1
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Steinke SJ, Dunbar MN, Amalfi Suarez MA, Turro C. Ru(II) Complexes with Absorption in the Photodynamic Therapy Window: 1O 2 Sensitization, DNA Binding, and Plasmid DNA Photocleavage. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11450-11458. [PMID: 38823006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Two Ru(II) complexes, [Ru(pydppn)(bim)(py)]2+ [2; pydppn = 3-(pyrid-2'-yl)-4,5,9,16-tetraaza-dibenzo[a,c]naphthacene; bim = 2,2'-bisimidazole; py = pyridine] and [Ru(pydppn)(Me4bim)(py)]2+ [3; Me4bim = 2,2'-bis(4,5-dimethylimidazole)], were synthesized and characterized, and their photophysical properties, DNA binding, and photocleavage were evaluated and compared to [Ru(pydppn)(bpy)(py)]2+ (1; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). Complexes 2 and 3 exhibit broad 1MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) transitions with maxima at ∼470 nm and shoulders at ∼525 and ∼600 nm that extend to ∼800 nm. These bands are red-shifted relative to those of 1, attributed to the π-donating ability of the bim and Me4bim ligands. A strong signal at 550 nm is observed in the transient absorption spectra of 1-3, previously assigned as arising from a pydppn-centered 3ππ* state, with lifetimes of ∼19 μs for 1 and 2 and ∼270 ns for 3. A number of methods were used to characterize the mode of binding of 1-3 to DNA, including absorption titrations, thermal denaturation, relative viscosity changes, and circular dichroism, all of which point to the intercalation of the pydpppn ligand between the nucleobases. The photocleavage of plasmid pUC19 DNA was observed upon the irradiation of 1-3 with visible and red light, attributed to the sensitized generation of 1O2 by the complexes. These findings indicate that the bim ligand, together with pydppn, serves to shift the absorption of Ru(II) complexes to the photodynamic therapy window, 600-900 nm, and also extend the excited state lifetimes for the efficient production of cytotoxic singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Marilyn N Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - M Agustina Amalfi Suarez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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2
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Denison M, Garcia SP, Ullrich A, Podgorski I, Gibson H, Turro C, Kodanko JJ. Ruthenium-Cathepsin Inhibitor Conjugates for Green Light-Activated Photodynamic Therapy and Photochemotherapy. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7973-7983. [PMID: 38616353 PMCID: PMC11066580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulated cathepsin activity is linked to various human diseases including metabolic disorders, autoimmune conditions, and cancer. Given the overexpression of cathepsin in the tumor microenvironment, cathepsin inhibitors are promising pharmacological agents and drug delivery vehicles for cancer treatment. In this study, we describe the synthesis and photochemical and biological assessment of a dual-action agent based on ruthenium that is conjugated with a cathepsin inhibitor, designed for both photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photochemotherapy (PCT). The ruthenium-cathepsin inhibitor conjugate was synthesized through an oxime click reaction, combining a pan-cathepsin inhibitor based on E64d with the Ru(II) PCT/PDT fragment [Ru(dqpy)(dppn)], where dqpy = 2,6-di(quinoline-2-yl)pyridine and dppn = benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine. Photochemical investigations validated the conjugate's ability to release a triazole-containing cathepsin inhibitor for PCT and to generate singlet oxygen for PDT upon exposure to green light. Inhibition studies demonstrated the conjugate's potent and irreversible inactivation of purified and intracellular cysteine cathepsins. Two Ru(II) PCT/PDT agents based on the [Ru(dqpy)(dppn)] moiety were evaluated for photoinduced cytotoxicity in 4T1 murine triple-negative breast cancer cells, L929 fibroblasts, and M0, M1, and M2 macrophages. The cathepsin inhibitor conjugate displayed notable selectivity for inducing cell death under irradiation compared to dark conditions, mitigating toxicity in the dark observed with the triazole control complex [Ru(dqpy)(dppn)(MeTz)]2+ (MeTz = 1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole). Notably, our lead complex is among a limited number of dual PCT/PDT agents activated with green light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Denison
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Santana P Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Alexander Ullrich
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Heather Gibson
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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3
