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Dellaqua JVT, Rigueiro ALN, Silvestre AM, Pereira MCS, Felizari LD, Demartini BL, Dias EFF, Silva LAF, Casali DM, Souza KLR, Souza JM, Millen DD. Impact of combined management strategies of monensin and virginiamycin in high energy diets on ruminal fermentation and nutrients utilization. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1325198. [PMID: 38605925 PMCID: PMC11008231 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1325198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Feed additives such as monensin (MON) and virginiamycin (VM) are commonly utilized in feedlot diets to enhance rumen fermentation. Nevertheless, the precise effects of combining MON and VM during specific feedlot periods and the advantages of this combination remain unclear. This study was designed to investigate the effects of withdrawal of MON when associated with VM during the adaptation and finishing periods on ruminal metabolism, feeding behavior, and nutrient digestibility in Nellore cattle. The experimental design was a 5 × 5 Latin square, where each period lasted 28 days. Five rumen-cannulated Nellore yearling bulls were used (414,86 ± 21,71 kg of body weight), which were assigned to five treatments: (1) MON during the entire feeding period; (2) VM during the entire feeding period; (3) MON + VM during the adaptation period and only VM during the finishing period 1 and 2; (4) MON + VM during the entire feeding period; (5) MON + VM during the adaptation and finishing period 1 and only VM during the finishing period 2. For the finishing period 1, animals fed T3 had improved potential degradability of dry matter (p = 0.02). Cattle fed T3 and T5 had the highest crude protein degradability when compared to animals receiving T2 (p = 0.01). Animals fed T2 and T3 had reduced the time (p < 0.01) and area under pH 6.2 (p = 0.02). Moreover, animals fed T4 had greater population of protozoa from the genus Diplodinium (p = 0.04) when compared to those from animals fed T2, T3 and T5. For the finishing period 2, animals fed T3 had greater starch degradability when compared to animals receiving T4 and T5 (p = 0.04). Animals fed T3, T4 and T5 had increased the duration of time in which pH was below 5.6 (p = 0.03). The area under the curve for ruminal pH 5.2 and pH 5.6 was higher for the animals fed T3 (p = 0.01), and the area under pH 6.2 was higher for the animals fed T3 and T5 (p < 0.01) when compared to animals receiving T2. There is no substantial improvement on the rumen fermentation parameters by the concurrent utilization of MON and VM molecules, where the higher starch and protein degradability did not improve the rumen fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- João V. T. Dellaqua
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - André L. N. Rigueiro
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Antonio M. Silvestre
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Murilo C. S. Pereira
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
| | - Luana D. Felizari
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Breno L. Demartini
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Evandro F. F. Dias
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
| | - Leandro A. F. Silva
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Daniel M. Casali
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Katia L. R. Souza
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Johnny M. Souza
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Danilo D. Millen
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Dias Batista LF, Rivera ME, Fonseca MA, Tedeschi LO. The influence of virginiamycin on digestion and ruminal parameters under feedlot conditions. Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae019. [PMID: 38406320 PMCID: PMC10894560 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This experiment aimed to assess the impact of virginiamycin on in vitro gas production dynamics, rumen kinetics, and nutrient digestibility in beef steers fed a grain-based diet. Nine ruminally cannulated British-crossbred steers (596 ± 49 kg) were assigned to this experiment. Animals were housed in three pens (n = 3/pen) equipped with a Calan gate feed system and water troughs. Pens were enrolled in a 3 × 3 Latin square design containing three periods of 16 d, and a 5-d washout interval between periods. Dietary treatments consisted of virginiamycin (VM) administration at 0 (VM0), 180 (VM180), or 240 mg/d (VM240). During days 15 and 16 of each period, about 600 mL of rumen fluid and urine samples were collected before (0 h), and at 4, 8, 12, and 16 h after the morning feed (0730 hours), rumen inoculum was used to take pH and redox potential measurements immediately after collection using a portable pH and redox meter, and subsamples were taken for volatile fatty acids (VFA) and NH3-N analyses, and urine samples were composited daily and analyzed for creatinine and purine derivatives (PD) content to estimate microbial crude protein flow. During the 4-h post-morning feed rumen collection, rumen inoculum was utilized to perform in vitro gas production measurements. Fecal samples were collected on day 16 of each period to estimate nutrient digestibility using acid detergent insoluble ash as an internal marker. Animals were considered the experimental unit for the statistical analyses, and periods and squares were included as random variables. The total and rate of gas production were similar among treatments (P ≥ 0.17). The