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Potdar C, Jagtap S, Singh K, Yadav R, Pal PK, Datta I. Impaired Sonic Hedgehog Responsiveness of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Floor Plate Cells Carrying the LRRK2-I1371V Mutation Contributes to the Ontogenic Origin of Lower Dopaminergic Neuron Yield. Stem Cells Dev 2024; 33:306-320. [PMID: 38753688 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2023.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Lower population of dopaminergic (DA) neurons is known to increase susceptibility to Parkinson's disease (PD), and our earlier study showed a lower yield of DA neurons in Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase Isoleucine 1371 Valine (LRRK2-I1371V) mutation-carrying PD patient-derived induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs). Although the role of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) in DA neurogenesis of floor plate cells (FPCs) is known, the effect of LRRK2 mutations on SHH responsiveness of FPCs impacting DA neuronal yield has not been studied. We investigated SHH responsiveness of FPCs derived from LRRK2-I1371V PD patient iPSCs with regard to the expression of SHH receptors Patched1 (Ptch1) and Smoothened (Smo), in conjunction with nuclear Gli1 (glioma-associated oncogene 1) expression, intracellular Ca2+ rise, and cytosolic cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels upon SHH induction. In addition, we examined the mechanistic link with LRRK2-I1371V gain-of-function by assessing membrane fluidity and Rab8A and Rab10 phosphorylation in SH-SY5Y cells and healthy control (HC) FPCs overexpressing LRRK2-I1371V as well as FPCs. Although total expression of Ptch1 and Smo was comparable, receptor expression on cell surface was significantly lower in LRRK2-I1371V FPCs than in HC FPCs, with distinctly lower nuclear expression of the downstream transcription factor Gli1. HC-FPCs transfected with LRRK2-I1371V exhibited a similarly reduced cell surface expression of Ptch1 and Smo. Intracellular Ca2+ response was significantly lower with corresponding elevated cAMP levels in LRRK2-I1371V FPCs compared with HC FPCs upon SHH stimulation. The LRRK2-I1371V mutant FPCs and LRRK2-I1371V-transfected SH-SY5Y and HC FPCs too exhibited higher autophosphorylation of phospho LRRK2 (pLRRK2) serine1292 and serine935, as well as substrate phosphorylation of Rab8A and Rab10. Concurrent increase in membrane fluidity, accompanied by a decrease in membrane cholesterol, and lower expression of lipid raft marker caveolin 1 were also observed in them. These findings suggest that impaired SHH responsiveness of LRRK2-I1371V PD FPCs indeed leads to lower yield of DA neurons during ontogeny. Reduced cell surface expression of SHH receptors is influenced by alteration in membrane fluidity owing to the increased substrate phosphorylation of Rab8A and reduced membrane protein trafficking due to pRab10, both results of the LRRK2-I1371V mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakanta Potdar
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru, India
| | - Soham Jagtap
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru, India
| | - Khushboo Singh
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru, India
| | - Indrani Datta
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru, India
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2
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Alexander KK, Naaldijk Y, Fasiczka R, Brahmia B, Chen T, Hilfiker S, Kennedy EJ. Targeting Rab-RILPL interactions as a strategy to downregulate pathogenic LRRK2 in Parkinson's disease. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3563. [PMID: 38135900 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Familial Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequently linked to multiple disease-causing mutations within Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Kinase 2 (LRRK2), leading to aberrant kinase activity. Multiple pathogenic effects of enhanced LRRK2 activity have been identified, including loss of cilia and centrosomal cohesion defects. When phosphorylated by LRRK2, Rab8a and Rab10 bind to phospho-specific RILPL effector proteins. RILPL-mediated accumulation of pRabs proximal to the mother centriole is critical for initiating deficits in ciliogenesis and centrosome cohesion mediated by LRRK2. We hypothesized that Rab-derived phospho-mimics may serve to block phosphorylated Rab proteins from docking with RILPL in the context of hyperactive LRRK2 mutants. This would serve as an alternative strategy to downregulate pathogenic signaling mediated by LRRK2, rather than targeting LRRK2 kinase activity itself. To test this theory, we designed a series of constrained peptides mimicking phosphorylated Switch II derived from Rab8. These RILPL interacting peptides, termed RIP, were further shown to permeate cells. Further, several peptides were found to bind RILPL2 and restore ciliogenesis and centrosomal cohesion defects in cells expressing PD-associated mutant LRRK2. This research demonstrates the utility of constrained peptides as downstream inhibitors to target pathogenic LRRK2 activity and may provide an alternative approach to target specific pathways activated by LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista K Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yahaira Naaldijk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Rachel Fasiczka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Besma Brahmia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Tiancheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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3
