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Miranda-Muñoz K, Midkiff K, Woessner A, Afshar-Mohajer M, Zou M, Pollock E, Gonzalez-Nino D, Prinz G, Hutchinson L, Li R, Kompalage K, Culbertson CT, Tucker RJ, Coetzee H, Tsai T, Powell J, Almodovar J. A Multicomponent Microneedle Patch for the Delivery of Meloxicam for Veterinary Applications. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39225687 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c08072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluates the use of poly(vinyl alcohol), collagen, and chitosan blends for developing a microneedle patch for the delivery of meloxicam (MEL). Results confirm successful MEL encapsulation, structural integrity, and chemical stability even after ethylene oxide sterilization. Mechanical testing indicates the patch has the required properties for effective skin penetration and drug delivery, as demonstrated by load-displacement curves showing successful penetration of pig ear surfaces at 3N of normal load. In vitro imaging confirms the microneedle patch penetrates the pig's ear cadaver skin effectively and uniformly, with histological evaluation revealing the sustained presence and gradual degradation of microneedles within the skin. Additionally, in vitro drug diffusion experiments utilizing ballistic gel suggest that microneedles commence dissolution almost immediately upon insertion into the gel, steadily releasing the drug over 24 h. Furthermore, the microneedle patch demonstrates ideal drug release capabilities, achieving nearly 100% release of meloxicam content from a single patch within 18 h. Finally, in vivo studies using pigs demonstrate the successful dissolution and transdermal drug delivery efficacy of biodegradable microneedle patches delivering meloxicam in a porcine model, with over 70% of microneedles undergoing dissolution after 3 days. While low detectable meloxicam concentrations were observed in the bloodstream, high levels were detected in the ear tissue, confirming the release and diffusion of the drug from microneedles. This work highlights the potential of microneedle patches for controlled drug release in veterinary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Miranda-Muñoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Kirsten Midkiff
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, B110 Agriculture, Food and Life Sciences Building, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Alan Woessner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
- Arkansas Integrative Metabolic Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Mahyar Afshar-Mohajer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 204 Mechanical Engineering Building, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Min Zou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 204 Mechanical Engineering Building, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Erik Pollock
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Science Engineering Building, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - David Gonzalez-Nino
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas, 4190 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Gary Prinz
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas, 4190 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Lillian Hutchinson
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Ruohan Li
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Kushan Kompalage
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, 1212 Mid-Campus Dr North, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Christopher T Culbertson
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 228 Coles Hall, 1710 Denison Ave, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Ryan Jared Tucker
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, 1212 Mid-Campus Dr North, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Hans Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, 1212 Mid-Campus Dr North, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Tsung Tsai
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, B110 Agriculture, Food and Life Sciences Building, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Jeremy Powell
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, B110 Agriculture, Food and Life Sciences Building, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Jorge Almodovar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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Shuaib M, Hafeez A, Tahir M, Sufyan A, Ullah O, Shams MA, Siddiqui SA, Swelum AA. Effects of β-Mannanase Supplementation and Soyhull Inclusion on Production Performance, Economics, Egg Quality, Blood Biochemicals, Nutrient Digestibility, and Intestinal Morphology in Golden Brown Hens (RIR × Fayoumi) during Late Peak Production. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2047. [PMID: 39061508 PMCID: PMC11273552 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of the β-mannanase enzyme and soyhulls on production performance, economics, egg quality, hematology and serum biochemistry, nutrient digestibility, gut morphology, digesta viscosity, and excreta consistency in laying hens during the late peak production phase (37 to 40 weeks of age). Golden brown hens (RIR × Fayoumi; n = 200) were fed a control diet (no soyhulls or enzymes) and diets containing four combinations, i.e., 3% soyhulls with 20 mg/kg β-mannanase (D1), 3% soyhulls with 30 mg/kg β-mannanase (D2), 9% soyhulls with 20 mg/kg β-mannanase (D3), and 9% soyhulls with 30 mg/kg β-mannanase (D4), for four weeks in four replicates of 10 birds each. Overall, a significantly higher (p < 0.05) feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and water intake were calculated in the D2 group as compared to the control and remaining combinations of soyhulls and β-mannanase. No mortality was recorded during the entire experiment. Economically, the D1 and D2 groups showed the best results as compared to the D3 and D4 groups. Egg quality parameters like egg weight, shell weight and shell thickness, yolk weight, albumen weight and height, and the Haugh unit remained unchanged (p > 0.05). Similarly, the D2 group showed significantly lower total cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL levels and enhanced gut morphology with greater villus width, height, crypt depth, and surface area across intestinal segments. Crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), crude fat, and ash digestibility were higher (p < 0.05) in the D1 and D2 groups compared to the control. Digesta viscosity, excreta consistency, and other egg quality parameters remained unaffected. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of a combination of 3% soyhulls and 30 mg/kg β-mannanase may have potential benefits for laying hens by improving some production performance and egg quality indicators and economics, lowering blood cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL levels, enhancing nutrient digestibility, and improving gut morphology without affecting egg quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shuaib
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
| | - Abubakar Sufyan
- Department of Livestock and Poultry Production, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Obaid Ullah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalkot 12350, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shams
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Shahrood Ahmed Siddiqui
- Vaccine Production Unit Sindh Tandojam, Livestock and Fisheries Department Government of Sindh, Karachi 70050, Pakistan;
| | - Ayman A. Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Mahler LE, Mullenix MK, Brandebourg TD, Kriese-Anderson LA. Validation of the Residual Feed Intake Model in Brangus Heifers: Determination of the Optimal Days on Feed Interval to Estimate Dry Matter Intake and Average Daily Gain. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2044. [PMID: 39061506 PMCID: PMC11273504 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Brangus cattle are gaining popularity in the Southeast U.S. due to the desirable heat tolerance from their Brahman influence combined with the superior carcass merit aspects of Angus genetics. However, little is known about the optimal evaluation conditions for this hybrid breed when placed on test for Residual Feed Intake (RFI), a heritable measure of feed efficiency that allows improvement in performance without altering carcass traits. To address this, dry matter intake (DMI) was measured on Brangus heifers for 70-d to determine the optimal days on feed required to estimate feed intake and ADG and assess if inclusion of ultrasound measures of carcass merit into the model impact RFI rankings for this breed. The 56-d test period had a regression coefficient of 0.96 (p < 0.0001), R2 = 0.94, rp = 0.97 (p < 0.0001), and rs = 0.97 (p < 0.0001), indicating little change in rank of cattle for DMI compared to a 70-d test. ADG was the limiting factor in determining test duration. Based upon examining only heifers that calved, ultrasound backfat measures should be included in the RFI model to normalize for differences in heifer maturity. Results from this study indicate that a test duration of 56-d is sufficient to accurately estimate DMI in this population. This data indicates on-test duration can be shortened, enhancing the rate of genetic change by reducing cost and increasing the number of animals that can be tested annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Mahler