second-pool (i.e., fiber) gas production increased linearly as VM inclusion increased (P = 0.01), with VM240 being greater compared to VM180 and VM0 (7.84, 6.94, and 6.89 mL, respectively). Ruminal pH linearly increased as VM increased, with VM240 being greater than VM0 and VM180 intermediate (5.90, 5.82, and 5.86, respectively; P = 0.03). The VFA concentrations did not differ (P ≥ 0.13), but the acetate-to-propionate ratio was the highest in VM240 (P = 0.005). Branched-chain VFA increased (P ≤ 0.03) while lactate concentrations decreased (P = 0.005) linearly with VM. The ruminal NH3-N concentration was the lowest in the VM0 (P = 0.006). The estimated absorbed PD, purine derivative to creatinine index, and microbial N flow increased linearly with VM (P ≤ 0.07). The provision of VM influenced rumen dynamics in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F Dias Batista
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Madeline E Rivera
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Mozart A Fonseca
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary, and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NC 89557, USA
| | - Luis O Tedeschi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
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Salinas-Chavira J, Carvalho PHV, Latack BC, Ferraz MVC, Montano M, Zinn RA. Influence of metabolizable protein and methionine supplementation on growth-performance of Holstein steer calves during the initial 112-d feedlot growing phase. Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae003. [PMID: 38375404 PMCID: PMC10876069 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective was to examine the effects of metabolizable protein (MP) and ruminal-protected methionine supplementation on growth performance of Holstein steer calves during the initial feedlot growing phase (112 d). One hundred eighty Holstein steer calves (122 ± 7 kg) were blocked by weight and assigned to 30 pens (6 steers per pen). Five treatments were applied: 1) control, a diet based on steam-flaked corn containing urea and dry distillers grains plus solubles as supplemental N sources with no amino acid addition; 2) control diet plus blood meal supplementation; 3) diet from treatment 2, with 0.064% Smartamine M (70% methionine; Adisseo, Alpharetta, GA) supplementation; 4) diet from treatment 2 with 0.096% Smartamine M supplementation; 5) diet from treatment 2 with 0.128% Smartamine M supplementation. All diets were formulated to exceed the estimated MP requirements. The estimated metabolizable lysine, as well as methionine, was deficient in the control diet. Blood meal was added to the control diet to meet estimated lysine requirements (diet 2), the other diets had increasing concentrations of supplemental methionine. Supplemental MP enhanced (10%, P < 0.02) interim and overall 112-d average daily gain (ADG). Additional effects of supplemental methionine on ADG were not appreciable (P > 0.10). Supplemental MP did not affect (P > 0.10) dry matter intake (DMI) during the first 56-d period; however, it tended to increase (P = 0.08) DMI during the subsequent 56-d period. Overall, supplemental MP or methionine had no appreciable effect (P > 0.10) on DMI. Supplemental MP improved (P < 0.01) gain efficiency and estimated dietary net energy (NE) values during the initial 56-d period (11 and 7%, respectively) and overall (7 and 4%, respectively). Supplemental MP did not affect (P > 0.10) gain efficiency during the second 56-d period, although it tended to enhance (P = 0.08) estimated dietary NE. Supplemental methionine did not appreciably affect (P > 0.10) gain efficiency or estimated dietary NE. Therefore, adding MP to cover the estimated limiting amino acid supply in diets may enhance the gain efficiency and dietary energetics of growing Holstein calves. However, amino acid addition supplementation beyond the requirements may not produce extra productive performance of steer calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Salinas-Chavira
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas. Km-5 Carretera Victoria-Mante, Cd. Victoria, Tam. 87000, Mexico
| | - Pedro H V Carvalho
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Holtville, CA 92250, USA
- CSU AgNext, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
| | - Brooke C Latack
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Holtville, CA 92250, USA
| | - Marcos V C Ferraz
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Holtville, CA 92250, USA
- Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Educação e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Parinitns 69152240, Brasil
| | - Martin Montano
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. Km 5.5, carretera Mexicali/San Felipe, Mexicali, BC 21386, Mexico
| | - Richard A Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Holtville, CA 92250, USA
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Silvestre AM, Souza JM, Millen DD. Adoption of adaptation protocols and feed additives to improve performance of feedlot cattle. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2023.2191679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M. Silvestre
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Johnny M. Souza
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo D. Millen