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Khan SS, Jaimon E, Lin YE, Nikoloff J, Tonelli F, Alessi DR, Pfeffer SR. Loss of primary cilia and dopaminergic neuroprotection in pathogenic LRRK2-driven and idiopathic Parkinson's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.15.575737. [PMID: 38293195 PMCID: PMC10827083 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.15.575737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Activating LRRK2 mutations cause Parkinson's disease. Previously, we showed that cholinergic interneurons and astrocytes but not medium spiny neurons of the dorsal striatum lose primary cilia in LRRK2 mutant mice. Single nucleus RNA sequencing shows that cilia loss in cholinergic interneurons correlates with higher LRRK2 expression and decreased glial derived neurotrophic factor transcription. Nevertheless, much higher LRRK2 expression is seen in medium spiny neurons that have normal cilia in mice and humans. In parallel with decreased striatal dopaminergic neurite density, LRRK2 G2019S neurons show increased autism-linked CNTN5 adhesion protein expression; glial cells show significant loss of ferritin heavy chain. Human striatal tissue from LRRK2 pathway mutation carriers and idiopathic Parkinson's disease show similar cilia loss in cholinergic interneurons and astrocytes and overall loss of such neurons. These data strongly suggest that loss of cilia in specific striatal cell types decreases neuroprotection for dopamine neurons in mice and human Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad S. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, United States
- Current address: Departments of Cell Biology & Physiology and Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Ebsy Jaimon
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, United States
| | - Yu-En Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, United States
| | - Jonas Nikoloff
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, United States
| | - Francesca Tonelli
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, United States
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, United States
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne R. Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, United States
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4
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Komori T, Kuwahara T. An Update on the Interplay between LRRK2, Rab GTPases and Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1645. [PMID: 38002327 PMCID: PMC10669493 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, research on the pathobiology of neurodegenerative diseases has greatly evolved, revealing potential targets and mechanisms linked to their pathogenesis. Parkinson's disease (PD) is no exception, and recent studies point to the involvement of endolysosomal defects in PD. The endolysosomal system, which tightly controls a flow of endocytosed vesicles targeted either for degradation or recycling, is regulated by a number of Rab GTPases. Their associations with leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a major causative and risk protein of PD, has also been one of the hot topics in the field. Understanding their interactions and functions is critical for unraveling their contribution to PD pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent studies on LRRK2 and Rab GTPases and attempt to provide more insight into the interaction of LRRK2 with each Rab and its relationship to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomoki Kuwahara
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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5
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Yeshaw WM, Adhikari A, Chiang CY, Dhekne HS, Wawro PS, Pfeffer SR. Localization of PPM1H phosphatase tunes Parkinson's disease-linked LRRK2 kinase-mediated Rab GTPase phosphorylation and ciliogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2315171120. [PMID: 37889931 PMCID: PMC10622911 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315171120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PPM1H phosphatase reverses Parkinson's disease-associated, Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2-mediated Rab GTPase phosphorylation. We show here that PPM1H relies on an N-terminal amphipathic helix for Golgi localization. The amphipathic helix enables PPM1H to bind to liposomes in vitro, and small, highly curved liposomes stimulate PPM1H activity. We artificially anchored PPM1H to the Golgi, mitochondria, or mother centriole. Our data show that regulation of Rab10 GTPase phosphorylation requires PPM1H access to Rab10 at or near the mother centriole. Moreover, poor colocalization of Rab12 explains in part why it is a poor substrate for PPM1H in cells but not in vitro. These data support a model in which localization drives PPM1H substrate selection and centriolar PPM1H is critical for regulation of Rab GTPase-regulated ciliogenesis. Moreover, Golgi localized PPM1H may maintain active Rab GTPases on the Golgi to carry out their nonciliogenesis-related functions in membrane trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondwossen M. Yeshaw
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305-5307
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Ayan Adhikari
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305-5307
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Claire Y. Chiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305-5307
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Herschel S. Dhekne
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305-5307
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Paulina S. Wawro
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305-5307