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Bretin L, Husiev Y, Ramu V, Zhang L, Hakkennes M, Abyar S, Johns AC, Le Dévédec SE, Betancourt T, Kornienko A, Bonnet S. Red-Light Activation of a Microtubule Polymerization Inhibitor via Amide Functionalization of the Ruthenium Photocage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316425. [PMID: 38061013 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) is a promising cancer treatment modality that kills cancer cells via photochemical uncaging of a cytotoxic drug. Most ruthenium-based photocages used for PACT are activated with blue or green light, which penetrates sub-optimally into tumor tissues. Here, we report amide functionalization as a tool to fine-tune the toxicity and excited states of a terpyridine-based ruthenium photocage. Due to conjugation of the amide group with the terpyridine π system in the excited state, the absorption of red light (630 nm) increased 8-fold, and the photosubstitution rate rose 5-fold. In vitro, red light activation triggered inhibition of tubulin polymerization, which led to apoptotic cell death both in normoxic (21 % O2 ) and hypoxic (1 % O2 ) cancer cells. In vivo, red light irradiation of tumor-bearing mice demonstrated significant tumor volume reduction (45 %) with improved biosafety, thereby demonstrating the clinical potential of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Bretin
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yurii Husiev
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vadde Ramu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Hakkennes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Selda Abyar
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew C Johns
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Sylvia E Le Dévédec
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tania Betancourt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Alexander Kornienko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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4
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Pozza MD, Mesdom P, Abdullrahman A, Prieto Otoya TD, Arnoux P, Frochot C, Niogret G, Saubaméa B, Burckel P, Hall JP, Hollenstein M, Cardin CJ, Gasser G. Increasing the π-Expansive Ligands in Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation for Photodynamic Therapy Applications. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18510-18523. [PMID: 37913550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Lack of selectivity is one of the main issues with currently used chemotherapies, causing damage not only to altered cells but also to healthy cells. Over the last decades, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has increased as a promising therapeutic tool due to its potential to treat diseases like cancer or bacterial infections with a high spatiotemporal control. Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl compounds are gaining attention for their application as photosensitizers (PSs) since they are generally nontoxic in dark conditions, while they show remarkable toxicity after light irradiation. In this work, four Ru(II) polypyridyl compounds with sterically expansive ligands were studied as PDT agents. The Ru(II) complexes were synthesized using an alternative route to those described in the literature, which resulted in an improvement of the synthesis yields. Solid-state structures of compounds [Ru(DIP)2phen]Cl2 and [Ru(dppz)2phen](PF6)2 have also been obtained. It is well-known that compound [Ru(dppz)(phen)2]Cl2 binds to DNA by intercalation. Therefore, we used [Ru(dppz)2phen]Cl2 as a model for DNA interaction studies, showing that it stabilized two different sequences of duplex DNA. Most of the synthesized Ru(II) derivatives showed very promising singlet oxygen quantum yields, together with noteworthy photocytotoxic properties against two different cancer cell lines, with IC50 in the micro- or even nanomolar range (0.06-7 μM). Confocal microscopy studies showed that [Ru(DIP)2phen]Cl2 and [Ru(DIP)2TAP]Cl2 accumulate preferentially in mitochondria, while no mitochondrial internalization was observed for the other compounds. Although [Ru(dppn)2phen](PF6)2 did not accumulate in mitochondria, it interestingly triggered an impairment in mitochondrial respiration after light irradiation. Among others, [Ru(dppn)2phen](PF6)2 stands out for its very good IC50 values, correlated with a very high singlet oxygen quantum yield and mitochondrial respiration disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dalla Pozza
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health, Paris 75005, France
| | - Pierre Mesdom
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health, Paris 75005, France
| | - Ahmad Abdullrahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Chemistry and Pharmacy Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AD, U.K
| | | | | | - Céline Frochot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Germain Niogret
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3523, Departement of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Paris 75015, France
| | - Bruno Saubaméa
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, CNRS, P-MIM, Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (PICMO), Paris F-75006, France
| | - Pierre Burckel
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris F-75005, France
| | - James P Hall