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rigueiro ALN, Pereira MCS, Silvestre AM, Pinto ACJ, Felizari LD, Dias EFF, Demartini BL, Estevam DD, Dellaqua JVT, Souza KLR, Silva LAF, Nunes ABPC, Souza JM, Millen DD. Withdrawal of sodium monensin when associated with virginiamycin during adaptation and finishing periods on feedlot performance, feeding behavior, carcass, rumen, and cecum morphometrics characteristics of Nellore cattle. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1067434. [PMID: 36761886 PMCID: PMC9902882 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1067434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Feed additives such as monensin (MON) and virginiamycin (VM) are widely used in feedlots diets to maximize rumen fermentation. However, the knowledge about the effects of MON and VM combinations in specifics feedlot periods and the benefits of this association are still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of withdrawal of MON when associated with VM during the adaptation and finishing periods on feedlot performance of Nellore cattle. The experiment was designed as a completely randomized block replicated six times (four animals/pen) in which 120 Nellore bulls (378.4 ± 24.4 kg) were allocated in 30 pens and fed for 112 days according to the following treatments: (T1) MON during the entire feeding period; (T2) VM during the entire feeding period; (T3) MON+VM during the adaptation period and only VM during the finishing period 1 and 2; (T4) MON+VM during the entire feeding period; (T5) MON+VM during the adaptation and finishing period 1 and only VM during the finishing period 2. After 112 days on feed, no treatment effect was observed for DMI (P ≥ 0.12). However, bulls fed T5 had greater (P = 0.05) final BW and ADG when compared to T1, T2, and T4. Cattle from T3 and T5 groups presented heavier HCW (P = 0.05) than that fed T1, T2, and T4. Nellore bulls fed T1 and T5 had lower (P < 0.01) DMI variation than those receiving T2. The withdrawal of MON when associated with VM during the final third of the feedlot period improved overall final BW, ADG, and HCW when compared to bulls fed either MON or VM, but did not positively impact feedlot performance when compared to cattle that had MON withdrawn at the end of the adaptation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L. N. Rigueiro
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Murilo C. S. Pereira
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Antonio M. Silvestre
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina J. Pinto
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luana D. Felizari
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Evandro F. F. Dias
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
| | - Breno L. Demartini
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Daniela D. Estevam
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - João V. T. Dellaqua
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Katia L. R. Souza
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Leandro A. F. Silva
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
| | - Ana B. P. C. Nunes
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
| | - Johnny M. Souza
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
| | - Danilo D. Millen
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil,*Correspondence: Danilo D. Millen ✉
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Estrada-Angulo A, Mendoza-Cortez DA, Ramos-Méndez JL, Arteaga-Wences YJ, Urías-Estrada JD, Castro-Pérez BI, Ríos-Rincón FG, Rodríguez-Gaxiola MA, Barreras A, Zinn RA, Plascencia A. Comparing Blend of Essential Oils Plus 25-Hydroxy-Vit-D3 Versus Monensin Plus Virginiamycin Combination in Finishing Feedlot Cattle: Growth Performance, Dietary Energetics, and Carcass Traits. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1715. [PMID: 35804614 PMCID: PMC9265040 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ninety crossbreed bulls (349.5 ± 8.25 kg initial weight) were used in an 87day trial to compare the effects of a blend of essential oils plus 25-hydroxy-Vit-D3 (EO + HyD) versus the combination of monensin with virginiamycin (MON + VM) on feedlot growth performance and carcass characteristics. Dietary treatments (nine replicates/treatment) were supplemented with 40 mg/kg diet dry matter of MON + VM (equal parts) or with 120.12 mg/kg diet dry matter of a combination of standardized mixture of essential oils (120 mg) plus 0.12 mg of 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 (EO + HyD). There were no treatment effects on dry matter intake (DMI, p = 0.63). However, the coefficient of variation in day-to-day DMI was greater for EO + HyD than for MON + VM (11.4% vs. 3.88%, p = 0.04). There were no treatment effects (p ≥ 0.17) on daily weight gain, gain-to-feed ratio, and estimated dietary net energy. Cattle supplemented with EO + HyD had greater Longissimus muscle area (7.9%, p < 0.01) and estimated retail yield (1.6%, p = 0.03), and tended to have heavier (1.7%, p = 0.10) carcass weight. Differences among treatments in dressing percentage, fat thickness, kidney−pelvic−heart fat, and marbling score were not appreciable (p > 0.10). It is concluded that growth performance response and dietary energetic are similar for finishing cattle supplemented with EO + HyD vs. MON + VM. However, compared with MON + VM, supplementation with EO + HyD during the finishing phase may improve carcass Longissimus area and carcass yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Estrada-Angulo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80260, Sinaloa, Mexico; (A.E.-A.); (D.A.M.-C.); (J.L.R.-M.); (Y.J.A.-W.); (J.D.U.-E.); (B.I.C.-P.); (F.G.R.-R.); (M.A.R.-G.)
