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Zillinger LS, Hustedt K, Schnepel N, Hirche F, Schmicke M, Stangl GI, Muscher-Banse AS. Effects of dietary nitrogen and/or phosphorus reduction on mineral homeostasis and regulatory mechanisms in young goats. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1375329. [PMID: 38799725 PMCID: PMC11117143 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1375329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The reduction of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in ruminant feed is desirable due to costs and negative environmental impact. Ruminants are able to utilize N and P through endogenous recycling, particularly in times of scarcity. When N and/or P were reduced, changes in mineral homeostasis associated with modulation of renal calcitriol metabolism occurred. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effects of dietary N- and/or P-reduction on the regulatory mechanisms of mineral transport in the kidney and its hormonal regulation in young goats. Results During N-reduction, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations in blood decreased, accompanied by a lower protein expression of cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 (CYP27B1) (p = 0.016). The P-reduced fed goats had low blood phosphate concentrations with simultaneously high Ca and Mg levels. The insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations decreased significantly with P-reduction. Furthermore, gene expression of CYP27B1 (p < 0.001) and both gene (p = 0.025) and protein (p = 0.016) expression of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1c isoform in the kidney were also significantly reduced during a P-reduced diet. ERK1/2 activation exhibited a trend toward reduction in P-reduced animals. Interestingly, calcitriol concentrations remained unaffected by either restriction individually, but interacted significantly with N and P (p = 0.014). Additionally, fibroblast growth factor 23 mRNA expression in bone decreased significantly with P-restriction (p < 0.001). Discussion These results shed light on the complex metabolic and regulatory responses of mineral transport of young goats to dietary N and P restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa S. Zillinger
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karin Hustedt
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Schnepel
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Hirche
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Marion Schmicke
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gabriele I. Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Alexandra S. Muscher-Banse
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Babazadeh D, Razavi SA, Abd El-Ghany WA, F Cotter P. Vitamin D Deficiency in Farm Animals: A Review. FARM ANIMAL HEALTH AND NUTRITION 2022; 1:10-16. [DOI: 10.58803/fahn.v1i1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the most effective vitamins in the musculoskeletal structure and immune system of farm animals is Vitamin D. The widespread risk of Vitamin D deficiency states is known widely resulting in autoimmune diseases, diabetes, rickets, metabolic bone diseases, and cancers. The aim of this review is to address the subject of Vitamin D deficiency in farm animals and the role of vitamin D in health and deficiency states. Although Vitamin D deficiency is generally defined as < 20 ng/mL in serum, but this level remains to be discussed. Vitamin D synthesis in the skin is the major source of Vitamin D in the body and is influenced by genetic and several environmental factors, such as length of sun exposure, season, and latitude. Sun exposure might be limited during winter in some areas, such as northern latitudes. Thus, food sources can play essential roles in supplying the demand for vitamin D. Some animal species have more sensitivity to Vitamin D deficiency due to their different metabolism, homeostasis, and adaptation to specific diets and environments. Farm animal species, such as cattle, pigs, llamas, Alpacas, small ruminants, and broiler chickens are more sensitive to Vitamin D deficiency. However, some farm animal species including horses and donkeys usually have a low risk of Vitamin D deficiency. Therefore, the management of Vitamin D deficiency and its consequences are critical in some species. The inclusion of Vitamin D in the body of farm animals depended on farming practices, sun exposure in different seasons, and the content of diets. Due to the diversity of species, regulation of many ongoing processes in animals’ bodies, the complexity of Vitamin D metabolism, and different metabolites, more studies are necessary to find the vital roles of vitamin D in the prevention and control of diseases in farm animals.