- Department of Pharmacy, Chemistry and Pharmacy Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Marcel Hollenstein
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3523, Departement of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Paris 75015, France
| | - Christine J Cardin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health, Paris 75005, France
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5
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Gandioso A, Izquierdo-García E, Mesdom P, Arnoux P, Demeubayeva N, Burckel P, Saubaméa B, Bosch M, Frochot C, Marchán V, Gasser G. Ru(II)-Cyanine Complexes as Promising Photodynamic Photosensitizers for the Treatment of Hypoxic Tumours with Highly Penetrating 770 nm Near-Infrared Light. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301742. [PMID: 37548580 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Light-activated treatments, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), provide temporal and spatial control over a specific cytotoxic response by exploiting toxicity differences between irradiated and dark conditions. In this work, a novel strategy for developing near infrared (NIR)-activatable Ru(II) polypyridyl-based photosensitizers (PSs) was successfully developed through the incorporation of symmetric heptamethine cyanine dyes in the metal complex via a phenanthrimidazole ligand. Owing to their strong absorption in the NIR region, the PSs could be efficiently photoactivated with highly penetrating NIR light (770 nm), leading to high photocytotoxicities towards several cancer cell lines under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Notably, our lead PS (Ru-Cyn-1), which accumulated in the mitochondria, exhibited a good photocytotoxic activity under challenging low-oxygen concentration (2 % O2 ) upon NIR light irradiation conditions (770 nm), owing to a combination of type I and II PDT mechanisms. The fact that the PS Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), the metabolite of the clinically approved 5-ALA PS, was found inactive under the same challenging conditions positions Ru-Cyn-1 complex as a promising PDT agent for the treatment of deep-seated hypoxic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gandioso
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Eduardo Izquierdo-García
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pierre Mesdom
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Burckel
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Saubaméa
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging platform, US25 Inserm, UAR3612 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Manel Bosch
- Unitat de Microscòpia Òptica Avançada, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona (CCiTUB), Av. Diagonal, 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Céline Frochot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Vicente Marchán
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
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Wang Y, Mesdom P, Purkait K, Saubaméa B, Burckel P, Arnoux P, Frochot C, Cariou K, Rossel T, Gasser G. Ru(ii)/Os(ii)-based carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as photodynamic therapy photosensitizers for the treatment of hypoxic tumours. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11749-11760. [PMID: 37920359 PMCID: PMC10619633 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03932c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medical technique for the treatment of cancer. It is based on the use of non-toxic molecules, called photosensitizers (PSs), that become toxic when irradiated with light and produce reactive oxygen specious (ROS) such as singlet oxygen (1O2). This light-induced toxicity is rather selective since the physician only targets a specific area of the body, leading to minimal side effects. Yet, a strategy to improve further the selectivity of this medical technique is to confine the delivery of the PS to cancer cells only instead of spreading it randomly throughout the body prior to light irradiation. To address this problem, we present here novel sulfonamide-based monopodal and dipodal ruthenium and osmium polypyridyl complexes capable of targeting carbonic anhydrases (CAs) that are a major target in cancer therapy. CAs are overexpressed in the membrane or cytoplasm of various cancer cells. We therefore anticipated that the accumulation of our complexes in or outside the cell prior to irradiation would improve the selectivity of the PDT treatment. We show that our complexes have a high affinity for CAs, accumulate in cancer cells overexpressing CA cells and importantly kill cancer cells under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions upon irradiation at 540 nm. More importantly, Os(ii) compounds still exhibit some phototoxicity under 740 nm irradiation under normoxic conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first description of ruthenium/osmium-based PDT PSs that are CA inhibitors for the selective treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchao Wang