| | - Daniel A. Mendoza-Cortez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80260, Sinaloa, Mexico; (A.E.-A.); (D.A.M.-C.); (J.L.R.-M.); (Y.J.A.-W.); (J.D.U.-E.); (B.I.C.-P.); (F.G.R.-R.); (M.A.R.-G.)
| | - Jorge L. Ramos-Méndez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80260, Sinaloa, Mexico; (A.E.-A.); (D.A.M.-C.); (J.L.R.-M.); (Y.J.A.-W.); (J.D.U.-E.); (B.I.C.-P.); (F.G.R.-R.); (M.A.R.-G.)
| | - Yesica J. Arteaga-Wences
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80260, Sinaloa, Mexico; (A.E.-A.); (D.A.M.-C.); (J.L.R.-M.); (Y.J.A.-W.); (J.D.U.-E.); (B.I.C.-P.); (F.G.R.-R.); (M.A.R.-G.)
| | - Jesús D. Urías-Estrada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80260, Sinaloa, Mexico; (A.E.-A.); (D.A.M.-C.); (J.L.R.-M.); (Y.J.A.-W.); (J.D.U.-E.); (B.I.C.-P.); (F.G.R.-R.); (M.A.R.-G.)
| | - Beatriz I. Castro-Pérez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80260, Sinaloa, Mexico; (A.E.-A.); (D.A.M.-C.); (J.L.R.-M.); (Y.J.A.-W.); (J.D.U.-E.); (B.I.C.-P.); (F.G.R.-R.); (M.A.R.-G.)
| | - Francisco G. Ríos-Rincón
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80260, Sinaloa, Mexico; (A.E.-A.); (D.A.M.-C.); (J.L.R.-M.); (Y.J.A.-W.); (J.D.U.-E.); (B.I.C.-P.); (F.G.R.-R.); (M.A.R.-G.)
| | - Miguel A. Rodríguez-Gaxiola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80260, Sinaloa, Mexico; (A.E.-A.); (D.A.M.-C.); (J.L.R.-M.); (Y.J.A.-W.); (J.D.U.-E.); (B.I.C.-P.); (F.G.R.-R.); (M.A.R.-G.)
| | - Alberto Barreras
- Veterinary Science Research Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali 21100, Baja California, Mexico;
| | - Richard A. Zinn
- Animal Science Department, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Alejandro Plascencia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80260, Sinaloa, Mexico; (A.E.-A.); (D.A.M.-C.); (J.L.R.-M.); (Y.J.A.-W.); (J.D.U.-E.); (B.I.C.-P.); (F.G.R.-R.); (M.A.R.-G.)