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Dupas MC, Parison S, Noel V, Chatzimpiros P, Herbert É. Variable renewable energy penetration impact on productivity: A case study of poultry farming. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286242. [PMID: 37782652 PMCID: PMC10545111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Like all current industrial systems, agriculture overwhelmingly relies on energy supply from controllable sources, mainly fossil fuels and grid electricity. Power supply from these sources can be adapted to perfectly match the timing of power requirements of demand systems. The energy transition largely consists in substituting renewable power-which is intermittent by nature-to controllable sources, leading to disconnection between instantaneous power production and demand. Energy storage is a potential solution for balancing production and demand and safeguarding the operating conditions of the demand system. In this paper we quantify the effects of renewable power supply (solar and wind) on the operation of a standard poultry farm. We model the balance of power generation and demand considering the growth conditions of poultry and local weather data including temperatures, wind speed and solar radiation. We assess scenarios of renewable power supply in function of the size of the power plant, the wind-to-solar power generation mix and energy storage, and assess the impact of power supply patterns on the operating intensity (productivity) of the demand system. We show that, with a limited storage capacity, it is possible to achieve non-negligible shares of renewable power penetration without major loss in farm productivity. However, a full transition to renewable power would require the combination of i)-large energy storage compared to the annual demand, ii)- significant oversizing of the power production plant, and iii)-the exclusion of power generation combinations (wind/solar) that deviate from the timing of demand. Storage and power plant oversizing is all the more critical as production and demand are uncorrelated over the year. The ratio of useful to unused energy storage by the end of the year varies with the energy mix and operating intensity (productivity) of the farm. We discuss the implications of different energy configurations on the performance of the demand system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Parison
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8236 - LIED, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Noel
- CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UMR 8539 - LAERO, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Éric Herbert
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8236 - LIED, Paris, France
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Bhat RA, Rafi H, Tardiolo G, Fazio F, Aragona F, Zumbo A, Coelho C, D'Alessandro E. The role of embryonic stem cells, transcription and growth factors in mammals: A review. Tissue Cell 2023; 80:102002. [PMID: 36549226 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.102002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mammals represent a relevant species in worldwide cultures with significant commercial value. These animals are considered an attractive large animal model for biomedical and biotechnology research. The development of large animal experimental models may open alternative strategies for investigating stem cells (SCs) physiology and potential application in the veterinary field. The embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are known to possess natural pluripotency that confers the ability to differentiate into various tissues in vivo and in vitro. These notable characteristics can be useful for research and innovative applications, including biomedicine, agriculture and industry. Transcription factors play a crucial role in preserving stem cell self-renewal, whereas growth factors are involved in both growth and differentiation. However, to date, many questions concerning pluripotency, cellular differentiation regulator genes, and other molecules such as growth factors and their interactions in many mammalian species remain unresolved. The purpose of this review is to provide an overall review regarding the study of ESCs in mammals and briefly discuss the role of transcription and growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayees Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India
| | - Humera Rafi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Giuseppe Tardiolo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci snc, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Francesco Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci snc, Messina 98168, Italy.
| | - Francesca Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci snc, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zumbo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci snc, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Clarisse Coelho
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias (ULHT), Campo Grande 376, Lisboa 1749-024, Portugal
| | - Enrico D'Alessandro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci snc, Messina 98168, Italy
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Kanakachari M, Ashwini R, Chatterjee RN, Bhattacharya TK. Embryonic transcriptome unravels mechanisms and pathways underlying embryonic development with respect to muscle growth, egg production, and plumage formation in native and broiler chickens. Front Genet 2022; 13:990849. [PMID: 36313432 PMCID: PMC9616467 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.990849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Muscle development, egg production, and plumage colors are different between native and broiler chickens. The study was designed to investigate why improved Aseel (PD4) is colorful, stronger, and grew slowly compared with the control broiler (CB). Methods: A microarray was conducted using the 7th-day embryo (7EB) and 18th-day thigh muscle (18TM) of improved Aseel and broiler, respectively. Also, we have selected 24 Gallus gallus candidate reference genes from NCBI, and total RNA was isolated from the broiler, improved Aseel embryo tissues, and their expression profiles were studied by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Furthermore, microarray data were validated with qPCR using improved Aseel and broiler embryo tissues. Results: In the differential transcripts screening, all the transcripts obtained by microarray of slow and fast growth groups were screened by fold change ≥ 1 and false discovery rate (FDR) ≤ 0.05. In total, 8,069 transcripts were differentially expressed between the 7EB and 18TM of PD4 compared to the CB. A further analysis showed that a high number of transcripts are differentially regulated in the 7EB of PD4 (6,896) and fewer transcripts are differentially regulated (1,173) in the 18TM of PD4 compared to the CB. On the 7th- and 18th-day PD4 embryos, 3,890, 3,006, 745, and 428 transcripts were up- and downregulated, respectively. The commonly up- and downregulated transcripts are 91 and 44 between the 7th- and 18th-day of embryos. In addition, the best housekeeping gene was identified. Furthermore, we validated the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to muscle growth, myostatin signaling and development, and fatty acid metabolism genes in PD4 and CB embryo tissues by qPCR, and the results correlated with microarray expression data. Conclusion: Our study identified DEGs that regulate the myostatin signaling and differentiation pathway; glycolysis and gluconeogenesis; fatty acid metabolism; Jak-STAT, mTOR, and TGF-β signaling pathways; tryptophan metabolism; and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways in PD4. The results revealed that the gene expression architecture is present in the improved Aseel exhibiting embryo growth that will help improve muscle development, differentiation, egg production, protein synthesis, and plumage formation in PD4 native chickens. Our findings may be used as a model for improving the growth in Aseel as well as optimizing the growth in the broiler.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kanakachari
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, India
- EVA.4 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - R. Ashwini
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - T. K. Bhattacharya
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, India
- *Correspondence: T. K. Bhattacharya,
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Jonova S, Ilgaza A, Ilgazs A, Zolovs M, Gatina L. The amount of ghrelin-immunoreactive cells in the abomasum and intestines of 13-14-week-old calves supplemented with Jerusalem artichoke flour alone or in combination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. Vet World 2022; 15:1080-1086. [PMID: 35698529 PMCID: PMC9178578 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1080-1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The use of antibiotics in animals for disease prevention and productivity has been banned in the European Union since 2006. Possible alternatives can be used prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. These compounds can improve feed digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract with identical nutrient uptake, while imparting the feeling of satiety, which reduces the activity of ghrelin-immunoreactive (IR) cells. The number of studies performed on the activity of ghrelin-IR cells in ruminants is insufficient. In particular, there are few such studies in calves during the transition period from being a relatively monogastric animal to a ruminant. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Jerusalem artichoke flour (containing ∼50% prebiotic inulin) and a new, commercially unavailable synbiotic (combination of Jerusalem artichoke flour and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 1026) on the amount of ghrelin-IR cells in the abomasum and intestines of 13-14-week-old calves.