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Venjakob PL, Borchardt S. Ursache, Verbreitung und evidenzbasierte Therapie sowie Prävention der peripartalen Hypokalzämie. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2022; 50:174-186. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1848-5906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie peripartale Hypokalzämie ist eine weit verbreitete Stoffwechselstörung, dessen klinische Form etwa 7 % der Milchkühe und dessen subklinische Form fast jede 2. multipare Kuh betrifft. Obwohl sich hinsichtlich Diagnostik und Therapie in den letzten 30 Jahren kaum etwas verändert hat, herrscht bei Landwirten und Tierärzten Unklarheit über die Prävalenz und den Risikozeitraum dieser Stoffwechselstörung. Darüber hinaus gibt es sehr unterschiedliche Angaben darüber, wieviel Kalzium einer Kuh mit klinischer Hypokalzämie substituiert werden sollte. Ziel dieses Übersichtsartikels ist es, die Entstehung und Verbreitung von Hypokalzämie evidenzbasiert darzustellen. Des Weiteren werden die Ergebnisse älterer und neuer Studien zusammengefast, mit dem Ziel eine möglichst genaue Empfehlung zur Behandlung von klinischer Hypokalzämie zu geben. Da in einer 2017 durchgeführten Studie gezeigt wurde, dass der überwiegende Teil deutscher Milchviehbetriebe keine Prophylaxe gegen Hypokalzämie betreibt, werden in dem letzten Teil dieser Arbeit die verschiedenen Prophylaxekonzepte, unter Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Literatur, dargestellt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lennart Venjakob
- Tierklinik für Fortpflanzung, Freie Universität Berlin
- Klinik für Wiederkäuer, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
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Freitag JRB, Wilkens MR, Muscher-Banse AS, Gerstner K, Schnepel N, Torgerson PR, Liesegang A. Effects of diets differing in dietary cation-anion difference and calcium concentration on calcium homeostasis in neutered male sheep. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11537-11552. [PMID: 34419267 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feeding low dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) diets is one strategy to prevent milk fever in cows. The mechanism of action, as well as whether the calcium (Ca) supply of such diets combined with this feeding regimen should meet the requirements, is still unclear. Small ruminants are commonly used as models for cows. The goal of the present study was to demonstrate basic effects of DCAD against a background of different Ca supplies in a sheep model. Twenty-three castrated male East Friesian milk sheep, aged 11 to 12 mo, were randomly assigned to 4 different feeding groups. The ration of each group was either high (highDCAD) or low in DCAD (lowDCAD) combined with adequate (nCa) or restricted Ca supply (lowCa). At baseline, serum and urine were collected from all sheep and a peripheral quantitative computed tomography of the left metatarsus was performed. After a 14-d adaptation period to the different diets, the experiment started (d 0). Urine, feces, and serum were collected on d 0, 4, 7, 14, and 22, and peripheral quantitative computed tomography was performed on d 0 and 22. On d 22, the sheep were killed and sampled for functional studies. LowDCAD was significantly associated with lower urine pH, higher urinary Ca excretion, higher ionized Ca in blood, and higher serum Ca concentrations. Blood pH and bone parameters did not differ significantly between groups. It is unclear from which compartment the high amounts of Ca excreted with urine in the lowDCAD groups originated. Interestingly, lowDCAD resulted in higher renal mRNA abundance of parathyroid hormone receptor but unaffected mRNA abundance of Ca transporters. As neither renal abundance of these transporters nor Ca excretion were influenced by dietary Ca supply, our results support the hypothesis that increased urinary Ca observed with low DCAD diets represents a loss rather than an excretion of surplus Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R B Freitag
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M R Wilkens
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - A S Muscher-Banse
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - K Gerstner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - N Schnepel
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - P R Torgerson
- Section of Veterinary Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Liesegang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Behrens JL, Schnepel N, Hansen K, Hustedt K, Burmester M, Klinger S, Breves G, Muscher-Banse AS. Modulation of Intestinal Phosphate Transport in Young Goats Fed a Low Phosphorus Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020866. [PMID: 33467106 PMCID: PMC7831023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal absorption of phosphate (Pi) takes place transcellularly through the active NaPi-cotransporters type IIb (NaPiIIb) and III (PiT1 and PiT2) and paracellularly by diffusion through tight junction (TJ) proteins. The localisation along the intestines and the regulation of Pi absorption differ between species and are not fully understood. It is known that 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) and phosphorus (P) depletion modulate intestinal Pi absorption in vertebrates in different ways. In addition to the apical uptake into the enterocytes, there are uncertainties regarding the basolateral excretion of Pi. Functional ex vivo experiments in Ussing chambers and molecular studies of small intestinal epithelia were carried out on P-deficient goats in order to elucidate the transepithelial Pi route in the intestine as well as the underlying mechanisms of its regulation and the proteins, which may be involved. The dietary P reduction had no effect on the duodenal and ileal Pi transport rate in growing goats. The ileal PiT1 and PiT2 mRNA expressions increased significantly, while the ileal PiT1 protein expression, the mid jejunal claudin-2 mRNA expression and the serum 1,25-(OH)2D3 levels were significantly reduced. These results advance the state of knowledge concerning the complex mechanisms of the Pi homeostasis in vertebrates.