| | - Suzanne R. Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305-5307
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
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6
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Dhekne HS, Tonelli F, Yeshaw WM, Chiang CY, Limouse C, Jaimon E, Purlyte E, Alessi DR, Pfeffer SR. Genome-wide screen reveals Rab12 GTPase as a critical activator of Parkinson's disease-linked LRRK2 kinase. eLife 2023; 12:e87098. [PMID: 37874635 PMCID: PMC10708890 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause Parkinson's disease. LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases, particularly Rab10 and Rab8A, and we showed previously that these phosphoRabs play an important role in LRRK2 membrane recruitment and activation (Vides et al., 2022). To learn more about LRRK2 pathway regulation, we carried out an unbiased, CRISPR-based genome-wide screen to identify modifiers of cellular phosphoRab10 levels. A flow cytometry assay was developed to detect changes in phosphoRab10 levels in pools of mouse NIH-3T3 cells harboring unique CRISPR guide sequences. Multiple negative and positive regulators were identified; surprisingly, knockout of the Rab12 gene was especially effective in decreasing phosphoRab10 levels in multiple cell types and knockout mouse tissues. Rab-driven increases in phosphoRab10 were specific for Rab12, LRRK2-dependent and PPM1H phosphatase-reversible, and did not require Rab12 phosphorylation; they were seen with wild type and pathogenic G2019S and R1441C LRRK2. As expected for a protein that regulates LRRK2 activity, Rab12 also influenced primary cilia formation. AlphaFold modeling revealed a novel Rab12 binding site in the LRRK2 Armadillo domain, and we show that residues predicted to be essential for Rab12 interaction at this site influence phosphoRab10 and phosphoRab12 levels in a manner distinct from Rab29 activation of LRRK2. Our data show that Rab12 binding to a new site in the LRRK2 Armadillo domain activates LRRK2 kinase for Rab phosphorylation and could serve as a new therapeutic target for a novel class of LRRK2 inhibitors that do not target the kinase domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herschel S Dhekne
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkStanfordUnited States
| | - Francesca Tonelli
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkStanfordUnited States
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Wondwossen M Yeshaw
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkStanfordUnited States
| | - Claire Y Chiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkStanfordUnited States
| | - Charles Limouse
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Ebsy Jaimon
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkStanfordUnited States
| | - Elena Purlyte
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Dario R Alessi
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkStanfordUnited States
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Suzanne R Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkStanfordUnited States
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7
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Lian H, Park D, Chen M, Schueder F, Lara-Tejero M, Liu J, Galán JE. Parkinson's disease kinase LRRK2 coordinates a cell-intrinsic itaconate-dependent defence pathway against intracellular Salmonella. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1880-1895. [PMID: 37640963 PMCID: PMC10962312 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Cell-intrinsic defences constitute the first line of defence against intracellular pathogens. The guanosine triphosphatase RAB32 orchestrates one such defence response against the bacterial pathogen Salmonella, through delivery of antimicrobial itaconate. Here we show that the Parkinson's disease-associated leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) orchestrates this defence response by scaffolding a complex between RAB32 and aconitate decarboxylase 1, which synthesizes itaconate from mitochondrial precursors. Itaconate delivery to Salmonella-containing vacuoles was impaired and Salmonella replication increased in LRRK2-deficient cells. Loss of LRRK2 also restored virulence of a Salmonella mutant defective in neutralizing this RAB32-dependent host defence pathway in mice. Cryo-electron tomography revealed tether formation between Salmonella-containing vacuoles and host mitochondria upon Salmonella infection, which was significantly impaired in LRRK2-deficient cells. This positions LRRK2 centrally within a host defence mechanism, which may have favoured selection of a common familial Parkinson's disease mutant allele in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Lian
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghyun Park
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Microbial Science Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Meixin Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Florian Schueder
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria Lara-Tejero
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Microbial Science Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jorge E Galán
