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Souza AP, Vargas JAC, Fernandes MHMR, Almeida AK, Resende KT, Teixeira IAMA. Metabolizable Protein: 2. Requirements for Maintenance in Growing Saanen Goats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:650203. [PMID: 34164448 PMCID: PMC8215121 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.650203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the protein requirements for the maintenance of growing Saanen goats of different sexes from 5 to 45 kg of body weight (BW) using two methods and applying a meta-analysis. For this purpose, two datasets were used. One dataset was used to evaluate the effects of sex on the protein requirements for maintenance using the comparative slaughter technique. This dataset was composed of 185 individual records (80 intact males, 62 castrated males, and 43 females) from six studies. The other dataset was used to evaluate the effects of sex on the protein requirements for maintenance using the N balance method. This dataset was composed of 136 individual records (59 intact males, 43 castrated males, and 34 females) from six studies. All studies applied an experimental design that provided different levels of N intake and different levels of N retention, allowing the development of regression equations to predict the net protein requirement for maintenance (NPM) and the metabolizable protein (MP) requirements for maintenance (MPM) in Saanen goats. The efficiency of MP use for maintenance (kPM) was computed as NPM/MPM. The efficiency of MP use for gain (kPG) was calculated using the equation of daily protein retained against daily MP intake above maintenance. A meta-analysis was applied using the MIXED procedure of SAS, in which sex was considered a fixed effect, and blocks nested in the studies and goat sex were considered as random effects. The NPM did not differ between sexes, irrespective of the approach used. The daily NPM estimated was 1.23 g/kg0.75 BW when using the comparative slaughter technique, while it was 3.18 g/kg0.75 BW when using the N balance technique for growing Saanen goats. The MPM estimated was 3.8 g/kg0.75 BW, the kPM was 0.33, and the kPG was 0.52. We observed that the NPM when using the comparative slaughter technique in growing Saanen goats is lower than that recommended by the current small ruminant feeding systems; on the other hand, the MPM was similar to previous reports by the feeding systems. Sex did not affect the protein requirements for maintenance and the efficiencies of use of metabolizable protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaiane P. Souza
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Studies of the Humid Tropic, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Xinguara, Brazil
| | - Julián A. C. Vargas
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kleber T. Resende
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
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Barcelos SS, Vargas JAC, Mezzomo R, Gionbelli MP, Gomes DI, Oliveira LRS, Luz JB, Maciel DL, Alves KS. Predicting the chemical composition of the body and the carcass of hair sheep using body parts and carcass measurements. Animal 2020; 15:100139. [PMID: 33785186 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of the chemical composition in the body and carcass of ruminants is important for both nutritional requirement studies and the meat industry. This study aimed to develop equations to predict the body and carcass chemical composition of hair sheep using the chemical composition of body parts, carcass measurements and shrunk BW as predictors. A database containing 107 individual records for castrated male hair sheep ranging from 24 to 43 kg BW was gathered from two body composition studies. The empty body, carcass and body parts were analyzed for water, ash, fat and protein contents (%). The body parts used to estimate body and carcass composition were fore leg, hind leg and 9-11th rib section. The carcass measurements used were leg length, thoracic circumference, hind circumference, hind width, thoracic width, thoracic depth and chest width. Each model performance was evaluated using a leave-one-out cross-validation. Multiple regression analysis considering the study as a random effect revealed that body parts in association with carcass measurements were significant for predicting the chemical composition in the body of castrate male sheep. However, the use of the chemical composition of hind leg produced the best models for predicting the ash and fat contents in the empty body, whereas the water and protein contents in the empty body were better predicted when using the chemical compositions of 9-11th rib section and fore leg, respectively. Multiple regression analysis also revealed that most body parts were suitable for predicting the carcass composition, except for 9-11th rib section whose chemical composition did not produce significant prediction equations for ash and protein carcass contents. The use of the chemical composition of hind leg in association with carcass measurements produced the best models for predicting the water and fat contents in the carcass, while the ash and protein contents in the carcass were better predicted when using the chemical composition of fore leg. In conclusion, precision, accuracy and goodness-of-fit of the equations drove the selection of the chemical composition of hind leg and carcass measurements in a multivariate approach, as the most suitable predictors of the chemical composition of the body and carcass of hair sheep. However, the chemical composition of fore leg may be used as well. The developed equations could improve the accuracy of the empty body and carcass composition estimations in sheep, optimizing the estimation of nutrient requirements, as well as the carcass quality evaluation for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Barcelos
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, PA 68515-000, Brazil
| | - J A C Vargas
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, PA 68515-000, Brazil.