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Köhler OM, Grünberg W, Schnepel N, Muscher-Banse AS, Rajaeerad A, Hummel J, Breves G, Wilkens MR. Dietary phosphorus restriction affects bone metabolism, vitamin D metabolism and rumen fermentation traits in sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 105:35-50. [PMID: 33001513 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (Pi ) is maintained by a concerted interplay of absorption and reabsorption via the gastrointestinal tract and the kidney and by storage and mobilization from the bone regulated mainly by parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and calcitonin. The present study aimed at characterizing the effects of dietary P restriction on bone, vitamin D metabolism and rumen fermentation traits reflecting the endogenous P cycle maintaining the ruminal P supply for microbial metabolism. The experiments were done in eleven female, non-pregnant, non-lactating four- to nine-year-old Black Headed Mutton sheep allotted to two feeding groups: "P-restricted" (0.11% P/kg DM and 0.88% Ca/kg DM) and "Control" (0.38% P/kg DM and 0.88% Ca/kg DM). Dietary P restriction did not lead to hypophosphataemia, probably due to a compensation by bone mobilization, demonstrated by increased serum concentrations of a resorption marker and altered gene expression in bone tissue. In addition, the RNA expression of fibroblast growth factor 23, a bone-derived factor involved in the regulation of vitamin D metabolism, was significantly reduced with dietary P restriction. Furthermore, several genes related to vitamin D metabolism and plasma concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2 D were associated with serum concentrations of phosphate (Pi ). In the parotid gland, the expression of the Pi transporter NaPi2b was negatively associated with serum Pi and positively with parathyroid PTH expression. Although Pi concentrations in saliva and the gastrointestinal tract were significantly reduced, we found no adverse effects of the P-restricted ration on the production of short chain fatty acids, but slight differences in the production of butyrate as well as its relationship to rumen Pi and ammonia concentrations that might indicate an impact on ruminal fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana M Köhler
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Walter Grünberg
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Nadine Schnepel
- Institute of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Muscher-Banse
- Institute of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Abbas Rajaeerad
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Institute of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Mirja R Wilkens
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
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Hurst EA, Homer NZ, Mellanby RJ. Vitamin D Metabolism and Profiling in Veterinary Species. Metabolites 2020; 10:E371. [PMID: 32942601 PMCID: PMC7569877 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for vitamin D analysis in veterinary species is increasing with the growing knowledge of the extra-skeletal role vitamin D plays in health and disease. The circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25(OH)D) metabolite is used to assess vitamin D status, and the benefits of analysing other metabolites in the complex vitamin D pathway are being discovered in humans. Profiling of the vitamin D pathway by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) facilitates simultaneous analysis of multiple metabolites in a single sample and over wide dynamic ranges, and this method is now considered the gold-standard for quantifying vitamin D metabolites. However, very few studies report using LC-MS/MS for the analysis of vitamin D metabolites in veterinary species. Given the complexity of the vitamin D pathway and the similarities in the roles of vitamin D in health and disease between humans and companion animals, there is a clear need to establish a comprehensive, reliable method for veterinary analysis that is comparable to that used in human clinical practice. In this review, we highlight the differences in vitamin D metabolism between veterinary species and the benefits of measuring vitamin D metabolites beyond 25(OH)D. Finally, we discuss the analytical challenges in profiling vitamin D in veterinary species with a focus on LC-MS/MS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Hurst
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Natalie Z. Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
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Review: Regulation of gastrointestinal and renal transport of calcium and phosphorus in ruminants. Animal 2020; 14:s29-s43. [PMID: 32024566 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119003197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In comparison to monogastric animals, ruminants show some peculiarities in respect to the regulation of mineral homeostasis, which can be regarded as a concerted interplay between gastrointestinal absorption, renal excretion and bone mobilisation to maintain physiological Ca and phosphate (Pi) concentrations in serum. Intestinal absorption of Ca or Pi is mediated by two general mechanisms: paracellular, passive transport dominates when luminal Ca or Pi concentrations are high and transcellular. The contribution of active transport becomes more important when dietary Ca or Pi supply is restricted or the demand increased. Both pathways are modulated directly by dietary interventions, influenced by age and regulated by endocrine factors such as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Similar transport processes are observed in the kidney. After filtration, Ca and Pi are resorbed along the nephron. However, as