels of dietary CP (100% and 120% of metabolizable protein requirement, defined as CP100 and CP120, respectively), and two levels of RH (0 and 300 mg/animal·per day). Treated animal received RH for the final 35 days before slaughter. Animals were weighed at the beginning of the feedlot period (day 63), at the beginning of ractopamine supplementation (day 0), after 18 days of supplementation (day 18) and before slaughter (day 34). Animals were slaughtered and hot carcass weights recorded. After chilling, carcass data was collected and longissimus samples were obtained for determination of meat quality. The 9-11th rib section was removed for carcass composition analysis. Supplementation with RH increased ADG independently of dietary CP. There was a RH×CP interaction on dry matter intake (DMI), where RH reduced DMI at CP120, with no effect at CP100. Ractopamine improved feed efficiency, without RH×CP interaction. Ractopamine had no effect on plasma creatinine and urea concentration. Greater dietary CP tended to increase blood urea, and there was a RH×CP interaction for plasma total protein. Ractopamine supplementation increased plasma total protein at CP120, and had no effect at CP100. Ractopamine also decreased plasma glucose concentration at CP100, but had no effect at CP120. Ractopamine increased alkaline phosphatase activity at CP120 and had no effect at CP100. There was a tendency for RH to increase longissimus muscle area, independently of dietary CP. Ractopamine did not alter fat thickness; however, fat thickness was reduced by greater CP in the diet. Supplementation with RH decreased meat shear force, but only at day 0 of aging, having no effect after 7, 14 or 21 days. Greater dietary protein increased meat shear force after 0 and 7 days of aging, with no effect after 14 or 21 days. These results demonstrate for the first time the efficacy of ractopamine supplementation to improve gain and feed efficiency of intact Bos indicus males, with relatively low carcass fat content. Ractopamine effects were not further improved by increasing dietary protein content above requirements.
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Lean IJ, Thompson JM, Dunshea FR. A meta-analysis of zilpaterol and ractopamine effects on feedlot performance, carcass traits and shear strength of meat in cattle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115904. [PMID: 25548908 PMCID: PMC4280124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is a meta-analysis of the effects of the beta-agonists zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) and ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) on feedlot performance, carcase characteristics of cattle and Warner Bratzler shear force (WBSF) of muscles. It was conducted to evaluate the effect of the use of these agents on beef production and meat quality and to provide data that would be useful in considerations on the effect of these agents on meat quality in Meat Standards Australia evaluations. We conducted a comprehensive literature search and study assessment using PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scirus, and CAB and identification of other studies from reference lists in papers and searches. Searches were based on the key words: zilpaterol, zilmax, ractopamine, optaflexx, cattle and beef. Studies from theses obtained were included. Data were extracted from more than 50 comparisons for both agents and analysed using meta-analysis and meta-regression. Both agents markedly increased weight gain, hot carcase weight and longissimus muscle area and increased the efficiency of gain:feed. These effects were particularly large for ZH, however, fat thickness was decreased by ZH, but not RAC. Zilpaterol also markedly increased WBSF by 1.2 standard deviations and more than 0.8 kg, while RAC increased WBSF by 0.43 standard deviations and 0.2 kg. There is evidence in the ZH studies, in particular, of profound re-partitioning of nutrients from fat to protein depots. This work has provided critically needed information on the effects of ZH and RAC on production, efficiency and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Lean
- SBScibus, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - John M. Thompson
- Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frank R. Dunshea
- School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Reinhardt CD, Wagner JJ. High-dose anabolic implants are not all the same for growth and carcass traits of feedlot steers: a meta-analysis. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:4711-8. [PMID: 25149344 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis of studies evaluating feedlot steer implant programs was conducted to evaluate the differential effects of anabolic implant dosage on feedlot performance and carcass traits. The effect sizes of the implant dosage of interest vs. negative controls and vs. other implant dosages on various dependent variables (ADG, F:G, DMI, dressing percentage [DP], HCW, yield grade, percentage Choice or higher, and marbling score) were calculated. Treatments used for comparisons included no implant, EST (20 mg estradiol benzoate + 200 mg progesterone, 36 mg zeranol, or 72 mg zeranol), ET120 (24 mg estradiol 17β + 120 mg trenbolone acetate [TBA]), and ET200 (28 mg estradiol benzoate + 200 mg TBA or 20 mg estradiol-17β + 200 mg TBA). In the first analysis, the 3 implant dosages were compared to negative control. A second analysis was conducted to compare ET120 vs. ET200 using only studies that included a direct comparison of these 2 dosages. The number of studies included in the analysis for each implant dosage and response variable ranged from 34 to 7. A mixed model was used to evaluate individual implant treatments; implant dosage was a fixed effect, and individual study was included as a random effect. All dosages had greater ADG, DMI, and HCW and lower F:G, percentage Choice, and marbling score vs. negative controls (P < 0.05) In the second direct comparison analysis, ET200 tended to have greater ADG (P = 0.10) and HCW (P = 0.07) and had lower F:G (P < 0.01) and percentage of carcasses grading Choice or greater (P < 0.01) vs. ET120. Differences in HCW between ET120 and ET200 diminished numerically with increasing days of implant activity (P < 0.01). All dosages of implants evaluated herein increased performance and decreased quality grade vs. negative controls. Combination implants containing estrogen (E) and 200 mg TBA have greater potency for growth promotion than implants containing E+120 mg TBA resulting in slightly greater performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Reinhardt
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - J J Wagner
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
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Garmyn AJ, Brooks JC, Hodgen JM, Nichols WT, Hutcheson JP, Rathmann RJ, Miller MF. Comparative effects of supplementing beef steers with zilpaterol hydrochloride, ractopamine hydrochloride, or no beta agonist on strip loin composition, raw and cooked color properties, shear force, and consumer assessment of steaks aged for fourteen or twenty-one days postmortem1,2. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3670-84. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Garmyn
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - J. C. Brooks
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | | | | | | | - R. J. Rathmann
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - M. F. Miller
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
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Effect of zilpaterol hydrochloride on growth performance and carcass characteristics of wether goats. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Arp TS, Howard ST, Woerner DR, Scanga JA, McKenna DR, Kolath WH, Chapman PL, Tatum JD, Belk KE. Effects of dietary ractopamine hydrochloride and zilpaterol hydrochloride supplementation on performance, carcass traits, and carcass cutability in beef steers1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:836-43. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. S. Arp
- Center for Meat Safety and Quality, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1171
| | - S. T. Howard
- Center for Meat Safety and Quality, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1171
| | - D. R. Woerner
- Center for Meat Safety and Quality, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1171
| | | | - D. R. McKenna
- Cargill Meat Solutions Corporation, Wichita, KS 67202
| | - W. H. Kolath
- Cargill Meat Solutions Corporation, Wichita, KS 67202
| | - P. L. Chapman
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1877
| | - J. D. Tatum
- Center for Meat Safety and Quality, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1171
| | - K. E. Belk
- Center for Meat Safety and Quality, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1171
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Reinhardt CD, Lee TL, Thomson DU, Mamedova LK, Bradford BJ. Restricted nutrient intake does not alter serum-mediated measures of implant response in cell culture. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2013; 4:45. [PMID: 24245980 PMCID: PMC3866970 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-4-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During nutritional stress, reduced intake may reduce the efficacy of anabolic implants. This study was conducted to evaluate basic cellular responses to a growth promotant implant at two intake levels. Methods Sixteen crossbred steers (293 ± 19.3 kg) were used to evaluate the impact of anabolic implants in either an adequate or a restricted nutritional state. Steers were trained to individual Calan gates, and then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of: presence or absence of an anabolic growth implant (Revalor-XS, 200 mg TBA and 40 mg estradiol; IMPLANT or CONTROL) and a moderate energy, pelleted, starting cattle diet fed at either 2.0 × or 1.0 × maintenance energy (NEM) requirements (HIGH or LOW). Serum (d 0, 14, and 28) was used for application to bovine muscle satellite cells. After treatment with the serum (20% of total