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, PSL University 75005 Paris France +33185784151 https://www.gassergroup.com
| | - Pierre Mesdom
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, PSL University 75005 Paris France +33185784151 https://www.gassergroup.com
| | - Kallol Purkait
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, PSL University 75005 Paris France +33185784151 https://www.gassergroup.com
| | - Bruno Saubaméa
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Facility, US25 Inserm, UAR3612 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Cité F-75006 Paris France
| | - Pierre Burckel
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Biogéochimie à; l'Anthropocène des Eléments et Contaminants Emergents 75005 Paris France
| | | | | | - Kevin Cariou
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, PSL University 75005 Paris France +33185784151 https://www.gassergroup.com
| | - Thibaud Rossel
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel Avenue de Bellevaux 51 2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, PSL University 75005 Paris France +33185784151 https://www.gassergroup.com
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7
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Wang Y, Felder PS, Mesdom P, Blacque O, Mindt TL, Cariou K, Gasser G. Towards Ruthenium(II)-Rhenium(I) Binuclear Complexes as Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300467. [PMID: 37526951 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The search for new metal-based photosensitizers (PSs) for anticancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a fast-developing field of research. Knowing that polymetallic complexes bear a high potential as PDT PSs, in this study, we aimed at combining the known photophysical properties of a rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complex and a ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complex to prepare a ruthenium-rhenium binuclear complex that could act as a PS for anticancer PDT. Herein, we present the synthesis and characterization of such a system and discuss its stability in aqueous solution. In addition, one of our complexes prepared, which localized in mitochondria, was found to have some degree of selectivity towards two types of cancerous cells: human lung carcinoma A549 and human colon colorectal adenocarcinoma HT29, with interesting photo-index (PI) values of 135.1 and 256.4, respectively, compared to noncancerous retinal pigment epithelium RPE1 cells (22.4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchao Wang
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Patrick S Felder
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Mesdom
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Blacque
- University of Zurich, Department of Chemistry, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas L Mindt
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Joint Applied Medicinal Radiochemistry Facility, University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kevin Cariou
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
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8
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Paulus L, Gallardo-Villagrán M, Carrion C, Ouk C, Martin F, Therrien B, Léger DY, Liagre B. The Effect of Photosensitizer Metalation Incorporated into Arene-Ruthenium Assemblies on Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13614. [PMID: 37686420 PMCID: PMC10488040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer for men and a major health issue. Despite treatments, a lot of side effects are observed. Photodynamic therapy is a non-invasive method that uses photosensitizers and light to induce cell death through the intramolecular generation of reactive oxygen species, having almost no side effects. However, some of the PSs used in PDT show inherent low solubility in biological media, and accordingly, functionalization or vectorization is needed to ensure internalization. To this end, we have used arene-ruthenium cages in order to deliver PSs to cancer cells. These metalla-assemblies can host PSs inside their cavity or be constructed with PS building blocks. In this study, we wanted to determine if the addition of metals (Mg, Co, Zn) in the center of these PSs plays a role. Our results show that most of the compounds induce cytotoxic effects on DU 145 and PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Localization by fluorescence confirms the internalization of the assemblies in the cytoplasm. An analysis of apoptotic processes shows a cleavage of pro-caspase-3 and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase, thus leading to a strong induction of DNA fragmentation. Finally, the presence of metals in the PS decreases PDT's effect and can even annihilate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Paulus
- Univ. Limoges, LABCiS, UR 22722, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-87000 Limoges, France; (L.P.); (M.G.-V.); (F.M.); (D.Y.L.)
| | - Manuel Gallardo-Villagrán
- Univ. Limoges, LABCiS, UR 22722, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-87000 Limoges, France; (L.P.); (M.G.-V.); (F.M.); (D.Y.L.)