Materials and Methods: Fifteen crossbreed, Holstein Friesian and Red Holstein calves (Bos taurus) (32±4 days, 72.1±11.34 kg) were used. Calves were allocated into three groups: Control group (CoG, n=5) received the standard diet, prebiotic group (PreG, n=5) received 12 g of flour of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) per head containing 6 g of prebiotic inulin in addition to the standard diet, and synbiotic group (SynG, n=5) received a synbiotic in addition to the standard diet which consisted of two different products: 12 g of flour of Jerusalem artichoke per head containing 6 g of prebiotic inulin and probiotic 5 g of a yeast S. cerevisiae strain 1026. Feed additives were added to the concentrate once a day for 56 days. On days 1, 28, and 56, the live weight of the calves was determined. On day 56 of the experiment, three calves from each group were slaughtered. Histological samples were collected from the two parts of each calf abomasum: Pars pylorica and pars fundalis and the middle part of the duodenum and jejunum. Immunohistochemical tissue staining methods were used to detect ghrelin-IR cells.
Results: The live weight of the slaughtered calves on day 56 was 115.3±21.73 kg in CoG, 130.0±17.32 kg in PreG, and 119.0±7.94 kg in SynG. Ghrelin-IR cells were more abundantly localized in the cytoplasm of the abomasum muscle gland cells in pars fundalis and pars pylorica, and to a lesser extent in the duodenum and jejunum. The number of ghrelin-IR cells in the abomasal fundic gland area was significantly higher in the CoG, than in the PreG and SynG (p=0.0001), while the difference between the PreG and SynG was not significant (p=0.700).
Conclusion: The addition of Jerusalem artichoke flour and its combination with the yeast S.cerevisiae stain 1026 in calves resulted in a lower number of ghrelin-IR cells in the abomasum, duodenum, and jejunum and, although insignificantly, increased live weight (p=0.491), suggesting that calves in these groups with the same feed intake as the CoG had a better breakdown of nutrients, thus having a longer feeling of satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Jonova
- Preclinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - A. Ilgaza
- Preclinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - A. Ilgazs
- Clinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - M. Zolovs
- Department of Biosystematics, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia; Statistics Unit, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - L. Gatina
- Preclinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
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Pomar C, Andretta I, Remus A. Feeding Strategies to Reduce Nutrient Losses and Improve the Sustainability of Growing Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:742220. [PMID: 34778430 PMCID: PMC8581561 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.742220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of pig production using nutrients has increased over the years. Still, better efficiency of nutrient utilization can be achieved by feeding pigs with diets adjusted to their estimated requirements. An increase in nutrient efficiency of utilization represents economic gains while maximizing environmental performance. The objective of this paper is to review the impact of different methods of diet formulation that provide farm animals with the amount of nutrients to satisfy their needs while minimizing nutrient excretion and greenhouse gas emissions. Diet formulation is one tool that can help to maximize nitrogen and energy utilization by decreasing crude protein content in diets. The use of local feedstuff and non-human-edible products (e.g., canola meal) associated with synthetic amino acid inclusion in the diet are valuable techniques to reduce carbon footprint. Precision feeding and nutrition is another powerful tool that allows not only daily tailoring of diets for maximal nutrient efficiency of utilization but also to reduce costs and improve nitrogen efficiency of utilization. In this review, we simulated through mathematical models the nitrogen and energy efficiency of utilization resulting from crude protein reduction in the diet. An 8% crude protein reduction in the diet can increase nitrogen efficiency of utilization by 54% while costing 11% less than a control diet without synthetic amino acids. The same reduction in crude protein represented a major improvement in available energy due to the decrease of energetic losses linked to protein deamination. Urinary and hindgut fermentation energy losses were 24% lower for pigs fed with low-protein diets when compared to control diets. In terms of modern feeding techniques and strategies, precision feeding and nutrition can decrease nitrogen excretion by 30% when compared to group phase feeding. The benefits of feeding pigs with low-protein diets and precision feeding techniques are additive and might result in a 61% nitrogen efficiency of utilization. There is room for improvement in the way nutrient requirements are estimated in pigs. Improving the understanding of the variation of nutrient utilization among pigs can contribute to further environmental gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candido Pomar
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Ines Andretta
- Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aline Remus
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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10
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Effect of dietary probiotics supplementation on intake and production performance of ewes fed Atriplex hay-based diet. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to identify the main influencing factors related to dairy cow health as it impacts the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions considering known data presented in the literature. For this study, we define the emission intensity as CO2 equivalents per kilogram of milk. In dairy cows, a high dry matter (DM) intake (25 kg/d) leads to an higher absolute methane emission compared to a lower DM intake (10 kg/d). However, the emission intensity is decreased at a high performance level. The emissions caused by DM intake to cover the energy requirement for maintenance are distributed over a higher milk yield. Therefore, the emission intensity per kilogram of product is decreased for high-yielding animals with a high DM intake. Apart from that, animal diseases as well as poor environmental or nutritional conditions are responsible for a decreased DM intake and a compromised performance. As a result, animal diseases not only mean reduced productivity, but also increased emission intensity. The productive life-span of a dairy cow is closely related to animal health, and the impact on emission intensity is enormous. A model calculation shows that cows with five to eight lactations could have a reduced emission intensity of up to 40% compared to animals that have left the herd after their first lactation. This supports the general efforts to increase longevity of dairy cows by an improved health management including all measures to prevent diseases.