media) from the trial cattle, the satellite cells were incubated for 72 h. Protein abundance of myosin heavy chain (MHC), phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase (phospho-ERK), and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (phospho-mTOR) were analyzed to determine the effects of implant, intake, and their interaction (applied via the serum). Results Intake had no effect on MHC (P = 0.85) but IMPLANT increased (P < 0.01) MHC abundance vs. CONTROL. Implant status, intake status, and the interaction had no effect on the abundance of phospho-ERK (P ≥ 0.23). Implanting increased phospho-mTOR (P < 0.01) but there was no effect (P ≥ 0.51) of intake or intake × implant. Conclusions The nearly complete lack of interaction between implant and nutritional status indicates that the signaling molecules measured herein respond to implants and nutritional status independently. Furthermore, results suggest that the muscle hypertrophic effects of anabolic implants may not be mediated by circulating IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Reinhardt
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, 232 Weber Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Howard ST, Woerner DR, Vote DJ, Scanga JA, Acheson RJ, Chapman PL, Bryant TC, Tatum JD, Belk KE. Effects of ractopamine hydrochloride and zilpaterol hydrochloride supplementation on carcass cutability of calf-fed Holstein steers. J Anim Sci 2013; 92:369-75. [PMID: 24243909 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of ractopamine hydrochloride (RH) and zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) on saleable yield of carcass sides from calf-fed Holstein steers were evaluated using steers implanted with a progesterone (100 mg) plus estradiol benzoate (10 mg) implant followed by a terminal trenbolone acetate (200 mg) plus estradiol (40 mg) implant. Steers were blocked by weight into pens (n = 32) randomly assigned to one of four treatments: control, RH fed at 300 mg•steer(-1)/d(-1) (RH 300) or RH fed at 400 mg•steer(-1)/d(-1) (RH 400) the final 31 d of finishing, and ZH fed at 60 to 90 mg•steer(-1)/d(-1) (7.56 g/ton on a 100% DM basis) for 21 d with a 5 d withdrawal before harvest. Eight to nine carcass sides were randomly selected from each pen; carcass sides with excessive hide pulls, fat pulls or bruises were avoided. Cutout data were collected within a commercial facility using plant personnel to fabricate sides at a rate of one every 3 to 4 min into items typically merchandised by the facility. All lean, fat and bone were weighed and summed back to total chilled side weight with a sensitivity of ± 2% to be included in the data set. Compared to controls, β-agonists increased saleable yield of whole-muscle cuts by 0.61%, 0.86% and 1.95% for RH 300, RH 400 and ZH, respectively (P < 0.05). Percent fat was less in carcasses from the ZH treatment compared to controls (P < 0.05); however, this difference was not observed between RH treatments and controls (P > 0.05). Percent bone was less in the ZH treatment due to increased muscle (P < 0.05). The percent of chilled side weight comprised of trimmings was unchanged between treatments, but on a 100% lean basis, RH 400 and ZH increased trim yields (P < 0.05). Analysis of saleable yield by primal showed a fundamental shift in growth and development. Beta-agonists caused a shift in proportion of saleable yield within individual primals, with a greater portion produced from the hindquarter relative to the forequarter, specifically in those muscles of the round (P < 0.05). Beta-agonists increased saleable yield, but these effects were not constant between all major primals. The cutout value gained by packers as a result of β-agonist use may be influenced more by reduced fatness and increased absolute weight if musculature is primarily increased in the lower priced cuts of the carcass.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Howard
- Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1171
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Arp TS, Howard ST, Woerner DR, Scanga JA, McKenna DR, Kolath WH, Chapman PL, Tatum JD, Belk KE. Effects of ractopamine hydrochloride and zilpaterol hydrochloride supplementation on longissimus muscle shear force and sensory attributes of beef steers. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:5989-97. [PMID: 24166996 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of ractopamine hydrochloride (RH) and zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) on LM shear force and sensory attributes was determined using pens (n = 40) British × Continental crossbred steers randomly allocated to one of the following treatments: control; RH fed at 200 (RH 200) or 300 mg • steer(-1) • d(-1) (RH 300), or 400 mg • steer(-1) • d(-1) (RH 400) top-dressed for the final 30 d of feeding; or ZH fed at 7.5 mg/kg, beginning 23 d before slaughter with a 3-d withdrawal. Two replicates (pens) per treatment were represented in four blocks. Eighteen carcasses per pen were randomly selected and one 5-cm LM sample was removed from both carcass sides to