urinary Ca and Pi excretion is very low in ruminants, the regulation of these renal pathways differs from that described for monogastric species, too. Furthermore, salivary secretion, as part of endogenous Pi recycling, and bone mobilisation participate in the maintenance of Ca and Pi homeostasis in ruminants. Saliva contains large amounts of Pi for buffering rumen pH and to ensure optimal conditions for the rumen microbiome. The skeleton is a major reservoir of Ca and Pi to compensate for discrepancies between demand and uptake. But alterations of the regulation of mineral homeostasis induced by other dietary factors such as a low protein diet were observed in growing ruminants. In addition, metabolic changes, for example, at the onset of lactation have pronounced effects on gastrointestinal mineral transport processes in some ruminant species. As disturbances of mineral homeostasis do not only increase the risk of the animals to develop other diseases, but are also associated with protein and energy metabolism, further research is needed to improve our knowledge of its complex regulation.
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Wilkens MR, Nelson CD, Hernandez LL, McArt JA. Symposium review: Transition cow calcium homeostasis—Health effects of hypocalcemia and strategies for prevention. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:2909-2927. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wilkens MR, Schnepel N, Muscher-Banse AS. Dietary protein and calcium modulate parathyroid vitamin D receptor expression in young ruminants. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 196:105503. [PMID: 31648052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
For economic reasons and in order to minimize nitrogen excretion and thus pollution, the crude protein content in the diet of livestock animals should be as low as possible without negatively affecting the animals´ health and performance. As ruminants can efficiently use dietary protein because of the ruminohepatic circulation of urea, they are considered to cope more easily with such a feeding regime than monogastric animals. However, despite unaltered daily weight gain, massive changes in mineral homeostasis and vitamin D metabolism were observed with dietary protein reduction (N-) in young, growing goats. Serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) were decreased with a low N intake, even if calcium (Ca) was also restricted (Ca-). Interestingly, concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) measured as an indirect assessment for the parathyroid hormone (PTH) activity were not affected by low protein. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the sensitivity of the parathyroid gland is modulated during these dietary interventions. Four groups of male German colored goats received a control (N+/Ca+), a reduced protein (N-/Ca+), a reduced Ca (N+/Ca-) or a reduced protein and Ca (N-/Ca-) diet. After six weeks we determined the expression of PTH, PTH receptor, Ca sensing receptor (CASR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), retinoid X receptor (RXRα), Klotho, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1c-splicing form, and the sodium-dependent Pi transporter (PiT1) in the parathyroid glands. Concentrations of cAMP were not affected, while those of Ca and 1,25-(OH)2D3were diminished and that of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was increased with N- feeding. The expression patterns of the described target genes were not altered. In contrast, animals fed the Ca- rations showed enhanced serum 1,25-(OH)2D3 and cAMP levels with no changes in blood Ca concentrations demonstrating an efficient adaptation. The mRNA expression of expression of VDR and CASR in the parathyroid gland was significantly diminished and RXRα, PTHR and PiT1 expression was elevated. Instead of the assumed desensitization of the parathyroid gland with N-, our results indicate elevated responsiveness to decreased blood Ca with feeding Ca-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja R Wilkens
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Schnepel
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Muscher-Banse
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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Wilkens MR, Firmenich CS, Schnepel N, Muscher-Banse AS. A reduced protein diet modulates enzymes of vitamin D and cholesterol metabolism in young ruminants. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:196-202. [PMID: 30394334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Besides other adverse effects, a low protein diet has been shown to modulate cholesterol and vitamin D metabolism in monogastric species like rats and humans. As ruminants can increase the efficiency of the rumino-hepatic circulation of urea, it is assumed that goats should be able to compensate for a low dietary protein intake better. After a dietary protein restriction (9% vs. 20%) for six weeks, plasma concentrations of urea, albumin, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium were decreased, while plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3), and total cholesterol were significantly increased in young goats. Because this was not accompanied by any decrease in expression of CYP24A1 mRNA, we investigated mRNA expression of additional enzymes with known 24- and/or 25-hydroxylase activities (CYP2R1, CYP2J2, CYP3 A24, CYP27A1), receptors involved in their regulation (VDR, PXR, RXRα) and vitamin D binding protein (VDBP). CYP2R1expression was stimulated with the low dietary protein intake, negatively correlated with plasma urea and positively associated with serum 25-OHD3. The greater plasma concentrations of total cholesterol could be explained with the reduction of CYP2J2 and CYP27A1 expression. None of the receptors investigated were affected by the dietary protein restriction but mRNA expression of VDBP was slightly reduced. Taken together our results show that dietary protein restriction has an impact on vitamin D and cholesterol metabolism in ruminants, too. Therefore, further investigations are needed before dietary interventions aiming at diminishing nitrogen excretion can be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja R Wilkens