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Plascencia A, Latack BC, Carvalho PHV, Zinn RA. Feeding Value of Supplemental Fat as a Partial Replacement for Steam-Flaked Corn in Diets for Holstein Calves during the Early Growing Phase. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac048. [PMID: 35592095 PMCID: PMC9113463 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In calf-fed Holstein steers, the early growing phase is characterized by very high relative dry matter intake accompanied with lower-than-expected efficiency of energy utilization. Although fat is commonly supplemented in growing finishing diets, the comparative feeding value has not been investigated during the initial receiving-growing period. Eighty-four Holstein calves (127.7 ± 2.1 kg body weight) were used to evaluate the effects of including 3.5% of supplemental yellow grease (YG) in the diet on characteristics of growth-performance and dietary energy utilization of calves during the early growth phase. Morbidity and mortality were not affected by dietary treatments. Yellow grease supplementation did not affect DMI, but tended to increase ADG (4.6%; p = 0.07) and increased (p ≤0.03) gain efficiency (5.8%) and dietary net energy for maintenance (NEm) and gain (NEg) by 4.1 and 5.3%, respectively. Based on performance data, the estimated N.E. value of supplemental YG was 4.67 and 3.68 Mcal/kg for NEm and NEg, respectively. These values are consistent with current tabular values assigned for vegetable oils (4.75 and 3.51 Mcal/ kg), but markedly less (16.6%) than NEm value assigned for yellow grease (5.60 Mcal NEm/kg; NASEM, 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Plascencia
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, 81048, México
| | - Brooke C Latack
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Holtville 92250, USA
| | - Pedro H V Carvalho
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
| | - Richard A Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Carvalho PHV, Latack BC, Flores R, Montano MF, Zinn RA. Interaction of early metabolizable protein supplementation and virginiamycin on feedlot growth performance and carcass characteristics of calf-fed Holstein steers. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 6:txab228. [PMID: 35098040 PMCID: PMC8794029 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
One hundred sixty-eight Holstein steer calves (133.4 ± 7.9 kg) were used to evaluate the influence of virginiamycin (VM) supplementation on cattle growth performance and liver abscess incidence, and the effect of feeding 100% vs. 87% of metabolizable protein (MP) requirements during the initial 112 d on growth performance, efficiency of energy utilization, and carcass characteristics. Steers were balanced by weight and assigned to 28 pens (6 steers/pen). During the initial 112-d feeding period, dietary treatments consisted of two levels of MP (100% vs. 87% of expected requirements) supplemented with or without 22.5 mg/kg VM in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. There were no VM × MP supplementation interactions (P ≥ 0.14) on any of the parameters measured in both experiments. Calf-fed Holstein steers supplemented with VM increased (P ≤ 0.03) overall average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (G:F), observed/expected net energy (NE) values for maintenance and gain, and final body weight (BW). Cattle fed VM also increased (P ≤ 0.04) carcass weight, dressing percent, and longissimus muscle area. However, there was no effect (P ≥ 0.22) of VM supplementation on any other carcass characteristics. Calf-fed Holstein steers fed 100% MP requirements during the initial 112-d feeding period had greater (P ≤ 0.02) ADG, G:F, observed/expected NE values for maintenance and gain, and live BW compared with steers fed 87% of the expected MP requirements. However, there was no effect (P ≥ 0.17) of MP supply during the initial 112-d period on overall (342 d) growth performance measurements. The incidence of liver abscesses was low (averaging 7.7%) and not affected by dietary treatments. We conclude that, independent of MP supplies, supplemental VM enhances overall growth performance and efficiency of energy utilization of calf-fed Holstein steers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H V Carvalho
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Holtville, CA 92250, USA
| | - Brooke C Latack
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Holtville, CA 92250, USA
| | - Ruben Flores
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, BC 21386, México
| | - Martin F Montano
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, BC 21386, México
| | - Richard A Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Holtville, CA 92250, USA
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Blend of Essential Oils Supplemented Alone or Combined with Exogenous Amylase Compared with Virginiamycin Supplementation on Finishing Lambs: Performance, Dietary Energetics, Carcass Traits, and Nutrient Digestion. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082390. [PMID: 34438846 PMCID: PMC8388634 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Antibiotics have been extensively used as growth promoters in livestock, but current interests are focused on limiting the use of conventional antibiotics as feed additives in livestock production. Essential oil compounds belong to a “generally-recognized-as-safe” category of feed additives that may serve as alternatives to conventional antibiotics used as growth promoters. In this study, dietary supplementation of finishing lambs with essential oils alone, or combined with exogenous enzymes, improved dietary energy utilization and meat production in a manner comparable to that of the antibiotic virginiamycin. Abstract Two experiments were conducted to compare a supplemental blend of essential oils alone (EO) or combined with enzymes (EO + ENZ) versus virginiamycin (VM), on characteristics of growth performance (Exp. 1) and digestion (Exp. 2) in finishing lambs. Lambs were fed a high-energy finishing diet supplemented with: (1) no supplement (control); (2) 150 mg supplemental EO; (3) 150 mg supplemental EO plus 560 mg alpha-amylase (EO + ENZ); and 4) 25 mg VM. Compared with the control, growth performance response to EO and VM were similar, enhancing (5.7%, p < 0.05) feed efficiency and observed dietary net energy. Compared with control, supplementation with EO + ENZ tended (p = 0.09) to increase dry matter intake (6.8%), improving (p < 0.05) weight gain and feed efficiency (10.4 and 4.4%, respectively). Dietary energy utilization was greater (2.7%, p < 0.05) for EO and VM than EO + ENZ. Treatment effects on the carcass and visceral mass were small, but additive supplementation decreased (p ≤ 0.03) the relative weight of the intestines. There were no treatment effects on measures of digestion nor digestible energy of the diet. Supplemental EO may be an effective alternative to VM in high-energy finishing diets for feedlot lambs. Combination EO + ENZ may further enhance dry matter intake, promoting increased weight gain.