be used for shear force and sensory evaluation. Samples were aged for 14 d, frozen at -28.8 °C, and cut into 2.5-cm steaks. All steaks were cooked to an internal temperature of 71.1 °C before being evaluated for Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), slice shear force (SSF), or being fed to trained sensory panelists. Increasing dose and potency of β-agonist increased WBSF by 4 to 17% and SSF by 5 to 24% (P < 0.05). Steaks from steers fed ZH had higher WBSF and SSF values compared with all other treatments (P < 0.05), whereas steaks from controls and steers fed RH 200 were not different (P > 0.05). Probability of steaks failing to meet shear force standards to be certified tender (WBSF <4.4 kg, SSF < 20 kg) was increased from an initial probability of <0.06 in steaks from steers in the control treatment to 0.10 to 0.20 in steers fed RH 400 or ZH (P < 0.05). No difference was detected in panel ratings for overall tenderness of steaks from steers fed RH 200 compared with controls (P > 0.05). Steaks from steers fed RH 300 and RH 400 were comparable for all sensory attributes; however, both RH 300 and RH 400 were rated lower for overall tenderness than controls (P < 0.05). Panelists failed to detect differences in overall tenderness of steaks from steers fed RH 400 and ZH (P < 0.05). Panelists detected no difference in flavor profile or juiciness among treatments (P > 0.05). Results from this study indicated β-agonists negatively affected beef tenderness and these effects may be more noticeable in steers supplemented with ZH and higher doses of RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Arp
- Center for Meat Safety and Quality, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1171
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Garmyn AJ, Miller MF. MEAT SCIENCE AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM--implant and beta agonist impacts on beef palatability. J Anim Sci 2013; 92:10-20. [PMID: 24158364 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of anabolic implants has a long-standing place in the cattle feeding industry, due to their positive impact on growth performance and subsequent profitability. However, implants can have adverse effects on carcass quality, shear force, and eating quality depending on the dose and frequency, or what some refer to as the aggressiveness of the implant regimen administered. Within the past decade, a new class of growth promotants, known as β-adrenergic agonists (βAA), has emerged in the beef feeding industry in the United States. Currently, 2 have gained U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for use in beef finishing diets to improve performance and carcass yields. Much like anabolic implants, these repartitioning agents can have negative effects on Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), but the differences do not necessarily translate directly to consumer responses for palatability and acceptance in some instances, especially when tenderness is managed through proper postmortem aging. As researchers continued to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the impact of βAA, inevitably this led to consideration of the interaction between βAA and anabolic implants. Early work combining zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) with anabolic implants improved performance, carcass yield, and meat yield with additive negative effects on WBSF. Similar results were produced when pairing ZH with anabolic steroids equipped with various release patterns. As with any tool, the key to success is proper management. Certain cattle populations may be better suited to receive growth promotants such as implants and βAA, and postmortem management of subprimal cuts becomes vital when producers take more aggressive approaches to improve performance and yield. The objective of this review is to overview research findings related to the impact of growth promotant technologies on beef palatability, focusing specifically on the role of implants and βAA on carcass quality, beef tenderness, and consumer responses for meat palatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Garmyn
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
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Korn KT, Lemenager RP, Claeys MC, Waddell JN, Engstrom M, Schoonmaker JP. Supplemental vitamin D3 and zilpaterol hydrochloride. II. Effect on calcium concentration, muscle fiber type, and calpain gene expression of feedlot steers1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3332-40. [PMID: 23798523 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. T. Korn
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and
| | - R. P. Lemenager
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and
| | - M. C. Claeys
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and
| | - J. N. Waddell
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and
| | - M. Engstrom
- DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ 07054
| | - J. P. Schoonmaker
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and