| | - R Mezzomo
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, PA 68515-000, Brazil
| | - M P Gionbelli
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | - D I Gomes
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, PA 68515-000, Brazil
| | - L R S Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, PA 68515-000, Brazil
| | - J B Luz
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, PA 68515-000, Brazil
| | - D L Maciel
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, PA 68515-000, Brazil
| | - K S Alves
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, PA 68515-000, Brazil
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Genotype effects on energy and protein requirements in growing male goats. Animal 2020; 14:s323-s331. [PMID: 32172707 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731120000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Goat genotype may alter the net energy and protein requirements for maintenance (NEm and NPm, respectively) and weight gain (NEg and NPg).This study was designed to investigate and quantify the effect of goat type on NEm, NPm, NEg and NPg, and quantify the net requirements for energy and protein for dairy, meat and indigenous growing male goats. For that, comparative slaughter studies were gathered and a meta-analytical approach was used. Two distinct databases were organized: one composed of 233 individual records from 11 studies of meat (n = 81), dairy (n = 97) and indigenous (n = 55) growing male goats weighing from 4.50 to 51.0 kg, to depict NEm and NPm; and another database composed of 239 individual records from nine studies of meat (n = 87), dairy (n = 97) and indigenous (n = 55) growing male goats weighing from 4.30 to 51.0 kg, to depict NEg and NPg. Our findings showed that NEm of meat goats was 8.5% greater (336 ± 10.8 kJ/kg0.75 of empty BW; EBW) than dairy and indigenous goats (310 ± 8.20 kJ/kg0.75 EBW; P < 0.05). Whereas, NPm was not affected by goat type (1.92 ± 0.239 g/kg EBW; P = 0.91). The NPg was 185.1 ± 1.82 g/kg of EBW gain for goats weighing 5 kg BW and 192.5 ± 4.33 g/kg of EBW gain for goats weighing 45 kg BW, and thus did not change across goat type (P = 0.12). On the other hand, NEg increased from 7.29 ± 0.191 to 11.9 ± 0.386 MJ/kg of EBW in male dairy goats, and from 7.32 ± 0.144 to 15.7 ± 0.537 MJ/kg of EBW in meat and indigenous growing male goats weighing between 5 and 45 kg BW. When body protein was used as a predictor in the allometric equation instead of EBW seeking to account for the degree of maturity, goat type differences disappeared; however, this predictor showed a high variation among individuals. In conclusion, energy and protein requirements for gain in distinct goat types reflect on body composition differences. Future research should focus on better understanding the maturity degree and its consequences in the energy requirement of growing male goats and better depict the goat type effect on it, as well as on the efficiency of utilization.
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Nalbert T, Czopowicz M, Szaluś-Jordanow O, Moroz A, Mickiewicz M, Witkowski L, Markowska-Daniel I, Puchała R, Bagnicka E, Kaba J. Effect of Immediately-After-Birth Weaning on the Development of Goat Kids Born to Small Ruminant Lentivirus-Positive Dams. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100822. [PMID: 31627482 PMCID: PMC6827000 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) is one of the most important and devastating viral diseases of small ruminants in developed countries. The disease spreads easily from one goat to another, and neither curative therapy nor preventive vaccinations exist to break the chain of infections. Hence, the only way to suppress the epidemic in a herd is to identify and cull infected goats. However, it is both costly and cruel as most of them remain apparently healthy for many months or even years, yet they constantly shed the virus. Therefore, many farmers decide to wean kids away from their infected mothers as soon as they are born and keep them in separation, feeding them on bovine or artificial colostrum and milk. Even though this approach is quite effective, it may be recommended only if it has no negative impact on kids’ development. Therefore, we conducted the study which compared the development of kids weaned immediately after birth and kids kept with mothers. We showed that early weaning did not seem to have any detrimental effect on kids’ health. On this basis, we conclude that this procedure may be an advisable alternative for those farmers who cannot afford to implement radical eradication program in their herds. Abstract A longitudinal study was carried out to investigate the influence of two different rearing systems of young kids on their development to sexual maturity. Kids born to small ruminant lentiviruses-infected (SRLV) female goats were split into two groups: the immediately-after-birth weaned group and the unweaned group. Kids’ body weight (BWT) was measured before the first consumption of colostrum, and then at the age of one