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Latack BC, Montano MF, Zinn RA, Salinas-Chavira J. Effects of a blend of cinnamaldehyde-eugenol and capsicum (Xtract® Ruminant 7065) and ionophore on performance of finishing Holstein steers and on characteristics of ruminal and total tract digestion. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2021.1934477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. C. Latack
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Holtville, CA, USA
| | - M. F. Montano
- Department of Nutrition and Biotechnology of Ruminants, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México
| | - R. A. Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J. Salinas-Chavira
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Cd. Victoria, México
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11
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Rigueiro ALN, Pereira MCS, Squizatti MM, Ferreira MM, Dondé SC, Luiz FP, Silvestre AM, Muller LR, Garcia CP, Bueno APD, Toledo LV, Estevam DD, Martins CL, Arrigoni MDB, Millen DD. Different combinations of sodium monensin and virginiamycin during feedlot finishing of Nellore cattle. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an18657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
The use of two feed additives, to maximise rumen fermentation, in finishing diets offered to feedlot cattle may positively impact performance.
Aims
This study, conducted at the São Paulo State University feedlot, Botucatu campus, Brazil, was designed to evaluate the effects of the combined use of monensin (MON; 30 mg/kg of dry matter; (DM)) and virginiamycin (VM; 25 mg/kg of DM) in high-concentrate diets during the adaptation and finishing periods on feedlot performance, carcass traits, feeding behaviour, blood gas profile, rumen morphometrics and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients of Nellore cattle.
Methods
The experiment was designed as a completely randomised block, replicated six times (3 bulls/pen), in which 72 20 months of age yearling Nellore bulls (388.0 ± 31.1 kg) were fed in 24 pens for 90 days according to the treatments: (1) MON during the entire feeding period (T1), (2) MON + VM during adaptation and only VM during the finishing period (T2), (3) MON + VM during the entire feeding period (T3), and (4) VM during the adaptation and MON + VM during the finishing period (T4). The adaptation program consisted of ad libitum feeding of three diets over the adaptation period of 19 days with concentrate level increasing from 69% to 84% of diet DM.
Key results
Overall, bulls fed on T2 had a greater DM intake (P < 0.01), final bodyweight (P = 0.04), average daily gain (P = 0.03), hot carcass weight (P < 0.01), final Longissimus muscle area (P = 0.05), Longissimus muscle area daily gain (P = 0.01), improved carcass G:F (P < 0.01) and increased dressing percentage (P < 0.01). Similarly, bulls fed on T2 were faster to consume 1 kg of either DM (P < 0.01) or neutral detergent fibre (P < 0.01) after 60 days on feed. Furthermore, bulls fed on T2 presented a greater (P = 0.05) cell proliferation index in the rumen papillae.
Conclusions
According to the results, Nellore yearling bulls should be fed high-concentrate diets containing MON and VM during adaptation, and only VM during the finishing period to improve overall feedlot performance.
Implications
The use of both MON and VM proved to be helpful only during the adaptation period.