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Weber M, Dikeman M, Jaeger J, Unruh J, Murray L, Houser T. Effects of feeding a single or sequence of beta-adrenergic agonists on cull cow meat quality. Meat Sci 2013; 93:275-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Feng X, Todd T, Lintzenich CR, Ding J, Carr JJ, Ge Y, Browne JD, Kritchevsky SB, Butler SG. Aging-related geniohyoid muscle atrophy is related to aspiration status in healthy older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 68:853-60. [PMID: 23112114 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related muscle weakness due to atrophy and fatty infiltration in orofacial muscles may be related to swallowing deficits in older adults. An important component of safe swallowing is the geniohyoid (GH) muscle, which helps elevate and stabilize the hyoid bone, thus protecting the airway. This study aimed to explore whether aging and aspiration in older adults were related to GH muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration. METHOD Eighty computed tomography scans of the head and neck from 40 healthy older (average age 78 years) and 40 younger adults (average age 32 years) were analyzed. Twenty aspirators and 20 nonaspirators from the 40 older adults had been identified previously. Two-dimensional views in the sagittal and coronal planes were used to measure the GH cross-sectional area and fatty infiltration. RESULTS GH cross-sectional area was larger in men than in women (p < .05). Decreased cross-sectional area was associated with aging (p < .05), and cross-sectional area was significantly smaller in aspirators compared with nonaspirators, but only among the older men (p < .01). Increasing fatty infiltration was associated with aging in the middle (p < .05) and posterior (p < .01) portions of the GH muscle. There was no significant difference in fatty infiltration of the GH muscle among aspirators and nonaspirators. CONCLUSION GH muscle atrophy was associated with aging and aspiration. Fatty infiltration in the GH muscle was increased with aging but not related to aspiration status. These findings suggest that GH muscle atrophy may be a component of decreased swallowing safety and aspiration in older adults and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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Rathmann RJ, Bernhard BC, Swingle RS, Lawrence TE, Nichols WT, Yates DA, Hutcheson JP, Streeter MN, Brooks JC, Miller MF, Johnson BJ. Effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride and days on the finishing diet on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and tenderness in beef heifers. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3301-11. [PMID: 22871933 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
British × Continental heifers (n = 3,382; initial BW = 307 kg) were serially slaughtered to determine if increasing days on the finishing diet (DOF) mitigates negative consequences of zilpaterol HCl (ZH) on quality grade and tenderness of beef. A 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized block design (36 pens; 6 pens/treatment) was used. Zilpaterol HCl (8.33 mg/kg DM) was fed 0 and 20 to 22 d before slaughter plus a 3 to 5 d withdrawal to heifers spending 127, 148, and 167 DOF. Feedlot and carcass performance data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit. Three hundred sixty carcasses (60 carcasses/treatment) were randomly subsampled, and strip loin steaks were aged for 7, 14, and 21 d for assessment of Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and slice shear force (SSF) with carcass serving as the experimental unit for analysis. No relevant ZH × DOF interactions were detected (P > 0.05). Feeding ZH during the treatment period increased ADG by 9.5%, G:F by 12.5%, carcass ADG by 33.6%, carcass G:F by 35.9%, carcass ADG:live ADG by 15.6%, HCW by 3.2% (345 vs. 356 kg), dressing percent by 1.5%, and LM area by 6.5% and decreased 12th-rib fat by 5.2% and yield grade (YG) by 0.27 units (P < 0.01). Feeding ZH tended to decrease marbling score (437 vs. 442 units; P = 0.10) and increased WBSF at 7 (4.25 vs. 3.47 kg; P < 0.01), 14 (3.57 vs. 3.05 kg; P < 0.01), and 21 d (3.50 vs. 3.03 kg; P < 0.01). Feeding ZH decreased empty body fat percentage (EBF; 29.7% vs. 30.3%; P < 0.01) and increased 28% EBF adjusted final BW (473.4 vs. 449.8 kg; P < 0.01). Analysis of interactive means indicated that the ZH × 148 DOF group had a similar percentage of USDA Prime, Premium Choice, Low Choice, and YG 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 carcasses (P > 0.10) and decreased percentage of Select (30.4 vs. 36.6%; P = 0.03) and Standard (0.2 vs. 0.9%; P = 0.05) carcasses compared with the control × 127 DOF group. As a result of ZH shifting body composition, extending the DOF of beef heifers is an effective feeding strategy to equalize carcass grade distributions. This can be accomplished along with sustaining the ZH mediated advantages in feedlot and carcass weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Rathmann
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409, USA.