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McKenna C, Porter RK, Fitzsimons C, Waters SM, McGee M, Kenny DA. Mitochondrial abundance and function in skeletal muscle and liver from Simmental beef cattle divergent for residual feed intake. Animal 2020; 14:1710-1717. [PMID: 32172706 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731120000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular mitochondrial function has been suggested to contribute to variation in feed efficiency (FE) among animals. The objective of this study was to determine mitochondrial abundance and activities of various mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (complex I (CI) to complex IV (CIV)) in liver and muscle tissue from beef cattle phenotypically divergent for residual feed intake (RFI), a measure of FE. Individual DM intake (DMI) and growth were measured in purebred Simmental heifers (n = 24) and bulls (n = 28) with an initial mean BW (SD) of 372 kg (39.6) and 387 kg (50.6), respectively. All animals were offered concentrates ad libitum and 3 kg of grass silage daily, and feed intake was recorded for 70 days. Residuals of the regression of DMI on average daily gain (ADG), mid-test BW0.75 and backfat (BF), using all animals, were used to compute individual RFI coefficients. Animals were ranked within sex, by RFI into high (inefficient; top third of the population), medium (middle third of population) and low (efficient; bottom third of the population) terciles. Statistical analysis was carried out using the MIXED procedure of SAS v 9.3. Overall mean ADG (SD) and daily DMI (SD) for heifers were 1.2 (0.4) and 9.1 (0.5) kg, respectively, and for bulls were 1.8 (0.3) and 9.5 (1.02) kg, respectively. Heifers and bulls ranked as high RFI consumed 10% and 15% more (P < 0.05), respectively, than their low RFI counterparts. There was no effect of RFI on mitochondrial abundance in either liver or muscle (P > 0.05). An RFI × sex interaction was apparent for CI activity in muscle. High RFI animals had an increased activity (P < 0.05) of CIV in liver tissue compared to their low RFI counterparts; however, the relevance of that observation is not clear. Our data provide no clear evidence that cellular mitochondrial function within either skeletal muscle or hepatic tissue has an appreciable contributory role to overall variation in FE among beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McKenna
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, County MeathC15 PW93, Ireland
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2D02 R590, Ireland
| | - R K Porter
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2D02 R590, Ireland
| | - C Fitzsimons
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, County MeathC15 PW93, Ireland
| | - S M Waters
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, County MeathC15 PW93, Ireland
| | - M McGee
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, County MeathC15 PW93, Ireland
| | - D A Kenny
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, County MeathC15 PW93, Ireland
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Hanigan MD, Daley VL. Use of Mechanistic Nutrition Models to Identify Sustainable Food Animal Production. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2020; 8:355-376. [PMID: 31730368 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To feed people in the coming decades, an increase in sustainable animal food production is required. The efficiency of the global food production system is dependent on the knowledge and improvement of its submodels, such as food animal production. Scientists use statistical models to interpret their data, but models are also used to understand systems and to integrate their components. However, empirical models cannot explain systems. Mechanistic models yield insight into the mechanism and provide guidance regarding the exploration of the system. This review offers an overview of models, from simple empirical to more mechanistic models. We demonstrate their applications to amino acid transport, mass balance, whole-tissue metabolism, digestion and absorption, growth curves, lactation, and nutrient excretion. These mechanistic models need to be integrated into a full model using big data from sensors, which represents a new challenge. Soon, training in quantitative and computer science skills will be required to develop, test, and maintain advanced food system models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA; ,
| | - Veridiana L Daley
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA; , .,National Animal Nutrition Program (NANP), Department of Animal & Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Candido Pomar
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Aline Remus
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Jin S, Yang L, He T, Fan X, Wang Y, Ge K, Geng Z. Polymorphisms in the uncoupling protein 3 gene and their associations with feed efficiency in chickens. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 31:1401-1406. [PMID: 29879809 PMCID: PMC6127571 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective The uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) is a member of the mitochondrial anion carrier superfamily and has crucial effects on growth and feed efficiency in many species. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to examine the association of polymorphisms in the UCP3 gene with feed efficiency in meat-type chickens. Methods Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the UCP3 gene were chosen to be genotyped using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry in meat-type chicken populations with 724 birds in total. Body weight at 49 (BW49) and 70 days of age (BW70) and feed intake (FI) in the interval were collected, then body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated individually. Results One SNP with a low minor allele frequency (<1%) was removed by quality control and data filtering. The results showed that rs13997809 of UCP3 was significantly associated with BWG and FCR (p<0.05), and that rs13997811 had significant effects on BW70 and BWG (p<0.05). Rs13997812 of UCP3 was strongly associated with BW70, FI, and FCR (p<0.05). Furthermore, individuals with AA genotype of rs13997809 had significantly higher BWG and lower FCR (p<0.05) than those with AT genotype. The GG individuals showed strongly higher BW70 and BWG than AA birds in rs13997811 (p<0.05). Birds with the TT genotype of rs13997812 had significantly greater BW70 and lower FCR compared with the CT birds (p<0.05). In addition, the TAC haplotype based on rs13997809, rs13997811, and rs13997812 showed significant effects on BW70, FI, and FCR (p<0.05). Conclusion Our results therefore demonstrate important roles for UCP3 polymorphisms in growth and feed efficiency that might be used in meat-type chicken breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihua Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tingting He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xinfeng Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yiqiu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Kai Ge
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhaoyu Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Pang M, Luo W, Fu B, Yu X, Zhou Y, Tong J. Transcriptomic Profiles of Brain Provide Insights into Molecular Mechanism of Feed Conversion Efficiency in Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus). Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29538345 PMCID: PMC5877719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Feed efficiency is an economically crucial trait for cultured animals, however, progress has been scarcely made in the genetic analyses of feed conversion efficiency (FCE) in fish because of the difficulties in measurement of trait phenotypes. In the present investigation, we present the first application of RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) combined with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis for identification of functional determinants related to FCE at the gene level in an aquaculture fish, crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Brain tissues of six crucian carp with extreme FCE performances were subjected to transcriptome analysis. A total of 544,612 unigenes with a mean size of 644.38 bp were obtained from Low- and High-FCE groups, and 246 DEGs that may be involved in FCE traits were identified in these two groups. qPCR confirmed that genes previously identified as up- or down-regulated by RNA-Seq were effectively up- or down-regulated under the studied conditions. Thirteen key genes, whose functions are associated with metabolism (Dgkk, Mgst3 and Guk1b), signal transduction (Vdnccsa1b, Tgfα, Nr4a1 and Tacr2) and growth (Endog, Crebrtc2, Myh7, Myh1,Myh14 and Igfbp7) were identified according to GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) annotations. Our novel findings provide useful pathway information and candidate genes for future studies of genetic mechanisms underlying FCE in crucian carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Weiwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Beide Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Xiaomu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jingou Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Flachowsky G, Meyer U, Südekum KH. Invited review: Resource inputs and land, water and carbon footprints from the production of edible protein of animal origin. Arch Anim Breed 2018. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-61-17-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The objective of this review is to analyze crucial factors in the output from
the production of proteins in food of animal origin, such as milk, meat and
eggs. We then consider inputs such as land, water, fuel, minerals and feed,
as well as characterize emissions. Finally, we estimate footprints for
land (land footprint, LF), water (water footprint, WF) and greenhouse gas
emissions (i.e., carbon footprint, CF) during the production process. The
wide range of different land and water inputs per unit feed between various
studies largely influences the results. Further influencing factors are species and categories of animals that produce
edible protein, their yields and the
feeding of animals. Coproducts with no or low humanly edible fractions and
grassland as feed contribute to a lower need for arable land and lower LF, WF
and CF. The most efficient land use or the lowest LF per kilogram of edible
protein was estimated for higher milk and egg yields; the highest LF values
were calculated for beef, followed by pork. The lowest WF and CF were
calculated for edible protein of chicken meat and eggs. Edible protein from
ruminants is mostly characterized by a higher CF because of the high greenhouse
gas potential of methane produced in the rumen. A key prerequisite for
further progress in this field is the harmonization of data
collection and calculation methods. Alternatives to partial or complete replacement
of protein of terrestrial animals, such as marine animals, insects, cell
cultures, single-cell proteins or “simulated animal products” from plants,
as well as changing eating patterns and reducing food losses are
mentioned as further potential ways for more efficient feed production. For
all those dealing with plant or animal breeding and cultivation and all those
who are working along the whole food production chain, it is a major challenge to enhance
the production of more food for more people with, at the same time, less,
limited resources and lower emissions.