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Caroline S Firmenich
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Schnepel
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Muscher-Banse
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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Firmenich CS, Elfers K, Wilkens MR, Breves G, Muscher-Banse AS. Modulation of renal calcium and phosphate transporting proteins by dietary nitrogen and/or calcium in young goats. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3208-3220. [PMID: 29741700 PMCID: PMC6095294 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In young goats, a reduction in dietary nitrogen (N) had an impact on mineral homeostasis although ruminants are able to recycle N effectively due to rumino-hepatic circulation. A solitary calcium (Ca) reduction stimulated calcitriol synthesis and Ca concentrations remained unchanged, whereas a dietary N reduction led to a decrease in calcitriol, which could not be prevented by a simultaneous reduction of N and Ca. In a previous study, it was shown that a reduced dietary N intake caused a decrease in intestinal Ca absorption due to a reduction of intestinal Ca transporting proteins. As no data on the potential role of the kidneys are available, it was the aim of the present study to evaluate whether an N- and/or Ca-reduced diet had an impact on renal Ca and phosphate (Pi) transporting protein expression in young goats. The animals were divided into 4 feeding groups, each receiving an adequate N and Ca supply, a reduced N supply, a reduced Ca supply, or a combined N and Ca reduction for 6 to 9 wk. The protein expression of the renal Ca channel transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5 (TRPV5) was diminished in N-reduced fed goats (P = 0.03), whereas in Ca restricted animals, the expression remained unaltered. The mRNA and protein expression of the Ca-binding protein calbindin-D28K (CaBPD28K) and the sodium-Ca exchanger 1 (NCX1) were significantly decreased due to the N-reduced feeding (mRNA, P = 0.003; P < 0.0001; protein, P = 0.002; P = 0.02), whereas dietary Ca reduction increased the CaBPD28K and NCX1 mRNA expression (P = 0.05; P = 0.01). The mRNA and protein expression of the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR) decreased due to the N-reduced feeding (P = 0.02; P = 0.03). These results confirm that a reduced dietary N intake led to decreased TRPV5, CaBPD28K, PTHR, and NCX1 expression levels, contributing to low levels of calcitriol and plasma Ca. In contrast to this, sodium-phosphate cotransporter type IIa expression and plasma Pi concentration were increased during dietary N reduction, thus indicating that Pi homeostasis is modulated in a calcitriol-independent manner. In conclusion, the modulation of Ca transporting proteins expression in the kidney is not able to prevent changes in mineral homeostasis in young goats receiving an N-reduced diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Firmenich
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Elfers
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - M R Wilkens
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - G Breves
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - A S Muscher-Banse
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Wilkens MR, Elfers K, Schmicke M, Breves G, Muscher-Banse AS. Dietary nitrogen and calcium modulate CYP27B1 expression in young goats. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 64:70-76. [PMID: 29754009 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In livestock, feeding a reduced nitrogen (N) diet is favored for economic and ecological reasons. Ruminants cope more easily with a reduced N diet than monogastric species. However, changes in mineral homeostasis such as a reduction in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) concentrations, calcium (Ca), and IGF1 levels were observed in goats kept on a reduced N diet. The decrease in 1,25-(OH)2D3 occurred even during a simultaneous reduction in dietary N and Ca, whereas a solitary Ca reduction stimulated 1,25-(OH)2D3 synthesis. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of N- and/or Ca-reduced diets on the expression of 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1), 1-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), vitamin D receptor (VDR), retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα), IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), Klotho, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1c (FGFR1c) in kidneys of young goats. Four groups were kept on a control diet, an N-reduced diet, a Ca-reduced diet or an N- and a Ca-reduced diet. Renal expression of CYP24A1 was not affected, whereas CYP27B1 expression was significantly diminished in the N-reduced diet fed goats (P < 0.05) and significantly elevated with the Ca reduction (P < 0.001). The VDR expression was not modified, whereas RXRα (P < 0.05) and Klotho expression (P < 0.001) were stimulated during Ca reduction. The IGF1R (P < 0.05) and FGFR1c (P < 0.05) expression were enhanced with the N reduction. From these data, it can be concluded that the downregulation of renal CYP27B1 expression observed with dietary N reduction is probably mediated by a complex interaction between the somatotropic axis and the Klotho/FGF signaling pathway in young goats.