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Rodas-González A, Pflanzer SB, Garmyn AJ, Martin JN, Brooks JC, Knobel SM, Johnson BJ, Starkey JD, Rathmann RJ, de Felicio PE, Streeter MN, Yates DA, Hodgen JM, Hutcheson JP, Miller MF. Effects of postmortem calcium chloride injection on meat palatability traits of strip loin steaks from cattle supplemented with or without zilpaterol hydrochloride. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3584-95. [PMID: 22851240 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride mM supplementation (ZH; 8.3 mg/kg on a DM basis for 20 d) and calcium chloride injection [CaCl(2), 200 at 5% (wt/wt) at 72 h postmortem] on palatability traits of beef (Bos taurus) strip loin steaks. Select (USDA) strip loins were obtained from control (no ZH = 19) and ZH-supplemented carcasses (n = 20). Right and left sides were selected alternatively to serve as a control (no INJ) or CaCl(2)-injected (INJ) and stored at 4°C. Before injecting the subprimals (72 h postmortem), 2 steaks were cut for proximate, sarcomere length, and myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI) analyses. At 7 d postmortem each strip loin was portioned into steaks, vacuum packaged, and aged for the appropriate period for Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF; 7, 14, 21, and 28 d postmortem), trained sensory analysis (14 and 21 d postmortem), purge loss (7 d), and MFI (3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d postmortem). Results indicated steaks from both ZH supplementation and INJ had reduced WBSF values as days of postmortem aging increased. The WBSF values of ZH steaks were greater (P < 0.05) than no ZH steaks at each postmortem aging period. The INJ steaks had lower WBSF values (P < 0.05) than non-injected steaks. A greater percentage (91 vs. 71%) of steaks had WBSF values < 4.6 kg from steers with no ZH supplementation at 7 d postmortem, but the percentage did not differ (P > 0.05) due to ZH at 14, 21, or 28 d or due to INJ at any aging period. Trained panelists rated tenderness less in ZH steaks than steaks with no ZH at 14 d and 21 d. However, INJ improved (P < 0.05) the tenderness ratings and flavor intensity of the trained panelists, compared with their non-injected cohorts at 21 d. Zilpaterol hydrochloride supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) MFI values, but INJ resulted in greater (P < 0.05) MFI values compared with no INJ. Subprimals from ZH and INJ showed greater purge loss (P < 0.05). Although no interactions were found with ZH and CaCl(2), injecting USDA Select strip loins from ZH-fed cattle can help reduce the normal WBSF variation as it does in steaks from non-ZH-fed cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rodas-González
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409, USA
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McEvers TJ, Nichols WT, Hutcheson JP, Edmonds MD, Lawrence TE. Feeding performance, carcass characteristics, and tenderness attributes of steers sorted by the Igenity tenderness panel and fed zilpaterol hydrochloride. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:4140-7. [PMID: 22859750 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Steers (n = 560; initial BW = 420 ± 26 kg) were selected from a pool of 1,040, using the IGENITY Profile DNA test for tenderness, sorted into 1 of 4 tenderness genotype (TG) groups [140 tough (TUF), 140 intermediate (INT), 140 tender (TEND), or 140 mixed (MXD)], and subsequently allocated into 56 pens at random, of which one-half (28 pens, 7 pens from each TG) were supplemented the β-adrenergic agonist zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) and the balance fed a control ration. No TG × ZH interaction (P ≥ 0.15) occurred for any measured trait. Cattle from INT TG had less (P < 0.05) DMI during pretreatment (d 0 to 118) and entire trial (d 0 to 143) periods than other TG. Cattle fed ZH had greater (P < 0.01) ADG and G:F, and decreased (P < 0.01) DMI during the treatment period (d 119 to 143). Cattle from the TEND group had greater (P < 0.01) marbling scores, increased (P < 0.02) calculated USDA yield grades (YG), and more (P < 0.02) calculated empty body fat (EBF) than TUF cattle. Cattle receiving ZH during the treatment period had increased (P < 0.01) HCW, dressed yield, and LM area. Additionally, cattle fed ZH exhibited decreased (P < 0.01) EBF, marbling, KPH, and calculated USDA YG. No difference (P > 0.06) in YG distributions were detected among TG, yet TEND cattle were represented by a greater (P < 0.01) proportion of Prime and premium Choice carcasses. Cattle fed ZH exhibited increased (P < 0.01) frequencies of YG 2 carcasses and fewer (P < 0.01) YG 3, 4, and 5 carcasses concurrent with an increase (P < 0.04) in the percentage of Select carcasses. Longissimus steaks from TUF cattle had greater (P < 0.03) Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) values