- Institut de Chimie, Université de Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland;
| | - Claire Carrion
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Limoges, BISCEm, UAR 2015, US 42, F-87000 Limoges, France; (C.C.); (C.O.)
| | - Catherine Ouk
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Limoges, BISCEm, UAR 2015, US 42, F-87000 Limoges, France; (C.C.); (C.O.)
| | - Frédérique Martin
- Univ. Limoges, LABCiS, UR 22722, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-87000 Limoges, France; (L.P.); (M.G.-V.); (F.M.); (D.Y.L.)
| | - Bruno Therrien
- Institut de Chimie, Université de Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland;
| | - David Yannick Léger
- Univ. Limoges, LABCiS, UR 22722, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-87000 Limoges, France; (L.P.); (M.G.-V.); (F.M.); (D.Y.L.)
| | - Bertrand Liagre
- Univ. Limoges, LABCiS, UR 22722, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-87000 Limoges, France; (L.P.); (M.G.-V.); (F.M.); (D.Y.L.)
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9
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Wang N, Ali A, Liu Z, Chi H, Lv Z, Zhao X, Zhang Z, Hao H, Zhang Y, Rahman FU. Monofunctional dimetallic Ru(η6-arene) complexes inhibit NOTCH1 signaling pathway and synergistically enhance anticancer effect in combination with cisplatin or vitamin C. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115536. [PMID: 37295260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ONS donor ligands L1-L4 were utilized in the preparation of monofunctional dimetallic Ru(η6-arene) complexes (C1-C4). These ONS donor ligand based novel tricoordinated Ru(II) complexes bearing η6-arene co-ligand were prepared for the first time. The current methodology resulted in excellent isolated yields and these complexes were characterized in detail by different spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. The structures of C1-C2 and C4 were characterized in solid state by single crystal X-ray analysis. The in vitro anticancer analyses showed these novel complexes suppressed the growth of breast (MCF-7), liver (HepG2) and lung (A549) cancer cells. C2 suppressed the growth of these cells in dose-dependent manner revealed form the MTT and crystal violet cell viability assays. Moreover, C2 was observed the most potent complex that was used further in detailed mechanistic analyses in cancer cells. C2 showed good cytotoxic activity at 10 μM dose level as compared to cisplatin or oxaliplatin in these cancer cells. We observed morphological changes in cancer cells upon treatment with C2. Moreover, C2 suppressed the invasion and migration ability of cancer cells. C2 induced cellular senescence to retard cell growth and suppressed the formation of cancer stem cells. Importantly, C2 showed synergistic anticancer effect in combination with cisplatin and Vitamin C to further inhibit cell growth which suggested the potential role of C2 in cancer therapy. Mechanistically, C2 inhibited NOTCH1 dependent signaling pathway to suppress cancer cell invasion, migration and cancer stem cells formation. Thus, these data suggested potential role of C2 in cancer therapy by targeting NOTCH1-dependent signaling to suppress tumorigenesis. The results obtained in this study for these novel monofunctional dimetallic Ru(η6-arene) complexes showed their high anticancer potency and this study will pave to further cytotoxicity exploration on this class of complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Inner Mongolia University Research Center for Glycochemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, People's Republic of China
| | - Amjad Ali
- Institute of Integrative Biosciences, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongwei Liu
- Inner Mongolia University Research Center for Glycochemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiqin Chi
- Inner Mongolia University Research Center for Glycochemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Lv
- Inner Mongolia University Research Center for Glycochemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Inner Mongolia University Research Center for Glycochemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeqing Zhang
- Inner Mongolia University Research Center for Glycochemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Hao
- Inner Mongolia University Research Center for Glycochemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, People's Republic of China; School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Inner Mongolia University Research Center for Glycochemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, People's Republic of China; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Faiz-Ur Rahman