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MESH Headings
- 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics
- 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- Animal Feed/analysis
- Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
- Animals
- Calcitriol/blood
- Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage
- Calcium, Dietary/pharmacology
- Diet/veterinary
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glucuronidase/genetics
- Glucuronidase/metabolism
- Goats/physiology
- Kidney/enzymology
- Kidney/metabolism
- Klotho Proteins
- Male
- Nitrogen/administration & dosage
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
- Receptors, Somatomedin/genetics
- Receptors, Somatomedin/metabolism
- Retinoid X Receptor alpha/genetics
- Retinoid X Receptor alpha/metabolism
- Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Wilkens
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - K Elfers
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Schmicke
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - G Breves
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - A S Muscher-Banse
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
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Özçelik R, Bruckmaier RM, Hernández-Castellano LE. Prepartum daylight exposure increases serum calcium concentrations in dairy cows at the onset of lactation
1. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:4440-4447. [DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Nemeth M, Wilkens M, Liesegang A. Vitamin D status in growing dairy goats and sheep: Influence of ultraviolet B radiation on bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8072-8086. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Osorio JS, Vailati-Riboni M, Palladino A, Luo J, Loor JJ. Application of nutrigenomics in small ruminants: Lactation, growth, and beyond. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Schwaller D, Wilkens MR, Liesegang A. Zeolite A effect on calcium homeostasis in growing goats. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:1576-86. [PMID: 27136016 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of 2 different concentrations of zeolite A on calcium homeostasis. Seventeen growing goats were divided into 3 groups. Whereas the control group (5 animals) received no supplementation, 2 treatment groups were supplemented with zeolite A at either 1.2 (6 animals) or 1.6 g/kg BW (6 animals), respectively. Blood and urine samples were continually drawn and bone mineral density was measured weekly by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. After 3 wks, the animals were slaughtered and samples were taken from the rumen, duodenum, and kidneys. Plasma concentrations of phosphate ( < 0.001), magnesium ( < 0.001), and 1.25-dihydroxycholecalciferol ( < 0.01) as well as renal excretion of phosphate ( < 0.05) were significantly lower in the treatment groups compared with the control group. Although bone resorption was increased in both treatment groups ( < 0.05), no alterations in bone structure were detected. Determination of gastrointestinal absorption of calcium by Ussing chamber technique and quantification of RNA and protein expression of genes known to be involved in active calcium absorption did not reveal any stimulating effect of zeolite. Plasma calcium concentrations were not altered, probably because of the sufficient dietary calcium supply. However due to the effects of zeolite on 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol, bone metabolism and serum concentrations of phosphate and magenesium shown in the present study, potential negative long-termin effects on the animals should be considered whenever rations with zeolite are designed.