week, and one, two, four, and seven months. The relationship between the rearing system and BWT at each age was investigated using mixed linear models adjusted for potential confounders. The mean BWT of kids of the immediately-after-birth weaned group was significantly lower at the age of one week, one month, and two months, and then the difference became insignificant. The mean daily body weight gain (DWG) was significantly lower in the immediately-after-birth weaned group during the whole first month of life, but then DWG in both groups became equal. Crude mortality rate did not differ significantly between groups. This study shows that weaning kids immediately after birth does not appear to have any negative impact on kids’ development except transient growth retardation, which is fully compensated until they reach sexual maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Nalbert
- .Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- .Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Olga Szaluś-Jordanow
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agata Moroz
- .Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Mickiewicz
- .Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Lucjan Witkowski
- .Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Iwona Markowska-Daniel
- .Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Puchała
- Applied Physiology Unit, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-001 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Emilia Bagnicka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- .Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Souza AP, St-Pierre NR, Fernandes MHMR, Almeida AK, Vargas JAC, Resende KT, Teixeira IAMA. Energy requirements and efficiency of energy utilization in growing dairy goats of different sexes. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:272-281. [PMID: 31629524 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sex on the requirements for maintenance and efficiency of energy utilization in growing Saanen goats. A database from 7 comparative slaughter studies that included 238 Saanen goats was gathered to provide information for the development of prediction equations of energy requirements for maintenance and efficiency of energy utilization. The experimental design provided different levels of metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and empty body weight (EBW). The data were analyzed so that sex (e.g., intact males, castrated males, and females; n = 98, 80, and 60, respectively) was a fixed effect, and blocks nested in the studies and goat sex were random effects. For the development of linear and nonlinear equations, we used the MIXED and NLMIXED procedures in SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Nonlinear regression equations were developed to predict heat production (HP, kcal/kg0.75 of EBW; dependent variable) from MEI (kcal/kg0.75 of EBW; independent variable). Using the comparative slaughter technique, the net energy requirement for maintenance (NEM) was calculated as the value of HP at MEI equal to zero. Additionally, NEM was evaluated based on the degree of maturity. The metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance was calculated as the value at which HP is equal to MEI. Efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance (km) was calculated as the ratio between NEM and the metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance. Efficiency of energy utilization for growth (kg) was assumed to be the slope of the linear regression of retained energy (RE) on MEI above the maintenance stage (model intercept equal to 0). Efficiencies of RE as protein (kp) and as fat (kf) were calculated using the multiple linear regression of MEI above the maintenance (model intercept equal to 0) on RE as protein and as fat, respectively. Sex affected NEM (75.0 ± 1.76 kcal/kg0.75 of EBW for males and 63.6 ± 2.89 kcal/kg0.75 of EBW for females) and sex did not affect km (0.63). In contrast, sex no longer affected NEM when degree of maturity was considered on its estimation. The kg was different between sexes (0.31 for castrated males and females, and 0.26 for intact males), but kp (0.21) and kf (0.80) were similar between sexes. These results may be useful for improving robustness of the energy requirement recommendations for dairy goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Souza
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil; Instituto de Estudos do Trópico Úmido, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Xinguara, PA 68557-335, Brazil
| | - N R St-Pierre
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43201
| | - M H M R Fernandes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - A K Almeida
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil; School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - J A C Vargas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - K T Resende
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - I A M A Teixeira
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil.