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18
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Bottje WG, Khatri B, Shouse SA, Seo D, Mallmann B, Orlowski SK, Pan J, Kong S, Owens CM, Anthony NB, Kim JK, Kong BC. Identification and Differential Abundance of Mitochondrial Genome Encoding Small RNAs (mitosRNA) in Breast Muscles of Modern Broilers and Unselected Chicken Breed. Front Physiol 2017; 8:816. [PMID: 29104541 PMCID: PMC5655574 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although small non-coding RNAs are mostly encoded by the nuclear genome, thousands of small non-coding RNAs encoded by the mitochondrial genome, termed as mitosRNAs were recently reported in human, mouse and trout. In this study, we first identified chicken mitosRNAs in breast muscle using small RNA sequencing method and the differential abundance was analyzed between modern pedigree male (PeM) broilers (characterized by rapid growth and large muscle mass) and the foundational Barred Plymouth Rock (BPR) chickens (characterized by slow growth and small muscle mass). Methods: Small RNA sequencing was performed with total RNAs extracted from breast muscles of PeM and BPR (n = 6 per group) using the 1 × 50 bp single end read method of Illumina sequencing. Raw reads were processed by quality assessment, adapter trimming, and alignment to the chicken mitochondrial genome (GenBank Accession: X52392.1) using the NGen program. Further statistical analyses were performed using the JMP Genomics 8. Differentially expressed (DE) mitosRNAs between PeM and BPR were confirmed by quantitative PCR. Results: Totals of 183,416 unique small RNA sequences were identified as potential chicken mitosRNAs. After stringent filtering processes, 117 mitosRNAs showing >100 raw read counts were abundantly produced from all 37 mitochondrial genes (except D-loop region) and the length of mitosRNAs ranged from 22 to 46 nucleotides. Of those, abundance of 44 mitosRNAs were significantly altered in breast muscles of PeM compared to those of BPR: all mitosRNAs were higher in PeM breast except those produced from 16S-rRNA gene. Possibly, the higher mitosRNAs abundance in PeM breast may be due to a higher mitochondrial content compared to BPR. Our data demonstrate that in addition to 37 known mitochondrial genes, the mitochondrial genome also encodes abundant mitosRNAs, that may play an important regulatory role in muscle growth via mitochondrial gene expression control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter G Bottje
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Bhuwan Khatri
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Stephanie A Shouse
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Dongwon Seo
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Barbara Mallmann
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sara K Orlowski
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Jeonghoon Pan
- School of Human Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Seongbae Kong
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Casey M Owens
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Nicholas B Anthony
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Jae K Kim
- School of Human Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Byungwhi C Kong
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Flachowsky G, Meyer U, Südekum KH. Land Use for Edible Protein of Animal Origin-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:E25. [PMID: 28335483 PMCID: PMC5366844 DOI: 10.3390/ani7030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present period is characterized by a growing world population and a higher demand for more and better quality food, as well as other products for an improved standard of living. In the future, there will be increasingly strong competition for arable land and non-renewable resources such as fossil carbon-sources, water, and some minerals, as well as between food, feed, fuel, fiber, flowers, and fun (6 F's). Proteins of animal origin like milk, meat, fish, eggs and, probably, insects are very valuable sources of essential amino acids, minerals and vitamins, but their production consumes some non-renewable resources including arable land and causes considerable emissions. Therefore, this study´s objective was to calculate some examples of the land use (arable land and grassland) for production of edible animal protein taking into consideration important animal species/categories, levels of plant and animal yields, the latter estimated with and without co-products from agriculture, and the food/biofuel industry in animal feeding. There are large differences between animal species/categories and their potential to produce edible protein depending on many influencing variables. The highest amounts per kilogram body weight are produced by growing broiler chicken followed by laying hens and dairy cows; the lowest yields in edible protein and the highest land need were observed for beef cattle. This review clearly indicates that the production of food of animal origin is a very complex process, and selective considerations, i.e., focusing on single factors, do not provide an assessment that reflects the complexity of the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Flachowsky
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
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20
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Gidenne T, Garreau H, Drouilhet L, Aubert C, Maertens L. Improving feed efficiency in rabbit production, a review on nutritional, technico-economical, genetic and environmental aspects. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Kong BW, Hudson N, Seo D, Lee S, Khatri B, Lassiter K, Cook D, Piekarski A, Dridi S, Anthony N, Bottje W. RNA sequencing for global gene expression associated with muscle growth in a single male modern broiler line compared to a foundational Barred Plymouth Rock chicken line. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:82. [PMID: 28086790 PMCID: PMC5237145 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Modern broiler chickens exhibit very rapid growth and high feed efficiency compared to unselected chicken breeds. The improved production efficiency in modern broiler chickens was achieved by the intensive genetic selection for meat production. This study was designed to investigate the genetic alterations accumulated in modern broiler breeder lines during selective breeding conducted over several decades. Methods To identify genes important in determining muscle growth and feed efficiency in broilers, RNA sequencing (RNAseq) was conducted with breast muscle in modern pedigree male (PeM) broilers (n = 6 per group), and with an unselected foundation broiler line (Barred Plymouth Rock; BPR). The RNAseq analysis was carried out using Ilumina Hiseq (2 x 100 bp paired end read) and raw reads were assembled with the galgal4 reference chicken genome. With normalized RPM values, genes showing >10 average read counts were chosen and genes showing <0.05 p-value and >1.3 fold change were considered as differentially expressed (DE) between PeM and BPR. DE genes were subjected to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) for bioinformatic functional interpretation. Results The results indicate that 2,464 DE genes were identified in the comparison between PeM and BPR. Interestingly, the expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins in chicken are significantly biased towards the BPR group, suggesting a lowered mitochondrial content in PeM chicken muscles compared to BPR chicken. This result is inconsistent with more slow muscle fibers bearing a lower mitochondrial content in the PeM. The molecular, cellular and physiological functions of DE genes in the comparison between PeM and BPR include organismal injury, carbohydrate metabolism, cell growth/proliferation, and skeletal muscle system development, indicating that cellular mechanisms in modern broiler lines are tightly associated with rapid growth and differential muscle fiber contents compared to the unselected BPR line. Particularly, PDGF (platelet derived growth factor) signaling and NFE2L2 (nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2; also known as NRF2) mediated oxidative stress response pathways appear to be activated in modern broiler compared to the foundational BPR line. Upstream and network analyses revealed that the MSTN (myostatin) –FST (follistatin) interactions and inhibition of AR (androgen receptor) were predicted to be effective regulatory factors for DE genes in modern broiler line. PRKAG3 (protein kinase, AMP-activated, gamma 3 non-catalytic subunit) and LIPE (lipase E) are predicted as core regulatory factors for myogenic development, nutrient and lipid metabolism. Conclusion The highly upregulated genes in PeM may represent phenotypes of subclinical myopathy commonly observed in the commercial broiler breast tissue, that can lead to muscle hardening, named as woody breast. By investigating global gene expression in a highly selected pedigree broiler line and a foundational breed (Barred Plymouth Rock), the results provide insight into cellular mechanisms that regulate muscle growth, fiber composition and feed efficiency. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3471-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Whi Kong
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nicholas Hudson
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Dongwon Seo
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Seok Lee
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Bhuwan Khatri
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kentu Lassiter
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Devin Cook
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Alissa Piekarski
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sami Dridi
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nicholas Anthony
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Walter Bottje
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.
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Abstract
Selective breeding and improved nutritional management over the past 20–30 years has resulted in dramatic improvements in growth efficiency for pigs and poultry, particularly lean tissue growth. However, this has been achieved using high-quality feed ingredients, such as wheat and soya that are also used for human consumption and more recently biofuels production. Ruminants on the other hand are less efficient, but are normally fed poorer quality ingredients that cannot be digested by human subjects, such as grass or silage. The challenges therefore are to: (i) maintain the current efficiency of growth of pigs and poultry, but using more ingredients not needed to feed the increasing human population or for the production of biofuels; (ii) improve the efficiency of growth in ruminants; (iii) at the same time produce animal products (meat, milk and eggs) of equal or improved quality. This review will describe the use of: (a) enzyme additives for animal feeds, to improve feed digestibility; (b) known growth promoting agents, such as growth hormone, β-agonists and anabolic steroids, currently banned in the European Union but used in other parts of the world; (c) recent transcriptomic studies into molecular mechanisms for improved growth efficiency via low residual feed intake. In doing so, the use of genetic manipulation in animals will also be discussed.
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Whole Blood Transcriptomics Is Relevant to Identify Molecular Changes in Response to Genetic Selection for Feed Efficiency and Nutritional Status in the Pig. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146550. [PMID: 26752050 PMCID: PMC4709134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying feed efficiency need to be better understood to improve animal efficiency, a research priority to support a competitive and sustainable livestock production. This study was undertaken to determine whether pig blood transcriptome was affected by differences in feed efficiency and by ingested nutrients. Growing pigs from two lines divergently selected for residual feed intake (RFI) and fed isoproteic and isocaloric diets contrasted in energy source and nutrients were considered. Between 74 and 132 days of age, pigs (n = 12 by diet and by line) received a regular diet rich in cereals and low in fat (LF) or a diet where cereals where partially substituted by lipids and fibers (HF). At the end of the feeding trial, the total number of white blood cells was not affected by the line or by the diet, whereas the red blood cell number was higher (P<0.001) in low RFI than in high RFI pigs. Analysis of the whole blood transcriptome using a porcine microarray reveals a higher number of probes differentially expressed (DE) between RFI lines than between diets (2,154 versus 92 probes DE, P<0.01). This corresponds to 528 overexpressed genes and 477 underexpressed genes in low RFI pigs compared with high RFI pigs, respectively. Overexpressed genes were predominantly associated with translational elongation. Underexpressed genes were mainly involved in the immune response, regulation of inflammatory response, anti-apoptosis process, and cell organization. These findings suggest that selection for RFI has affected the immune status and defense mechanisms of pigs. Genes DE between diets were mainly related to the immune system and lipid metabolism. Altogether, this study demonstrates the usefulness of the blood transcriptome to identify the main biological processes affected by genetic selection and feeding strategies.
