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Kamel MS, Davidson JL, Verma MS. Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:627. [PMID: 38396598 PMCID: PMC10885951 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in vaccination strategies and antibiotic therapy, bovine respiratory disease (BRD) continues to be the leading disease affecting the global cattle industry. The etiology of BRD is complex, often involving multiple microbial agents, which lead to intricate interactions between the host immune system and pathogens during various beef production stages. These interactions present environmental, social, and geographical challenges. Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective disease management. Nevertheless, correct identification of BRD cases remains a daunting challenge for animal health technicians in feedlots. In response to current regulations, there is a growing interest in refining clinical diagnoses of BRD to curb the overuse of antimicrobials. This shift marks a pivotal first step toward establishing a structured diagnostic framework for this disease. This review article provides an update on recent developments and future perspectives in clinical diagnostics and prognostic techniques for BRD, assessing their benefits and limitations. The methods discussed include the evaluation of clinical signs and animal behavior, biomarker analysis, molecular diagnostics, ultrasound imaging, and prognostic modeling. While some techniques show promise as standalone diagnostics, it is likely that a multifaceted approach-leveraging a combination of these methods-will yield the most accurate diagnosis of BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Kamel
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Josiah Levi Davidson
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mohit S. Verma
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Influence of the At-Arrival Host Transcriptome on Bovine Respiratory Disease Incidence during Backgrounding. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030211. [PMID: 36977250 PMCID: PMC10053706 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) remains the leading disease within the U.S. beef cattle industry. Marketing decisions made prior to backgrounding may shift BRD incidence into a different phase of production, and the importance of host gene expression on BRD incidence as it relates to marketing strategy is poorly understood. Our objective was to compare the influence of marketing on host transcriptomes measured on arrival at a backgrounding facility on the subsequent probability of being treated for BRD during a 45-day backgrounding phase. This study, through RNA-Seq analysis of blood samples collected on arrival, evaluated gene expression differences between cattle which experienced a commercial auction setting (AUCTION) versus cattle directly shipped to backgrounding from the cow–calf phase (DIRECT); further analyses were conducted to determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between cattle which remained clinically healthy during backgrounding (HEALTHY) versus those that required treatment for clinical BRD within 45 days of arrival (BRD). A profound difference in DEGs (n = 2961) was identified between AUCTION cattle compared to DIRECT cattle, regardless of BRD development; these DEGs encoded for proteins involved in antiviral defense (increased in AUCTION), cell growth regulation (decreased in AUCTION), and inflammatory mediation (decreased in AUCTION). Nine and four DEGs were identified between BRD and HEALTHY cohorts in the AUCTION and DIRECT groups, respectively; DEGs between disease cohorts in the AUCTION group encoded for proteins involved in collagen synthesis and platelet aggregation (increased in HEALTHY). Our work demonstrates the clear influence marketing has on host expression and identified genes and mechanisms which may predict BRD risk.
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Puig A, Ruiz M, Bassols M, Fraile L, Armengol R. Technological Tools for the Early Detection of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Farms. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192623. [PMID: 36230364 PMCID: PMC9558517 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The inclusion of remote automatic systems that use continuous learning technology are of great interest in precision livestock cattle farming, since the average size of farms is increasing while time for individual observation is decreasing. Bovine respiratory disease is a main concern in both fattening and heifer rearing farms due to its impact on antibiotic use, loss of performance, mortality, and animal welfare. Much scientific literature has been published regarding technologies for continuous learning and monitoring of cattle’s behavior and accurate correlation with health status, including early detection of bovine respiratory disease. This review summarizes the up-to-date technologies for early diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease and discusses their advantages and disadvantages under practical conditions. Abstract Classically, the diagnosis of respiratory disease in cattle has been based on observation of clinical signs and the behavior of the animals, but this technique can be subjective, time-consuming and labor intensive. It also requires proper training of staff and lacks sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp). Furthermore, respiratory disease is diagnosed too late, when the animal already has severe lesions. A total of 104 papers were included in this review. The use of new advanced technologies that allow early diagnosis of diseases using real-time data analysis may be the future of cattle farms. These technologies allow continuous, remote, and objective assessment of animal behavior and diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease with improved Se and Sp. The most commonly used behavioral variables are eating behavior and physical activity. Diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease may experience a significant change with the help of big data combined with machine learning, and may even integrate metabolomics as disease markers. Advanced technologies should not be a substitute for practitioners, farmers or technicians, but could help achieve a much more accurate and earlier diagnosis of respiratory disease and, therefore, reduce the use of antibiotics, increase animal welfare and sustainability of livestock farms. This review aims to familiarize practitioners and farmers with the advantages and disadvantages of the advanced technological diagnostic tools for bovine respiratory disease and introduce recent clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Puig
- Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Miguel Ruiz
- Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Bassols
- Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- Agrotecnio Research Center, ETSEA, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Ramon Armengol
- Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-973-706-451
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Meneses XCA, Park RM, Ridge EE, Daigle CL. Hourly activity patterns and behaviour-based management of feedlot steers with and without a cattle brush. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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5
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Construction of a conceptual framework for assessment of health-related quality of life in calves with respiratory disease. Animal 2021; 15:100191. [PMID: 33640293 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most prevalent diseases affecting beef and dairy calves worldwide, with implications for lifetime productivity, antimicrobial use and animal welfare. Our objective was to construct a conceptual framework for assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQL) in calves with respiratory disease, based on indicators suitable for direct pen-side visual observation. Health-related quality of life measures aim to evaluate the subjective experience of the animal rather than any related pathology. A conceptual framework graphically represents the concepts to be measured and the potential relationships between them. A multistage, mixed method approach involving diverse data sources, collection methods and stakeholders was applied to promote comprehensiveness, understanding and validity of findings. A scoping review was conducted to identify, characterize and collate evidence of behavioural indicators of BRD. The indicators identified were mapped against the principal attributes of five prominent animal welfare assessment frameworks to appraise their correspondence with different characterizations of the dimensions of welfare. Forty-two semi-structured, individual, qualitative interviews with a purposeful sample of experienced veterinarians and stockpersons from UK, USA and Canada elicited in-depth descriptions of the visual observations of HRQL they make in diagnosing and assessing the response to treatment of calves with BRD. Verbatim interview transcripts were examined using inductive thematic analysis. Respondents provided insights and understanding of indicators of HRQL in BRD such as interaction with feed source, hair coat condition, specific characteristics of eye appearance, eye contact, rumen fill and stretching (pandiculation). In an on-farm pilot study to assess the value of potential HRQL behavioural indicators, there was a moderate positive correlation between behaviour and clinical scores (rs = 0.59) across the 5 days preceding veterinary treatment for BRD. Interestingly, the behaviours evaluated were observed a median of 1.0 (interquartile range: 1.0-3.5) days before clinical indicators used in the scoring system. The proposed conceptual framework for assessment of HRQL features 23 putative indicators of HRQL distributed across two interrelated domains - clinical signs and behavioural expressions of emotional well-being. It has potential applications to inform the development of new HRQL measures such as structured questionnaires and automated sensor technologies.
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Buczinski S, Pardon B. Bovine Respiratory Disease Diagnosis: What Progress Has Been Made in Clinical Diagnosis? Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:399-423. [PMID: 32451033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a worldwide health problem in cattle and is a major reason for antimicrobial use in young cattle. Several challenges may explain why it is difficult to make progress in the management of this disease. This article defines the limitation of BRD complex nomenclature, which may not easily distinguish upper versus lower respiratory tract infection and infectious bronchopneumonia versus other types of respiratory diseases. It then discusses the obstacles to clinical diagnosis and reviews the current knowledge of readily available diagnostic test to reach a diagnosis of infectious bronchopneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Buczinski
- Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
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A systematic review and network meta-analysis of injectable antibiotic options for the control of bovine respiratory disease in the first 45 days post arrival at the feedlot. Anim Health Res Rev 2020; 20:163-181. [PMID: 32081117 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252320000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis to determine the comparative efficacy of antibiotics used to control bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in beef cattle on feedlots. The information sources for the review were: MEDLINE®, MEDLINE In-Process and MEDLINE® Daily, AGRICOLA, Epub Ahead of Print, Cambridge Agricultural and Biological Index, Science Citation Index, Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science, the Proceedings of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, World Buiatrics Conference, and the United States Food and Drug Administration Freedom of Information New Animal Drug Applications summaries. The eligible population was weaned beef cattle raised in intensive systems. The interventions of interest were injectable antibiotics used at the time the cattle arrived at the feedlot. The outcome of interest was the diagnosis of BRD within 45 days of arrival at the feedlot. The network meta-analysis included data from 46 studies and 167 study arms identified in the review. The results suggest that macrolides are the most effective antibiotics for the reduction of BRD incidence. Injectable oxytetracycline effectively controlled BRD compared with no antibiotics; however, it was less effective than macrolide treatment. Because oxytetracycline is already commonly used to prevent, control, and treat BRD in groups of feedlot cattle, the use of injectable oxytetracycline for BRD control might have advantages from an antibiotic stewardship perspective.