at 7 and 14 d postmortem than steaks from INT or TEND cattle. Furthermore, ZH-fed cattle had increased (P < 0.01) WBSF values for all aging periods compared with control cattle. Frequency of steaks with WBSF values <3.9 kg (certified tender) were less (P < 0.05) for the TUF group. Feeding ZH resulted in fewer longissimus steaks (P < 0.01) with WBSF values <3.0 kg (guaranteed tender) across all aging periods; however, no difference in the frequency of steaks with WBSF values <3.9 kg was found after 21 d of aging. Igenity Profile tenderness scores were correlated (P < 0.05) to carcass finish attributes and WBSF values. Commercially available tenderness panels may have the potential to allow for antemortem sorting of cattle into expected tenderness groupings, which could augment feeding management strategies and ultimately lead to increased marketing value for the beef system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J McEvers
- Beef Carcass Research Center, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016, USA
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43
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Effect of dietary beta-agonist treatment, vitamin D3 supplementation and electrical stimulation of carcasses on colour and drip loss of steaks from feedlot steers. Meat Sci 2012; 90:607-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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44
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Garmyn AJ, Knobel SM, Spivey KS, Hightower LF, Brooks JC, Johnson BJ, Parr SL, Rathmann RJ, Starkey JD, Yates DA, Hodgen JM, Hutcheson JP, Miller MF. Warner-Bratzler and slice shear force measurements of 3 beef muscles in response to various aging periods after trenbolone acetate and estradiol implants and zilpaterol hydrochloride supplementation of finishing beef steers. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3783-91. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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45
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Hope-Jones M, Strydom P, Frylinck L, Webb E. The efficiency of electrical stimulation to counteract the negative effects of β-agonists on meat tenderness of feedlot cattle. Meat Sci 2010; 86:699-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Delmore RJ, Hodgen JM, Johnson BJ. Perspectives on the application of zilpaterol hydrochloride in the United States beef industry. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:2825-8. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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47
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Yarrow JF, McCoy SC, Borst SE. Tissue selectivity and potential clinical applications of trenbolone (17beta-hydroxyestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one): A potent anabolic steroid with reduced androgenic and estrogenic activity. Steroids 2010; 75:377-89. [PMID: 20138077 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the development of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) has been suggested as a means of combating the deleterious catabolic effects of hypogonadism, especially in skeletal muscle and bone, without inducing the undesirable androgenic effects (e.g., prostate enlargement and polycythemia) associated with testosterone administration. 17beta-Hydroxyestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one (trenbolone; 17beta-TBOH), a synthetic analog of testosterone, may be capable of inducing SARM-like effects as it binds to androgen receptors (ARs) with approximately three times the affinity of testosterone and has been shown to augment skeletal muscle mass and bone growth and reduce adiposity in a variety of mammalian species. In addition to its direct actions through ARs, 17beta-TBOH may also exert anabolic effects by altering the action of endogenous growth factors or inhibiting the action of glucocorticoids. Compared to testosterone, 17beta-TBOH appears to induce less growth in androgen-sensitive organs which highly express the 5alpha reductase enzyme (e.g., prostate tissue and accessory sex organs). The reduced androgenic effects result from the fact that 17beta-TBOH is metabolized to less potent androgens in vivo; while testosterone undergoes tissue-specific biotransformation to more potent steroids, dihydrotestosterone and 17beta-estradiol, via the 5alpha-reductase and aromatase enzymes, respectively. Thus the metabolism of 17beta-TBOH provides a basis for future research evaluating its safety and efficacy as a means of combating muscle and bone wasting conditions, obesity, and/or androgen insensitivity syndromes in humans, similar to that of other SARMs which are currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F Yarrow
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States.