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12
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Tedeschi LO, Gorocica-Buenfil MA. An assessment of the effectiveness of virginiamycin on liver abscess incidence and growth performance in feedlot cattle: a comprehensive statistical analysis. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:2474-2489. [PMID: 29846632 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The judicious use of commercial products in livestock operations can be part of a sustainable and environmentally friendly production scenario. This study was designed to gather published data of virginiamycin (VM) used in feedlot conditions of the United States and analyze its effectiveness and optimum dosage in reducing the liver abscess incidence (LAI). The dataset contained 26 studies that evaluated more than 7,156 animals of diverse breeds fed in several regions in the United States under different management. Statistical analyses included contingency tables to assess the nonparametric independence of the LAI, meta regression analysis to remove study effects and to evaluate LAI and animal performance, broken-line analysis to determine thresholds of VM dosage on LAI, and residual-based shading mosaic plots to illustrate the contingency analysis. There were 1,391 of 5,430 animals with LAI scores 1, 2, or 3 (LAI1-3) and 651 of 4,690 animals with LAI A+ (score 3). Our analyses suggested that there was a significant dependency (χ2P-value < 0.001) and significant asymmetry (McNemar's test P-value < 0.001) between LAI and VM treatment for both LAI1-3 and LAI A+. For the LAI1-3 group, only 22.5% of the treated animals had liver abscesses compared with 31.7% of the control animals. The metaregression analysis indicated that LAI1-3 was linearly reduced (P < 0.001) by about 0.42% per mg/kg of DM of VM. The lower 95% confidence interval of the intercept for LAI1-3 and LAI A+ obtained with a generalized nonlinear mixed regression was 18.7 and 20.3 mg/kg of DM, respectively. The broken-line regression analysis identified 2 thresholds for LAI (23.9 and 12.3 mg/kg of DM) at which the reduction in total LAI1-3 and LAI A+, respectively, would decrease faster as VM dosage increases (from 2.14% to 6% and from 1.91% to 4.33% per mg of VM per kg of DM, respectively). Additionally, our analyses indicated that after accounting for the study effects, VM significantly increased ADG at 2.08 g BW/d per mg/kg DM compared with 0.92 g BW/d per mg/kg DM for monensin (P < 0.001), suggesting that VM was about 2.3 times more effective in increasing ADG for the same dosage and feeding period length. All analyses yielded consistent results that led us to conclude that VM is effective in reducing LAI when fed between approximately 12 and 24 mg/kg of DM, and the maximum reduction might occur at approximately 24 mg/kg of DM or higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis O Tedeschi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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13
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Costa JPR, De Jesus RB, Oliveira IM, Resende FD, Siqueira GR, Malheiros EB. Does virginiamycin supplementation affect the metabolism and performance of Nellore bulls grazing under low and high gain rates? Anim Sci J 2018; 89:1432-1441. [PMID: 30066980 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of virginiamycin on the metabolism and performance of growing Nellore bulls under low and high gain rates on pasture. In experiment 1, 80 Nellore bulls (age = 12 ± 2 months, body weight = 258 ± 15 kg) were assigned to 16 paddocks in a 2 × 2 randomized block factorial arrangement. In experiment 2, 12 cannulated Nellore bulls were assigned to three 4 × 4 balanced Latin squares. The factors were: (1) mineral salt without or with virginiamycin, and (2) low or high gain rate. No interaction was noted between factors (p > .10). Animals fed virginiamycin had greater average daily gain (14%, p < .01), body weight (11 kg, p = .05), plasma nonesterified fatty acid (20%, p < .01), serum calcium concentration (2.62%, p = .04), and total protozoa (p = .03) and had the same bacterial proportion (p > .27). Animals with a low gain rate had greater serum urea concentration (19.6%, p < .01) and ruminal ammonia nitrogen (62%, p < .01). Thus, virginiamycin increases the performance and changes the metabolism of growing Nellore bulls under low and high gain rates on pasture.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo R Costa
- Department of Animal Science, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Raphael B De Jesus
- Department of Animal Science, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Ivanna M Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil.,Department of Animal Science, APTA - Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Colina, Brazil
| | - Flávio D Resende
- Department of Animal Science, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil.,Department of Animal Science, APTA - Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Colina, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Siqueira
- Department of Animal Science, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil.,Department of Animal Science, APTA - Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Colina, Brazil
| | - Euclides B Malheiros
- Department of Animal Science, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
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14