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Brugger D, Windisch WM. Environmental responsibilities of livestock feeding using trace mineral supplements. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2015; 1:113-118. [PMID: 29767146 PMCID: PMC5945946 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trace elements are essential dietary components for livestock species. However, they also exhibit a strong toxic potential. Therefore, their fluxes through the animal organism are tightly regulated by a complex molecular machinery that controls the rate of absorption from the gut lumen as well as the amount of excretion via faeces, urine and products (e.g., milk) in order to maintain an internal equilibrium. When supplemented in doses above the gross requirement trace elements accumulate in urine and faeces and, hence, manure. Thereby, trace element emissions represent a potential threat to the environment. This fact is of particular importance in regard to the widely distributed feeding practice of pharmacological zinc and copper doses for the purpose of performance enhancement. Adverse environmental effects have been described, like impairment of plant production, accumulation in edible animal products and the water supply chain as well as the correlation between increased trace element loads and antimicrobial resistance. In the light of discussions about reducing the allowed upper limits for trace element loads in feed and manure from livestock production in the European Union excessive dosing needs to be critically reconsidered. Moreover, the precision in trace element feeding has to be increased in order to avoid unnecessary supplementation and, thereby, heavy metal emissions from livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brugger
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising 85354, Germany
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The impact of daily multiphase feeding on animal performance, body composition, nitrogen and phosphorus excretions, and feed costs in growing-finishing pigs. Animal 2015; 8:704-13. [PMID: 24739349 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of feeding pigs in a three-phase feeding (3PF) system or a daily-phase feeding (DPF) system on growth performance, body composition, and N and P excretions was studied on 8 pens of 10 pigs each. Feeds for the 3PF and DPF treatments were obtained by mixing two feeds, one with a high nutrient concentration and the other with a low nutrient concentration. The DPF pigs tended (P=0.08) to consume more feed (+3.7%) than the 3PF pigs, but only during the first feeding phase. The DPF pigs consumed 7.3% less protein (P<0.01) but a similar amount of total P. For the whole growing period, the DPF pigs tended (P=0.08) to gain more weight (+2.4%) than the 3PF pigs, mainly because of faster growth (P=0.02) during the first feeding period. At the end of the experiment, total body protein mass was similar in the two treatment groups, but the DPF pigs had 8% more body lipids (P=0.04) than the 3PF pigs. Daily multiphase feeding reduced N excretion by 12% (P<0.01) but did not significantly reduce P excretion. In addition, feed costs, nutrient intake and nutrient excretion under the two feeding strategies were simulated and compared after different approaches were used to formulate complete feeds for each phase of the 3PF system, as well as the two feeds used in the DPF program. Simulated feed intake and growth was similar to those observed in the animal experiment. In comparison with the simulated 3PF system, the feed cost for the DPF pigs was reduced by 1.0%, the simulated N and P intakes were reduced by 7.3% and 4.4%, respectively, and the expected N and P excretions were reduced by 12.6% and 6.6%, respectively. The concomitant adjustment of the dietary concentration of nutrients to match the evaluated requirements of pig populations can be an efficient approach to significantly reduce feeding costs and N and P excretions in pig production systems.
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Howard JT, Jiao S, Tiezzi F, Huang Y, Gray KA, Maltecca C. Genome-wide association study on legendre random regression coefficients for the growth and feed intake trajectory on Duroc Boars. BMC Genet 2015; 16:59. [PMID: 26024912 PMCID: PMC4449572 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-015-0218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feed intake and growth are economically important traits in swine production. Previous genome wide association studies (GWAS) have utilized average daily gain or daily feed intake to identify regions that impact growth and feed intake across time. The use of longitudinal models in GWAS studies, such as random regression, allows for SNPs having a heterogeneous effect across the trajectory to be characterized. The objective of this study is therefore to conduct a single step GWAS (ssGWAS) on the animal polynomial coefficients for feed intake and growth. Results Corrected daily feed intake (DFIAdj) and average daily weight measurements (DBWAvg) on 8981 (n = 525,240 observations) and 5643 (n = 283,607 observations) animals were utilized in a random regression model using Legendre polynomials (order = 2) and a relationship matrix that included genotyped and un-genotyped animals. A ssGWAS was conducted on the animal polynomials coefficients (intercept, linear and quadratic) for animals with genotypes (DFIAdj: n = 855; DBWAvg: n = 590). Regions were characterized based on the variance of 10-SNP sliding windows GEBV (WGEBV). A bootstrap analysis (n =1000) was conducted to declare significance. Heritability estimates for the traits trajectory ranged from 0.34-0.52 to 0.07-0.23 for DBWAvg and DFIAdj, respectively. Genetic correlations across age classes were large and positive for both DBWAvg and DFIAdj, albeit age classes at the beginning had a small to moderate genetic correlation with age classes towards the end of the trajectory for both traits. The WGEBV variance explained by significant regions (P < 0.001) for each polynomial coefficient ranged from 0.2-0.9 to 0.3-1.01 % for DBWAvg and DFIAdj, respectively. The WGEBV variance explained by significant regions for the trajectory was 1.54 and 1.95 % for DBWAvg and DFIAdj. Both traits identified candidate genes with functions related to metabolite and energy homeostasis, glucose and insulin signaling and behavior. Conclusions We have identified regions of the genome that have an impact on the intercept, linear and quadratic terms for DBWAvg and DFIAdj. These results provide preliminary evidence that individual growth and feed intake trajectories are impacted by different regions of the genome at different times. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-015-0218-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Howard
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7627, USA.
| | - Shihui Jiao
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7627, USA.
| | - Francesco Tiezzi
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7627, USA.
| | - Yijian Huang
- Smithfield Premium Genetics, Rose Hill, NC, 28458, USA.
| | - Kent A Gray
- Smithfield Premium Genetics, Rose Hill, NC, 28458, USA.
| | - Christian Maltecca
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7627, USA.