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Fu L, Zou Y, Yu B, Hong D, Guan T, Hu J, Xu Y, Wu Y, Kou J, Lv Y. Background and roles: myosin in autoimmune diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1220672. [PMID: 37691828 PMCID: PMC10484797 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1220672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The myosin superfamily is a group of molecular motors. Autoimmune diseases are characterized by dysregulation or deficiency of the immune tolerance mechanism, resulting in an immune response to the human body itself. The link between myosin and autoimmune diseases is much more complex than scientists had hoped. Myosin itself immunization can induce experimental autoimmune diseases of animals, and myosins were abnormally expressed in a number of autoimmune diseases. Additionally, myosin takes part in the pathological process of multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, autoimmune myocarditis, myositis, hemopathy, inclusion body diseases, etc. However, research on myosin and its involvement in the occurrence and development of diseases is still in its infancy, and the underlying pathological mechanisms are not well understood. We can reasonably predict that myosin might play a role in new treatments of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longsheng Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yonghui Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Boyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Daojun Hong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Teng Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jinfang Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yaoqi Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junping Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanni Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Zhang J, Li J, You P, Jiang H, Liu Y, Han D, Liu M, Yu H, Su B. Mice with the Rab10 T73V mutation exhibit anxiety-like behavior and alteration of neuronal functions in the striatum. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166641. [PMID: 36669576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylated Rab10 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. However, the neurophysiological function of the evolutionarily conserved Thr73 phosphorylation of Rab10 remains poorly understood. Here, we generated a novel mouse model expressing the non-phosphorylatable T73V mutation of Rab10 and performed a comprehensive series of neurological analyses, including behavioral tests, synaptic evaluations, neuronal and glial staining, assessments of neurite arborization and spine morphogenesis. The Rab10 T73V mutantmice exhibited a characteristic anxiety-like phenotype with other behavioral modules relatively unaffected. Moreover, Rab10 T73V mutant mice displayed striatum-specific synaptic dysfunction, as indicated by aberrantly increased expression levels of synaptic proteins and impaired frequencies of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents. The genetic deletion of Rab10 phosphorylation enhanced neurite arborization and accelerated spine maturation in striatal medium spiny neurons. Our findings emphasize the specific role of intrinsic phospho-Rab10 in the regulation of the striatal circuitry and its related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pan You
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haitian Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Daobin Han
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meiqi Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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10
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Lazo OM, Schiavo G. Rab10 regulates the sorting of internalised TrkB for retrograde axonal transport. eLife 2023; 12:81532. [PMID: 36897066 PMCID: PMC10005780 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons process real-time information from axon terminals to coordinate gene expression, growth, and plasticity. Inputs from distal axons are encoded as a stream of endocytic organelles, termed signalling endosomes, targeted to the soma. Formation of these organelles depends on target-derived molecules, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is recognised by TrkB receptors on the plasma membrane, endocytosed, and transported to the cell body along the microtubules network. Notwithstanding its physiological and neuropathological importance, the mechanism controlling the sorting of TrkB to signalling endosomes is currently unknown. In this work, we use primary mouse neurons to uncover the small GTPase Rab10 as critical for TrkB sorting and propagation of BDNF signalling from axon terminals to the soma. Our data demonstrate that Rab10 defines a novel membrane compartment that is rapidly mobilised towards the axon terminal upon BDNF stimulation, enabling the axon to fine-tune retrograde signalling depending on BDNF availability at the synapse. These results help clarifying the neuroprotective phenotype recently associated to Rab10 polymorphisms in Alzheimer's disease and provide a new therapeutic target to halt neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Marcelo Lazo
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLLondonUnited Kingdom
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11
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Protein kinase C showcases allosteric control: activation of LRRK1. Biochem J 2023; 480:219-223. [PMID: 36762701 PMCID: PMC9987930 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric regulation of multi-domain protein kinases provides a common mechanism to acutely control kinase activity. Protein kinase C serves as a paradigm for multi-domain proteins whose activity is exquisitely tuned by interdomain conformational changes that keep the enzyme off in the absence of appropriate stimuli, but unleash activity in response to second messenger binding. Allosteric regulation of protein kinase C signaling has been optimized not just for itself: Alessi and colleagues discover that protein kinase C phosphorylates LRRK1, a kinase with even more domains, at sites on its CORB GTPase domain to allosterically activate LRRK1.