- Inner Mongolia University Research Center for Glycochemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Drius G, Bordoni S, Boga C, Monari M, Fiori J, Esposito E, Zalambani C, Pincigher L, Farruggia G, Calonghi N, Micheletti G. Synthesis and Antiproliferative Insights of Lipophilic Ru(II)-Hydroxy Stearic Acid Hybrid Species. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104051. [PMID: 37241793 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallodrugs represent a combination of multifunctionalities that are present concomitantly and can act differently on diverse biotargets. Their efficacy is often related to the lipophilic features exhibited both by long carbo-chains and the phosphine ligands. Three Ru(II) complexes containing hydroxy stearic acids (HSAs) were successfully synthesized in order to evaluate possible synergistic effects between the known antitumor activity of HSA bio-ligands and the metal center. HSAs were reacted with [Ru(H)2CO(PPh3)3] selectively affording O,O-carboxy bidentate complexes. The organometallic species were fully characterized spectroscopically using ESI-MS, IR, UV-Vis, and NMR techniques. The structure of the compound Ru-12-HSA was also determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction. The biological potency of ruthenium complexes (Ru-7-HSA, Ru-9-HSA, and Ru-12-HSA) was studied on human primary cell lines (HT29, HeLa, and IGROV1). To obtain detailed information about anticancer properties, tests for cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, and DNA damage were performed. The results demonstrate that the new ruthenium complexes, Ru-7-HSA and Ru-9-HSA, possess biological activity. Furthermore, we observed that the Ru-9-HSA complex shows increased antitumor activity on colon cancer cells, HT29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Drius
- Department of Industrial Chemistry 'Toso Montanari', Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Bordoni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry 'Toso Montanari', Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Health Sciences and Technologies Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research (CIRI SDV), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Boga
- Department of Industrial Chemistry 'Toso Montanari', Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Magda Monari
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Fiori
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Esposito
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS, Istituto Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Via Altura 1/8, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Zalambani
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Pincigher
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Farruggia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Natalia Calonghi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriele Micheletti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry 'Toso Montanari', Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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11
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Shutkov IA, Okulova YN, Mazur DM, Melnichuk NA, Babkov DA, Sokolova EV, Spasov AA, Milaeva ER, Nazarov AA. New Organometallic Ru(II) Compounds with Lonidamine Motif as Antitumor Agents. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051366. [PMID: 37242608 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of one molecule of organic and metal-based fragments that exhibit antitumor activity is a modern approach in the search for new promising drugs. In this work, biologically active ligands based on lonidamine (a selective inhibitor of aerobic glycolysis used in clinical practice) were introduced into the structure of an antitumor organometallic ruthenium scaffold. Resistant to ligand exchange reactions, compounds were prepared by replacing labile ligands with stable ones. Moreover, cationic complexes containing two lonidamine-based ligands were obtained. Antiproliferative activity was studied in vitro by MTT assays. It was shown that the increase in the stability in ligand exchange reactions does not influence cytotoxicity. At the same time, the introduction of the second lonidamine fragment approximately doubles the cytotoxicity of studied complexes. The ability to induce apoptosis and caspase activation in tumour cell MCF7 was studied by employing flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya A Shutkov
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia N Okulova
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii M Mazur
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolai A Melnichuk
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A Babkov
- Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, 39 Novorossiyskaya Street, 400087 Volgograd, Russia
| | - Elena V Sokolova
- Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, 39 Novorossiyskaya Street, 400087 Volgograd, Russia
| | - Alexander A Spasov
- Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, 39 Novorossiyskaya Street, 400087 Volgograd, Russia
| | - Elena R Milaeva
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Nazarov
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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12