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48
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Garmyn AJ, Shook JN, VanOverbeke DL, Beckett JL, Delmore RJ, Yates DA, Allen DM, Hilton GG. The effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride on carcass cutability and tenderness of calf-fed Holstein steers. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:2476-85. [PMID: 20382878 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the impact of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) on carcass cutability and tenderness of calf-fed Holstein steers, calf-fed Holstein carcasses (n = 102) were selected from a pool of 2,300 steers that were fed 0 or 8.3 mg/kg (DM basis) of ZH. Zilpaterol hydrochloride was supplemented the last 20 d of the finishing period and withdrawn for 3 d before slaughter. Carcasses were selected based on carcass weight as well as predetermined USDA Yield grade categories. For tenderness evaluation, steaks from the strip loin, bottom round, and top round (n = 54 per subprimal) were aged for 14 or 21 d postmortem. Carcasses from ZH-fed steers had more (P < 0.01) saleable yield than carcasses from control-fed steers. Additionally, ZH-fed steers had greater (P < or = 0.01) subprimal yield from the shoulder clod, strip loin, peeled tenderloin, top sirloin butt, bottom sirloin tri-tip, peeled knuckle, inside round, bottom round flat, eye of round, heel, and shank. Furthermore, ZH decreased (P < 0.01) the total amount and percentage of bone and fat trim from the carcass. Moisture loss was not affected by ZH in LM or inside round steaks (P > 0.05); however, ZH increased thawing loss (P = 0.05) but reduced cooking loss (P = 0.05) in bottom round steaks. Shear force values of LM and inside round steaks increased with ZH inclusion (P < 0.01), but there was no difference in bottom round steaks (P > 0.05). Steaks aged for 21 d had smaller (P < 0.01) Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS) values than 14-d steaks from all 3 subprimals. Trained sensory panelists did not detect any differences (P > 0.05) in sensory juiciness, tenderness, or flavor variables of LM or inside round steaks, except ZH steaks from the LM received smaller scores for sustained juiciness (P = 0.01) and overall tenderness (P = 0.04) than control steaks. Although LM steaks from ZH cattle were tougher than control steaks, the ZH-treated steaks had an average WBS value of 4.10 kg, which would be classified as intermediate in tenderness, with trained panelists rating ZH steaks slightly to moderately tender. Feeding ZH improved carcass cutability of calf-fed Holstein steers; however, tenderness was reduced in LM and inside round steaks. The interaction of postmortem tenderization techniques should be investigated to evaluate their impact on palatability in cattle supplemented with beta-agonists to allow the beef industry to take full advantage of the enhancement in performance and carcass yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Garmyn
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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Hilton GG, Garmyn AJ, Lawrence TE, Miller MF, Brooks JC, Montgomery TH, Griffin DB, Vanoverbeke DL, Elam NA, Nichols WT, Streeter MN, Hutcheson JP, Allen DM, Yates DA. Effect of zilpaterol hydrochloride supplementation on cutability and subprimal yield of beef steer carcasses. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:1817-22. [PMID: 20190177 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beef steers (n = 11,877) from 7 studies were fed zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) for 0 or 20 to 40 d before slaughter to determine the effects of ZH on subprimal weight and yield. Carcasses were selected based on mean HCW of treatment groups for fabrication into boneless, closely trimmed, or denuded subprimals, lean, fat, and bone. Data from the 7 trials were pooled for statistical analysis. Feeding ZH increased (P < 0.05) weights of all major subprimals compared with steers not supplemented with ZH. Also, subprimals from the hindquarter, including valuable cuts like the tenderloin, strip loin, and top sirloin butt, increased (P < 0.05) as a percentage of cold carcass weight from steers fed ZH. The tenderloin was 0.06 percentage units greater (P < 0.05), the strip loin was 0.08 percentage units greater (P < 0.05), and the top sirloin butt was 0.11 percentage units greater (P < 0.05) in ZH-fed steers when compared with steers not fed ZH. Supplementation of ZH greatly increased (P < 0.05) total saleable carcass yield by 1.76 percentage units, whereas ZH inclusion decreased (P < 0.05) the percentage of fat trim and bone by 0.58 and 1.10 percentage units, respectively. Therefore, ZH can be utilized by the beef industry to improve red meat yield efficiency throughout the beef production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Hilton
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA.
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Baxa TJ, Hutcheson JP, Miller MF, Brooks JC, Nichols WT, Streeter MN, Yates DA, Johnson BJ. Additive effects of a steroidal implant and zilpaterol hydrochloride on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and skeletal muscle messenger ribonucleic acid abundance in finishing steers1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:330-7. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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