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Teixeira IAMA, Almeida AK, Fernandes MHMR, Resende KT. Applying the California net energy system to growing goats. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:999-1010. [PMID: 32704864 PMCID: PMC6994055 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to describe the main findings of studies carried out during the last decades applying the California net energy system (CNES) in goats. This review also highlights the strengths and pitfalls while using CNES in studies with goats, as well as provides future perspectives on energy requirements of goats. The nonlinear relationship between heat production and metabolizable energy intake was used to estimate net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm). Our studies showed that NEm of intact and castrated male Saanen goats were approximately 15% greater than female Saanen goats. Similarly, NEm of meat goats (i.e., >50% Boer) was 8.5% greater than NEm of dairy and indigenous goats. The first partial derivative of allometric equations using empty body weight (EBW) as independent variable and body energy as dependent variable was used to estimate net energy requirements for gain (NEg). In this matter, female Saanen goats had greater NEg than males; also, castrated males had greater NEg than intact males. This means that females have more body fat than males when evaluated at a given EBW or that degree of maturity affects NEg. Our preliminary results showed that indigenous goats had NEg 14% and 27.5% greater than meat and dairy goats, respectively. Sex and genotype also affect the efficiency of energy use for growth. The present study suggests that losses in urine and methane in goats are lower than previously reported for bovine and sheep, resulting in greater metabolizable energy:digestible energy ratio (i.e., 0.87 to 0.90). It was demonstrated that the CNES successfully works for goats and that the use of comparative slaughter technique enhances the understanding of energy partition in this species, allowing the development of models applied specifically to goat. However, these models require their evaluation in real-world conditions, permitting continuous adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabelle A M A Teixeira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Amélia K Almeida
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia H M R Fernandes
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Kleber T Resende
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Santos PFV, Härter CJ, Dias e Silva NC, Leite RF, de Miranda Figueiredo FO, Neto JMS, de Rocha Fernandes MHM, de Resende KT, de Almeida Teixeira IAM. Evaluation of feed restriction effects on mineral metabolism of intact male, female and castrated male goat kids. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an17874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of feed restriction on calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and magnesium metabolism in goat kids from 15 to 30 kg bodyweight, and to evaluate the role of sex in these processes. The study used a split plot design comprising three sex groups (intact males, castrated males and females), and the subplot comprised three levels of feed restriction (0% (ad libitum), 25% and 50%). Mineral intake and retention, mineral concentration in the blood, alkaline phosphatase activity and bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur were determined. The data were analysed as mixed models. Daily Ca, P and magnesium retention in the body decreased linearly with increasing feed restriction (P < 0.05). At 50% feed restriction, we observed a 22% reduction of alkaline phosphatase activity, and 9% and 7% reductions of Ca and P contents in blood serum. The BMD of females fed ad libitum was greater than castrated and intact males, whereas when subjected to 50% feed restriction, no differences in BMD were noted among the sexes (P < 0.01). Irrespective of feed restriction, females tended to retain less P in their bodies (P < 0.10) and tended to have the lowest P serum concentrations (P = 0.08). Our results indicated that only females showed decreased BMD under feed restriction; Ca, P and magnesium metabolism in prepubertal Saanen goat kids was mainly affected by feed restriction, whereas sex mainly affected the P metabolism.
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Almeida AKD, Tedeschi LO, de Resende KT, Biagioli B, Cannas A, Teixeira IAMDA. Prediction of voluntary dry matter intake in stall fed growing goats. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vargas JAC, Almeida AK, Souza AP, Fernandes MHMR, Resende KT, Teixeira IAMA. Sex effects on macromineral requirements for growth in Saanen goats: A meta-analysis. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:4646-4657. [PMID: 29108035 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sex on the net requirements of growth for Ca (NCa), P (NP), Na (NNa), K (NK), and Mg (NMg) in Saanen goats from 5 to 45 kg BW, with or without consideration of the degree of maturity. A database containing 209 individual records for Saanen goats (69 castrated males, 71 intact males, and 69 females) was generated from 6 comparative slaughter studies. Total amounts of Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg in the body were fitted to logarithmized allometric equations using empty BW (EBW) or degree of maturity (EBW/mature EBW) as regressors. The equations were fitted using a mixed model, where sex was considered a fixed effect and study was considered a random effect. Net requirements were estimated by the first derivative of the logarithmized allometric equations. Then, a Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess the uncertainty of calculated net requirement values. Without considering the degree of maturity, sex did not affect NCa, NP, and NNa ( > 0.10). Conversely, considering the degree of maturity, NCa and NP of intact males were 5% and 2%, respectively, greater than those of castrated males and females ( < 0.01), and NNa of males (castrated and intact) was 6% greater than that of females ( < 0.01). Regardless of approach used, NCa and NP remained constant, whereas NNa decreased by 32% as BW ranged from 5 to 45 kg. Without considering the degree of maturity, NMg of castrated and intact males were 8% and 18% greater than that of female goats ( = 0.054), respectively. Hereof NMg of castrated and intact males increased by 8% and 15%, respectively, whereas that of females decreased by 8% as BW ranged from 5 to 45 kg. Considering the degree of maturity, NMg of castrated and intact males were 7% and 17% greater than that of female goats ( = 0.054), respectively. In this regard, NMg of castrated and intact males increased 8% and 16%, respectively, whereas that of females decreased by 7% from 5 to 45 kg BW. Both approaches showed that, regardless of sex ( > 0.10), NK decreased by 26% (i.e., without considering the maturity degree) or 27% (i.e., considering the degree of maturity) from 5 to 45 kg BW. Therefore, the consideration of maturity stage highlights differences across sexes in the net macromineral requirements for growth in goats. Elucidation of sex effects on macromineral requirements for growth may be useful for improving the accuracy of recommendations for mineral requirements for dairy goats.