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Wilkens M, Marholt L, Eigendorf N, Muscher-Banse A, Feige K, Schröder B, Breves G, Cehak A. Trans- and paracellular calcium transport along the small and large intestine in horses. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 204:157-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wilkens MR, Maté LM, Schnepel N, Klinger S, Muscher-Banse AS, Ballent M, Virkel G, Lifschitz AL. Influence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on expression of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A in sheep. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164:271-276. [PMID: 26319202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve calcium and phosphorus balance, beef cattle and dairy cows can be supplemented with vitamin D. However, different vitamin D metabolites have been shown to increase expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp, MDR1, ABCB1) and cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) in rodents as well as in cell culture systems. As such interferences might have an impact on pharmacokinetics of some drugs widely-used in veterinary medicine, we investigated the expression of P-gp, CYP3A, vitamin D receptor (VDR), pregnane X receptor (PXR) and retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) in sheep either treated orally with 6μg/kg body weight (BW) 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (OHD3) for ten days before sacrifice or 12h after intravenous injection of 0.5μg/kg BW 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25- (OH)2D3). Down-regulation of ruminal, jejunal and hepatic, but not renal P-gp could be found with 25-OHD3 supplementation. Interestingly, this effect on P-gp was not observed in tissues from 1,25-(OH)2D3-treated sheep. In contrast, 1,25-(OH)2D3 induced a significant up-regulation of renal and jejunal CYP3A expression, while 25-OHD3 had no impact. Renal expression of VDR and PXR was also increased by treatment with 1,25-(OH)2D3, while jejunal PXR expression was only stimulated in sheep supplemented with 25-OHD3. Either treatments increased renal, but not ruminal, jejunal or hepatic expression of RXRα. These results demonstrate that the impact of large doses of vitamin D metabolites on different target organs and potential interactions with other medications should be further investigated in vitro and in vivo to understand the effects of vitamin D metabolites on metabolism and excretion pathways in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Wilkens
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - L M Maté
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Center of Veterinary Research (CIVETAN, CONICET) Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, UNCPBA, B7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - N Schnepel
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Klinger
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - A S Muscher-Banse
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Ballent
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Center of Veterinary Research (CIVETAN, CONICET) Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, UNCPBA, B7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - G Virkel
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Center of Veterinary Research (CIVETAN, CONICET) Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, UNCPBA, B7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - A L Lifschitz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Center of Veterinary Research (CIVETAN, CONICET) Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, UNCPBA, B7000 Tandil, Argentina
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Azarpeykan S, Dittmer KE, Marshall JC, Perera KC, Gee EK, Acke E, Thompson KG. Evaluation and Comparison of Vitamin D Responsive Gene Expression in Ovine, Canine and Equine Kidney. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162598. [PMID: 27632366 PMCID: PMC5025205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the relative abundance and relationship of vitamin D responsive and calcium transporting transcripts (TRPV5, TRPV6, calD9k, calD28k, PMCA, NCX1, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, and VDR) in ovine, canine and, equine kidney using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), and then perform a comparison between the three species. Renal tissue samples were harvested post-mortem from 10 horses, 10 sheep, and five dogs. Primers were designed for each gene. For each sample total RNA was extracted, cDNA synthesised, and RT-qPCR was performed. RT-qPCR data were normalised and statistical comparison was performed. Due to their consistent correlation with each other in each species, TRPV6, calD9k/calD28k, and PMCA appeared to be the main pathways involved in active transepithelial calcium transport in the kidney of sheep, dogs and horses. The results indicate that all of the studied genes were expressed in the renal tissue of studied species, although the expression levels and correlation of transcripts with each other were different from species to species. All vitamin D responsive and calcium transporting transcripts were highly correlated with VDR in equine kidney, but not in sheep and dogs. The CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 mRNAs showed a different renal expression pattern and correlation in horses compared with sheep and dogs. Given the high urinary calcium concentration and low serum 1,25(OH)2D concentration in horses, it could be expected that CYP27B1 expression would be lower than CYP24A1 in the horse, and this did not appear to be the case. The findings suggest that despite low serum vitamin D concentrations, vitamin D still plays a significant role in calcium metabolism in horses, especially given the strong correlations between VDR and vitamin D responsive transcripts in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Azarpeykan
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science (IVABS), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Keren E. Dittmer