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Urrego R, Rodriguez-Osorio N, Niemann H. Epigenetic disorders and altered gene expression after use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies in domestic cattle. Epigenetics 2014; 9:803-15. [PMID: 24709985 DOI: 10.4161/epi.28711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) in modern cattle breeding is an important tool for improving the production of dairy and beef cattle. A frequently employed ART in the cattle industry is in vitro production of embryos. However, bovine in vitro produced embryos differ greatly from their in vivo produced counterparts in many facets, including developmental competence. The lower developmental capacity of these embryos could be due to the stress to which the gametes and/or embryos are exposed during in vitro embryo production, specifically ovarian hormonal stimulation, follicular aspiration, oocyte in vitro maturation in hormone supplemented medium, sperm handling, gamete cryopreservation, and culture of embryos. The negative effects of some ARTs on embryo development could, at least partially, be explained by disruption of the physiological epigenetic profile of the gametes and/or embryos. Here, we review the current literature with regard to the putative link between ARTs used in bovine reproduction and epigenetic disorders and changes in the expression profile of embryonic genes. Information on the relationship between reproductive biotechnologies and epigenetic disorders and aberrant gene expression in bovine embryos is limited and novel approaches are needed to explore ways in which ARTs can be improved to avoid epigenetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Urrego
- Grupo CENTAURO; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín, Colombia; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; Grupo INCA-CES; Universidad CES; Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Heiner Niemann
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI); Mariensee, Germany
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Hristov AN, Ott T, Tricarico J, Rotz A, Waghorn G, Adesogan A, Dijkstra J, Montes F, Oh J, Kebreab E, Oosting SJ, Gerber PJ, Henderson B, Makkar HPS, Firkins JL. SPECIAL TOPICS — Mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from animal operations: III. A review of animal management mitigation options1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:5095-113. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. N. Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - T. Ott
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - J. Tricarico
- Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy, Rosemont, IL 60018
| | - A. Rotz
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, PA 16802
| | | | | | - J. Dijkstra
- Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - F. Montes
- Plant Science Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - J. Oh
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - E. Kebreab
- University of California–Davis, Davis 95616
| | - S. J. Oosting
- Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - P. J. Gerber
- Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - B. Henderson
- Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - H. P. S. Makkar
- Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153 Rome, Italy
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Roca J, Martinez-Alborcia MJ, Gil MA, Parrilla I, Martinez EA. Dead spermatozoa in raw semen samples impair in vitro fertilization outcomes of frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Fertil Steril 2013; 100:875-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Forabosco F, Löhmus M, Rydhmer L, Sundström L. Genetically modified farm animals and fish in agriculture: A review. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Selection of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR normalisation in adipose tissue, muscle, liver and mammary gland from ruminants. Animal 2013; 7:1344-53. [PMID: 23552195 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113000475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The reliability of reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) depends on normalising the mRNA abundance using carefully selected, stable reference genes. Our aim was to propose sets of reference genes for normalisation in bovine or caprine adipose tissue (AT), mammary gland, liver and muscle. All of these tissues contribute to nutrient partitioning and metabolism and, thus, to the profitability of ruminant productions (i.e. carcasses, meat and milk). In this study, eight commonly used reference genes that belong to different functional classes (CLN3, EIF3K, MRPL39, PPIA, RPLP0, TBP, TOP2B and UXT) were analysed using the geNorm procedure to determine the most stable reference genes in bovine and/or caprine tissues. Abundances and rankings of reference genes varied between tissues, species and the combination of tissues and/or species. Therefore, we proposed 29 sets of reference genes that differed depending on the tissue and/or species. As examples of the 29 sets, EIF3K, TOP2B and UXT were proposed as the most stable reference genes in bovine AT; UXT, EIF3K and RPLP0 were the most stable reference genes in bovine and caprine AT. The optimal number of reference genes for data normalisation was 3 for 27 of the proposed 29 sets. In two of the 29 sets, four to five reference genes were necessary for data normalisation when the number of studied tissues was increased. For example, UXT, EIF3K, TBP, TOP2B and CLN3 were required for data normalisation in bovine mammary gland, AT, muscle and liver. We have evaluated some of our proposed sets of reference genes for the normalisation of CD36 gene expression. Normalisation using the three most stable reference genes has revealed downregulation of CD36 gene expression in bovine mammary gland by a concentrate-based diet that is supplemented with sunflower oil and upregulation of CD36 gene expression in caprine liver by including a rapidly degradable starch in the diet. The dietary regulation of the gene expression of CD36 has been erased by normalisation with the least stable reference genes, which may result in misinterpretation of CD36 gene regulation. To conclude, our results provide valuable reference gene sets for other studies that aim to measure tissue and/or species-specific mRNA abundance in ruminants.
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Rath D, Barcikowski S, de Graaf S, Garrels W, Grossfeld R, Klein S, Knabe W, Knorr C, Kues W, Meyer H, Michl J, Moench-Tegeder G, Rehbock C, Taylor U, Washausen S. Sex selection of sperm in farm animals: status report and developmental prospects. Reproduction 2013; 145:R15-30. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pre-selection of spermatozoa based on the relative DNA difference between X- and Y-chromosome bearing populations by flow cytometry is an established method that has been introduced into commercial cattle production. Although several important improvements have increased the sort efficiency, the fertilising ability of sexed spermatozoa based on offspring per insemination is still behind farmers' expectations. The main stress factors, especially on mitochondria, that reduce the lifespan of spermatozoa are described, and new technical as well as biological solutions to maintain the natural sperm integrity and to increase the sorting efficiency are discussed. Among these methods are the identification of Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa by bi-functionalised gold nanoparticles and triplex hybridisationin vivoas well as new laser-controlled deflection system that replaces the deflection of spermatozoa in the electrostatic field. Additionally, as well as a new nonsurgical transfer system of spermatozoa into the oviduct of cows has been developed and allows a significant reduction of spermatozoa per transfer. Altogether, the improvements made in the recent years will allow a broader use of sex-sorted spermatozoa even in those species that require more cells than cows and sheep.
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Bottje WG, Kong BW, Song JJ, Lee JY, Hargis BM, Lassiter K, Wing T, Hardiman J. Gene expression in breast muscle associated with feed efficiency in a single male broiler line using a chicken 44K microarray. II. Differentially expressed focus genes. Poult Sci 2012; 91:2576-87. [PMID: 22991544 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Global RNA expression in breast muscle obtained from a male broiler line phenotyped for high or low feed efficiency (FE) was investigated using microarray analysis. Microarray procedures and validation were reported previously. By using an overlay function of a software program (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, IPA) in which canonical pathways are projected onto a set of genes, a subset of 27 differentially expressed focus genes were identified. Focus genes that were upregulated in the high FE phenotype were associated with important signal transduction pathways (Jnk, G-coupled, and retinoic acid) or in sensing cell energy status and stimulating energy production that would likely enhance growth and development of muscle tissue. In contrast, focus genes that were upregulated in the low FE muscle phenotype were associated with cytoskeletal architecture (e.g., actin-myosin filaments), fatty acid oxidation, growth factors, or ones that would likely be induced in response to oxidative stress. The results of this study provide additional information on gene expression and the cellular basis of feed efficiency in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Bottje
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
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Effects of phytogenic substances on rumen fermentation and methane emissions: A proposal for a research process. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Malaver-Ortega LF, Sumer H, Liu J, Verma PJ. The state of the art for pluripotent stem cells derivation in domestic ungulates. Theriogenology 2012; 78:1749-62. [PMID: 22578625 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the successful isolation, characterization and long-term culture of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from mice in the early 1980s and from humans a decade later, considerable effort has been made to establish ESCs lines from livestock. The derivation of validated ESCs lines is a necessary step if the generation of economically relevant transgenic animals is to be achieved. However, this is still elusive, as the isolation of true ESCs lines for livestock has not been accomplished to date. It has been demonstrated that by forced expression of a defined set of transcription factors, it is possible to reprogram somatic cells to cells that closely resemble an ES-like state. These cells were termed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We introduce the basic concepts relating to stem cell biology and give an overview of the various attempts to isolate and generate pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) from species relevant to livestock production. Further, we point out the issues to be addressed and hurdles to be overcome to realize the promise of stem cells in agriculture.
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