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Campos LM, Almeida AK, Biagioli B, Resende KT, Teixeira IAMA. Predicting empty body weight in growing goats: A meta-analytic approach. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Souza A, St-Pierre N, Fernandes M, Almeida A, Vargas J, Resende K, Teixeira I. Sex effects on net protein and energy requirements for growth of Saanen goats. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4574-4586. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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de Araújo TLAC, Pereira ES, Mizubuti IY, Campos ACN, Pereira MWF, Heinzen EL, Magalhães HCR, Bezerra LR, da Silva LP, Oliveira RL. Effects of quantitative feed restriction and sex on carcass traits, meat quality and meat lipid profile of Morada Nova lambs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:46. [PMID: 28540041 PMCID: PMC5441044 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feed restriction (FR) and sex on the quantitative and qualitative carcass traits of Morada Nova lambs. Thirty-five animals with an initial body weight of 14.5 ± 0.89 kg and age of 120 d were used in a completely randomized study with a 3 × 3 factorial scheme consisting of three sexes (11 entire males, 12 castrated males and 12 females) and three levels of feeding (ad libitum - AL and 30% and 60% FR). RESULTS Entire males presented greater hot and cold carcass weights (P < 0.05), followed by castrated males and females. However, the hot carcass yield was higher for females and castrated males than for entire males. Luminosity values were influenced (P < 0.05) by sex, with entire males presenting higher values than castrated males and females. Females showed higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid in the meat of the longissimus thoracis muscle. The meat of animals submitted to AL intake and 30% FR showed similar (P > 0.05) concentrations, and the concentrations of palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid were higher (P < 0.05) than those of animals with 60% FR. The meat of females had a higher ω6/ω3 ratio and lower h/H ratio, and females had greater levels of feeding. The meat of animals on the 60% FR diet had a greater ω6/ω3 ratio, lower h/H ratio and lower concentration of desirable fatty acids in addition to a greater atherogenicity index (AI) and thrombogenicity index (TI). CONCLUSION Lambs of different sexes had carcasses with different quantitative traits without total influence on the chemical and physical meat characteristics. The lipid profile of the meat was less favorable to consumer health when the animals were female or submitted to 60% feed restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elzânia S. Pereira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, 60356001 Ceara Brazil
| | - Ivone Y. Mizubuti
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, 86051990 Paraná Brazil
| | - Ana C. N. Campos
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, 60356001 Ceara Brazil
| | - Marília W. F. Pereira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, 60356001 Ceara Brazil
| | - Eduardo L. Heinzen
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, 60356001 Ceara Brazil
| | - Hilton C. R. Magalhães
- Laboratory of Sensory Analysis, Agency for Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA - Tropical Agroindustry), Fortaleza, 60511110 Ceará Brazil
| | - Leilson R. Bezerra
- Department of Animal Science, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Federal University of Piauí, Bom Jesus, 64900000 Piaui Brazil
| | - Luciano P da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, 60356001 Ceara Brazil
| | - Ronaldo L. Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science/Federal University of Bahia, Salvador City, Bahia State 40.170-110 Brazil
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Tovar-Luna I, Puchala R, Sahlu T, Goetsch A. Effects of gender and age on energy use by young Boer goats. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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