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Hu D, Wang C, O’Connor AM. A method of back-calculating the log odds ratio and standard error of the log odds ratio from the reported group-level risk of disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0222690. [PMID: 32126072 PMCID: PMC7053742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical trials and observational studies, the effect of an intervention or exposure can be reported as an absolute or relative comparative measure such as risk difference, odds ratio or risk ratio, or at the group level with the estimated risk of disease in each group. For meta-analysis of results with covariate adjustment, the log of the odds ratio (log odds ratio), with its standard error, is a commonly used measure of effect. However, extracting the adjusted log odds ratio from the reported estimates of disease risk in each group is not straightforward. Here, we propose a method to transform the adjusted probability of the event in each group to the log of the odds ratio and obtain the appropriate (approximate) standard error, which can then be used in a meta-analysis. We also use example data to compare our method with two other methods and show that our method is superior in calculating the standard error of the log odds ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Hu
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Annette M. O’Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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Scott MA, Woolums AR, Swiderski CE, Perkins AD, Nanduri B, Smith DR, Karisch BB, Epperson WB, Blanton JR. Whole blood transcriptomic analysis of beef cattle at arrival identifies potential predictive molecules and mechanisms that indicate animals that naturally resist bovine respiratory disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227507. [PMID: 31929561 PMCID: PMC6957175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a multifactorial disease complex and the leading infectious disease in post-weaned beef cattle. Clinical manifestations of BRD are recognized in beef calves within a high-risk setting, commonly associated with weaning, shipping, and novel feeding and housing environments. However, the understanding of complex host immune interactions and genomic mechanisms involved in BRD susceptibility remain elusive. Utilizing high-throughput RNA-sequencing, we contrasted the at-arrival blood transcriptomes of 6 beef cattle that ultimately developed BRD against 5 beef cattle that remained healthy within the same herd, differentiating BRD diagnosis from production metadata and treatment records. We identified 135 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the differential gene expression tools edgeR and DESeq2. Thirty-six of the DEGs shared between these two analysis platforms were prioritized for investigation of their relevance to infectious disease resistance using WebGestalt, STRING, and Reactome. Biological processes related to inflammatory response, immunological defense, lipoxin metabolism, and macrophage function were identified. Production of specialized pro-resolvin mediators (SPMs) and endogenous metabolism of angiotensinogen were increased in animals that resisted BRD. Protein-protein interaction modeling of gene products with significantly higher expression in cattle that naturally acquire BRD identified molecular processes involving microbial killing. Accordingly, identification of DEGs in whole blood at arrival revealed a clear distinction between calves that went on to develop BRD and those that resisted BRD. These results provide novel insight into host immune factors that are present at the time of arrival that confer protection from BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Scott
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amelia R. Woolums
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Cyprianna E. Swiderski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Andy D. Perkins
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Bindu Nanduri
- Department of Basic Sciences, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - David R. Smith
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Brandi B. Karisch
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - William B. Epperson
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - John R. Blanton
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
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Abstract
The goal of this review is to present a concise and critical assessment of the literature related to physiologic responses in cattle that are subjected to transportation. Over two-thirds of US cattle are transported. Understanding trends in circulating physiologic parameters is an important part of mitigating the negative effects of transportation. For the producer, linking these effects after transportation to morbidity outcomes within the first 45 days on feed (i.e. especially development of bovine respiratory disease) is critical. Physiologic parameters in circulation are of primary importance and may have value for prediction of bovine respiratory disease on arrival and for the understanding of disease pathogenesis. The results of our literature survey indicated that post-transportation immune function, increased acute phase proteins, glucocorticoids, and inflammation are a pivotal starting point for understanding disease. These potential biomarkers may have utility in identifying disease for targeted therapeutics so that traditional protocols that rely heavily on metaphylaxis can be avoided. Additional research is needed to develop strategies for physiological marker identification, treatment methods, or predictive behaviors to prevent respiratory disease before and after transport. This review examines the significant deleterious effects of transportation handling and stress, and current immune system translation and non-antimicrobial mitigation strategies.
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Richeson JT, Lawrence TE, White BJ. Using advanced technologies to quantify beef cattle behavior. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 2:223-229. [PMID: 32704706 PMCID: PMC7200524 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, we have relied upon visual observation of animal behavior to define clinical disease, assist in breeding selection, and predict growth performance. Limitations of visual monitoring of cattle behavior include training of personnel, subjectivity, and brevity. In addition, extensive time and labor is required to visually monitor behavior in large numbers of animals, and the prey instinct of cattle to disguise abnormal behaviors in the presence of a human evaluator is problematic. More recently, cattle behavior has been quantified objectively and continuously using advanced technologies to assess animal welfare, indicate lameness or disease, and detect estrus in both production and research settings. The current review will summarize three methodologies for quantification of cattle behavior with focus on U.S. beef production systems; 1) three-axis accelerometers that quantify physical behavior, 2) systems that document feeding and watering behavior via radio frequency, and 3) triangulation or global positioning systems to determine location and movement of cattle within a pen or pasture. Furthermore, advances in Wi-Fi and radio frequency technology have allowed many of these systems to operate remotely and in real-time and efforts are underway to develop commercial applications that may allow early detection of respiratory or other cattle diseases in the production environment. Current challenges with commercial application of technology for early disease detection include establishment of an appropriate algorithm to ensure maximum sensitivity and specificity, reliable and repeatable data collection in harsh environments, cost:benefit, and integration with traditional methodology for clinical diagnosis. Advanced technologies have also allowed cattle researchers to determine temporal variance in behavior or variability between experimental treatments. However, these data sets are typically very large and challenges exist regarding statistical analysis and reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Richeson
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX
| | - Ty E Lawrence
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX
| | - Brad J White
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Capik SF, White BJ, Larson RL, Van Engen N, Coetzee JF. Effect of meloxicam administration on movement, feeding, and drinking behaviors of transported and nontransported cattle. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:1437-1443. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.12.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Murray GM, O'Neill RG, More SJ, McElroy MC, Earley B, Cassidy JP. Evolving views on bovine respiratory disease: An appraisal of selected control measures – Part 2. Vet J 2016; 217:78-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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