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science (IVABS), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan C. Marshall
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences (IFS), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kalyani C. Perera
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science (IVABS), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Erica K. Gee
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science (IVABS), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Els Acke
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science (IVABS), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Keith G. Thompson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science (IVABS), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Sun F, Cao Y, Yu C, Wei X, Yao J. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates calcium transport in goat mammary epithelial cells in a dose- and energy-dependent manner. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:41. [PMID: 27471592 PMCID: PMC4964070 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calcium is a vital mineral and an indispensable component of milk for ruminants. The regulation of transcellular calcium transport by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3, the active form of vitamin D) has been confirmed in humans and rodents, and regulators, including vitamin D receptor (VDR), calcium binding protein D9k (calbindin-D9k), plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase 1b (PMCA1b), PMAC2b and Orai1, are involved in this process. However, it is still unclear whether 1,25-(OH)2D3 could stimulate calcium transport in the ruminant mammary gland. The present trials were conducted to study the effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 supplementation and energy availability on the expression of genes and proteins related to calcium secretion in goat mammary epithelial cells. Methods An in vitro culture method for goat secreting mammary epithelial cells was successfully established. The cells were treated with different doses of 1,25-(OH)2D3 (0, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0 and 100.0 nmol/L) for calcium transport research, followed by a 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA, an inhibitor of glucose metabolism) treatment to determine its dependence on glucose availability. Cell proliferation ratios, glucose consumption and enzyme activities were measured with commercial kits, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and western blots were used to determine the expression of genes and proteins associated with mammary calcium transport in dairy goats, respectively. Results 1,25-(OH)2D3 promoted cell proliferation and the expression of genes involved in calcium transport in a dose-dependent manner when the concentration did not exceed 10.0 nmol/L. In addition, 100.0 nmol/L 1,25-(OH)2D3 inhibited cell proliferation and the expression of associated genes compared with the 10.0 nmol/L treatment. The inhibition of hexokinase 2 (HK2), a rate-limiting enzyme in glucose metabolism, decreased the expression of PMCA1b and PMCA2b at the mRNA and protein levels as well as the transcription of Orai1, indicating that glucose availability was required for goat mammary calcium transport. The optimal concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D3 that facilitated calcium transport in this study was 10.0 nmol/L. Conclusions Supplementation with 1,25-(OH)2D3 influenced cell proliferation and regulated the expression of calcium transport modulators in a dose- and energy-dependent manner, thereby highlighting the role of 1,25-(OH)2D3 as an efficacious regulatory agent that produces calcium-enriched milk in ruminants when a suitable energy status was guaranteed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi Peoples Republic of China
| | - Yangchun Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi Peoples Republic of China
| | - Chao Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi Peoples Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi Peoples Republic of China
| | - Junhu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi Peoples Republic of China
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Modulation of intestinal calcium and phosphate transport in young goats fed a nitrogen- and/or calcium-reduced diet. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1949-64. [PMID: 26443238 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451500375x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Feeding ruminants a reduced N diet is a common approach to reduce N output based on rumino-hepatic circulation. However, a reduction in N intake caused massive changes in Ca and inorganic phosphate (Pi) homoeostasis in goats. Although a single dietary Ca reduction stimulated intestinal Ca absorption in a calcitriol-dependent manner, a concomitant reduction of Ca and N supply led to a decrease in calcitriol, and therefore a modulation of intestinal Ca and Pi absorption. The aim of this study was to examine the potential effects of dietary N or Ca reduction separately on intestinal Ca and Pi transport in young goats. Animals were allocated to a control, N-reduced, Ca-reduced or combined N- and Ca-reduced diet for about 6-8 weeks, whereby N content was reduced by 25 % compared with recommendations. In Ussing chamber experiments, intestinal Ca flux rates significantly decreased in goats fed a reduced N diet, whereas Pi flux rates were unaffected. In contrast, a dietary Ca reduction stimulated Ca flux rates and decreased Pi flux rates. The combined dietary N and Ca reduction withdrew the stimulating effect of dietary Ca reduction on Ca flux rates. The expression of Ca-transporting proteins decreased with a reduced N diet too, whereas Pi-transporting proteins were unaffected. In conclusion, a dietary N reduction decreased intestinal Ca transport by diminishing Ca-transporting proteins, which became clear during simultaneous N and Ca reduction. Therefore, N supply in young ruminant nutrition is of special concern for intestinal Ca transport.
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