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Herrera-Ramírez P, Berger SA, Josa D, Aguilà D, Caballero AB, Fontova P, Soto-Cerrato V, Martínez M, Gamez P. Steric hindrance, ligand ejection and associated photocytotoxic properties of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023; 28:403-420. [PMID: 37059909 PMCID: PMC10149480 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-023-01998-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Two ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes were prepared with the {Ru(phen)2}2+ moiety and a third sterically non-hindering bidentate ligand, namely 2,2'-dipyridylamine (dpa) and N-benzyl-2,2'-dipyridylamine (Bndpa). Hence, complexes [Ru(phen)2(dpa)](PF6)2 (1) and [Ru(phen)2(Bndpa)](PF6)2 (2) were characterized and their photochemical behaviour in solution (acetonitrile and water) was subsequently investigated. Compounds 1 and 2, which do not exhibit notably distorted octahedral coordination environments, contrarily to the homoleptic "parent" compound [Ru(phen)3](PF6)2, experience two-step photoejection of the dpa and Bndpa ligand upon irradiation (1050-430 nm) for several hours. DNA-binding studies revealed that compounds 1 and 2 affect the biomolecule differently upon irradiation; while 2 solely modifies its electrophoretic mobility, complex 1 is also capable of cleaving it. In vitro cytotoxicity studies with two cancer-cell lines, namely A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) and A375 (melanoma), showed that both 1 and 2 are not toxic in the dark, while only 1 is significantly cytotoxic if irradiated, 2 remaining non-toxic under these conditions. Light irradiation of the complex cation [Ru(phen)2(dpa)]2+ leads to the generation of transient Ru species that is present in the solution medium for several hours, and that is significantly cytotoxic, ultimately producing non-toxic free dpa and [Ru(phen)(OH2)2]2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piedad Herrera-Ramírez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah Alina Berger
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dana Josa
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Aguilà
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana B Caballero
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Fontova
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Campus Bellvitge, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Vanessa Soto-Cerrato
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Campus Bellvitge, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Martínez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Patrick Gamez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Wu Klingler W, Giger N, Schneider L, Babu V, König C, Spielmann P, Wenger RH, Ferrari S, Spingler B. Low-Dose Near-Infrared Light-Activated Mitochondria-Targeting Photosensitizers for PDT Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179525. [PMID: 36076920 PMCID: PMC9455738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are promising candidates for photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to their absorption in the phototherapeutic window. However, the highly aromatic Pc core leads to undesired aggregation and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Therefore, short PEG chain functionalized A3B type asymmetric Pc photosensitizers (PSs) were designed in order to decrease aggregation and increase the aqueous solubility. Here we report the synthesis, characterization, optical properties, cellular localization, and cytotoxicity of three novel Pc-based agents (LC31, MLC31, and DMLC31Pt). The stepwise functionalization of the peripheral moieties has a strong effect on the distribution coefficient (logP), cellular uptake, and localization, as well as photocytotoxicity. Additional experiments have revealed that the presence of the malonic ester moiety in the reported agent series is indispensable in order to induce photocytotoxicity. The best-performing agent, MLC31, showed mitochondrial targeting and an impressive phototoxic index (p.i.) of 748 in the cisplatin-resistant A2780/CP70 cell line, after a low-dose irradiation of 6.95 J/cm2. This is the result of a high photocytotoxicity (IC50 = 157 nM) upon irradiation with near-infrared (NIR) light, and virtually no toxicity in the dark (IC50 = 117 μM). Photocytotoxicity was subsequently determined under hypoxic conditions. Additionally, a preliminarily pathway investigation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) disruption and induction of apoptosis by MLC31 was carried out. Our results underline how agent design involving both hydrophilic and lipophilic peripheral groups may serve as an effective way to improve the PDT efficiency of highly aromatic PSs for NIR light-mediated cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Wu Klingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Fibers, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Giger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vipin Babu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christiane König
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Spielmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland H. Wenger
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Ferrari
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (B.S.); Tel.: +41-44-635-46-56 (B.S.)
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (B.S.); Tel.: +41-44-635-46-56 (B.S.)