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Benatti JMB, Alves Neto JA, de Oliveira IM, de Resende FD, Siqueira GR. Effect of increasing monensin sodium levels in diets with virginiamycin on the finishing of Nellore cattle. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1709-1714. [PMID: 28557191 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of increasing levels of monensin sodium (MON) in diets with virginiamycin (VM) on the finishing of feedlot cattle. Two hundred and eighty intact male Nellore cattle (348 ± 32 kg body weight, 22 months) received one of the following five diets: control diet (without additives); diet containing VM (25 mg per kg dry matter) combined with 0 (MON0), 10 (MON10), 20 (MON20) or 30 (MON30) mg MON per kg dry matter. During adaptation (28 days), the MON0 diet increased dietary net energy for maintenance and gain compared to the control diet (P = 0.04). The combination of additives linearly reduced dry matter intake, body weight and average daily gain (P < 0.01). Considering the total study period (110 days), there was a trend of greater net energy intake for maintenance (P = 0.09) and hot carcass weight (P = 0.06) for animals fed MON0 compared to the control diet. The combination of additives linearly reduced dry matter intake (P = 0.04) and linearly increased gain : feed and dietary net energy for maintenance and gain (P < 0.01). The combination of VM with MON at a dose of 30 mg/kg dry matter is recommended for Nellore feedlot cattle because it improves the efficiency of energy utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivanna M de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, APTA - Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Colina, Brazil
| | - Flávio D de Resende
- Department of Animal Science, APTA - Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Colina, Brazil.,Department of Animal Science, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Siqueira
- Department of Animal Science, APTA - Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Colina, Brazil.,Department of Animal Science, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
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15
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Navarrete JD, Montano MF, Raymundo C, Salinas-Chavira J, Torrentera N, Zinn RA. Effect of energy density and virginiamycin supplementation in diets on growth performance and digestive function of finishing steers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:1396-1404. [PMID: 28335092 PMCID: PMC5582323 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study was determined the influence of virginiamycin supplementation on growth-performance and characteristics of digestion of cattle with decreasing dietary net energy value of the diet for maintenance (NEm) from 2.22 to 2.10 Mcal/kg. Methods Eighty crossbred beef steers (298.2±6.3 kg) were used in a 152-d performance evaluation consisting of a 28-d adaptation period followed by a 124-d growing-finishing period. During the 124-d period steers were fed either a lesser energy dense (LED, 2.10 Mcal/kg NEm) or higher energy dense (HED, 2.22 Mcal/kg NEm) diet. Diets were fed with or without 28 mg/kg (dry matter [DM] basis) virginiamycin in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. Four Holstein steers (170.4±5.6 kg) with cannulas in the rumen (3.8 cm internal diameter) and proximal duodenum were used in 4×4 Latin square experiment to study treatment effects on characteristics of digestion. Results Neither diet energy density nor virginiamycin affected average daily gain (p>0.10). As expected, dry matter intake and gain efficiency were greater (p<0.01) for LED- than for HED-fed steers. Virginiamycin did not affect estimated net energy value of the LED diet. Virginiamycin increased estimated NE of the HED diet. During daylight hours when the temperature humidity index averaged 81.3±2.7, virginiamycin decreased (p<0.05) ruminal temperature. Virginiamycin did not influence (p>0.10) ruminal or total tract digestion. Ruminal (p = 0.02) and total tract digestion (p<0.01) of organic matter, and digestible energy (p<0.01) were greater for HED vs LED. Ruminal microbial efficiency was lower (p<0.01) for HED vs LED diets. Conclusion The positive effect of virginiamycin on growth performance of cattle is due to increased efficiency of energy utilization, as effects of virginiamycin on characteristics of digestion were not appreciable. Under conditions of high ambient temperature virginiamycin may reduce body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Navarrete
- Department of Nutrition and Biotechnology of Ruminants, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias-UABC, Mexicali, Baja California 21100, México
| | - Martin F Montano
- Department of Nutrition and Biotechnology of Ruminants, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias-UABC, Mexicali, Baja California 21100, México
| | - Constantino Raymundo
- Department of Nutrition and Biotechnology of Ruminants, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias-UABC, Mexicali, Baja California 21100, México
| | - Jaime Salinas-Chavira
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas 87000, México
| | - Noemi Torrentera
- Department of Nutrition and Biotechnology of Ruminants, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias-UABC, Mexicali, Baja California 21100, México
| | - Richard A Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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