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14
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Polymeric Nanosystems Applied for Metal-Based Drugs and Photosensitizers Delivery: The State of the Art and Recent Advancements. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071506. [PMID: 35890401 PMCID: PMC9320085 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based approaches for targeting the delivery and controlled release of metal-based therapeutic agents have revealed significant potential as tools for enhancing the therapeutic effect of metal-based agents and minimizing their systemic toxicities. In this context, a series of polymer-based nanosized systems designed to physically load or covalently conjugate metal-based therapeutic agents have been remarkably improving their bioavailability and anticancer efficacy. Initially, the polymeric nanocarriers were applied for platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents resulting in some nanoformulations currently in clinical tests and even in medical applications. At present, these nanoassemblies have been slowly expanding for nonplatinum-containing metal-based chemotherapeutic agents. Interestingly, for metal-based photosensitizers (PS) applied in photodynamic therapy (PDT), especially for cancer treatment, strategies employing polymeric nanocarriers have been investigated for almost 30 years. In this review, we address the polymeric nanocarrier-assisted metal-based therapeutics agent delivery systems with a specific focus on non-platinum systems; we explore some biological and physicochemical aspects of the polymer–metallodrug assembly. Finally, we summarize some recent advances in polymeric nanosystems coupled with metal-based compounds that present potential for successful clinical applications as chemotherapeutic or photosensitizing agents. We hope this review can provide a fertile ground for the innovative design of polymeric nanosystems for targeting the delivery and controlled release of metal-containing therapeutic agents.
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15
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Toupin N, Herroon MK, Thummel RP, Turro C, Podgorski I, Gibson H, Kodanko JJ. Metalloimmunotherapy with Rhodium and Ruthenium Complexes: Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104430. [PMID: 35235227 PMCID: PMC9541094 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) suppress the cancer immune response and are a key target for immunotherapy. The effects of ruthenium and rhodium complexes on TAMs have not been well characterized. To address this gap in the field, a panel of 22 dirhodium and ruthenium complexes were screened against three subtypes of macrophages, triple-negative breast cancer and normal breast tissue cells. Experiments were carried out in 2D and biomimetic 3D co-culture experiments with and without irradiation with blue light. Leads were identified with cell-type-specific toxicity toward macrophage subtypes, cancer cells, or both. Experiments with 3D spheroids revealed complexes that sensitized the tumor models to the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin. Cell surface exposure of calreticulin, a known facilitator of immunogenic cell death (ICD), was increased upon treatment, along with a concomitant reduction in the M2-subtype classifier arginase. Our findings lay a strong foundation for the future development of ruthenium- and rhodium-based chemotherapies targeting TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Toupin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Mackenzie K Herroon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Randolph P Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Heather Gibson
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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16
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Azmanova M, Pitto-Barry A. Oxidative stress in cancer therapy: Friend or enemy? Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100641. [PMID: 35015324 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Excessive cellular oxidative stress is widely perceived as a key factor in pathophysiological conditions and cancer development. Healthy cells use several mechanisms to maintain intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and overall redox homeostasis to avoid damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids. Cancer cells, in contrast, exhibit elevated ROS levels and upregulated protective antioxidant pathways. Counterintuitively, such elevated oxidative stress and enhanced antioxidant defence mechanisms in cancer cells provide a therapeutic opportunity for the development of drugs with different anticancer mechanisms of action (MoA). In this review, oxidative stress and the role of ROS in cells are described. The tumour-suppressive and tumour-promotive functions of ROS are discussed to compare these two different therapeutic strategies (increasing or decreasing ROS to fight cancer). Clinically approved drugs with demonstrated oxidative stress anticancer MoAs are highlighted before describing examples of metal-based anticancer drug candidates causing oxidative stress in cancer cells via novel MoAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Azmanova
- University of Bradford, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Richmond Road, BD7 1DP, Bradford, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Anaïs Pitto-Barry
- Université Paris-Saclay: Universite Paris-Saclay, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, FRANCE
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