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12
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Zhao H, Khan Z, Westlake CJ. Ciliogenesis membrane dynamics and organization. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:20-31. [PMID: 35351373 PMCID: PMC9510604 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ciliogenesis is a complex multistep process used to describe assembly of cilia and flagella. These organelles play essential roles in motility and signaling on the surface of cells. Cilia are built at the distal ends of centrioles through the formation of an axoneme that is surrounded by the ciliary membrane. As is the case in the biogenesis of other cellular organelles, regulators of membrane trafficking play essential roles in ciliogenesis, albeit with a unique feature that membranes are organized around microtubule-based structures. Membrane association with the distal end of the centriole is a critical initiating step for ciliogenesis. Studies of this process in different cell types suggests that a singular mechanism may not be utilized to initiate cilium assembly. In this review, we focus on recent insights into cilium biogenesis and the roles membrane trafficking regulators play in described ciliogenesis mechanisms with relevance to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhao
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI Frederick, Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental, Signaling, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ziam Khan
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI Frederick, Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental, Signaling, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christopher J Westlake
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI Frederick, Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental, Signaling, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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13
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Park Y, Liao J, Hoang QQ. Roc, the G-domain of the Parkinson's disease-associated protein LRRK2. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:1038-1047. [PMID: 35840518 PMCID: PMC9669111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutation in leucine-rich repeat (LRR) kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a common cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). Aberrant LRRK2 kinase activity is associated with disease pathogenesis and thus it is an attractive drug target for combating PD. Intense efforts in the past nearly two decades have focused on the development of small-molecule inhibitors of the kinase domain of LRRK2 and have identified potent kinase inhibitors. However, most LRRK2 kinase inhibitors have shown adverse effects; therefore, alternative-mechanism-based strategies are desperately needed. In this review, we discuss the new insights gleaned from recent cryoelectron microscope (cryo-EM) structures of LRRK2 towards understanding the mechanisms of actions of LRRK2 and explore the potential new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangshin Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jingling Liao
- Department of Public Health, Academy of Nutrition and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, 430074 Wuhan, China.
| | - Quyen Q Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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14
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Ravinther AI, Dewadas HD, Tong SR, Foo CN, Lin YE, Chien CT, Lim YM. Molecular Pathways Involved in LRRK2-Linked Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911744. [PMID: 36233046 PMCID: PMC9569706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases affecting the ageing population, with a prevalence that has doubled over the last 30 years. As the mechanism of the disease is not fully elucidated, the current treatments are unable to effectively prevent neurodegeneration. Studies have found that mutations in Leucine-rich-repeat-kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). Moreover, aberrant (higher) LRRK2 kinase activity has an influence in idiopathic PD as well. Hence, the aim of this review is to categorize and synthesize current information related to LRRK2-linked PD and present the factors associated with LRRK2 that can be targeted therapeutically. A systematic review was conducted using the databases PubMed, Medline, SCOPUS, SAGE, and Cochrane (January 2016 to July 2021). Search terms included “Parkinson’s disease”, “mechanism”, “LRRK2”, and synonyms in various combinations. The search yielded a total of 988 abstracts for initial review, 80 of which met the inclusion criteria. Here, we emphasize molecular mechanisms revealed in recent in vivo and in vitro studies. By consolidating the recent updates in the field of LRRK2-linked PD, researchers can further evaluate targets for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailyn Irvita Ravinther
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hemaniswarri Dewi Dewadas
- Centre for Biomedical and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Shi Ruo Tong
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chai Nien Foo
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Population Medicine, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yu-En Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ting Chien
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yang Mooi Lim
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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15
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Malik AU, Karapetsas A, Nirujogi RS, Chatterjee D, Phung TK, Wightman M, Gourlay R, Morrice N, Mathea S, Knapp S, Alessi DR. PKC isoforms activate LRRK1 kinase by phosphorylating conserved residues (Ser1064, Ser1074 and Thr1075) within the CORB GTPase domain. Biochem J 2022; 479:1941-1965. [PMID: 36040231 PMCID: PMC9555798 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich-repeat-kinase 1 (LRRK1) and its homolog LRRK2 are multidomain kinases possessing a ROC-CORA-CORB containing GTPase domain and phosphorylate distinct Rab proteins. LRRK1 loss of function mutations cause the bone disorder osteosclerotic metaphyseal dysplasia, whereas LRRK2 missense mutations that enhance kinase activity cause Parkinson's disease. Previous work suggested that LRRK1 but not LRRK2, is activated via a Protein Kinase C (PKC)-dependent mechanism. Here we demonstrate that phosphorylation and activation of LRRK1 in HEK293 cells is blocked by PKC inhibitors including LXS-196 (Darovasertib), a compound that has entered clinical trials. We show multiple PKC isoforms phosphorylate and activate recombinant LRRK1 in a manner reversed by phosphatase treatment. PKCα unexpectedly does not activate LRRK1 by phosphorylating the kinase domain, but instead phosphorylates a cluster of conserved residues (Ser1064, Ser1074 and Thr1075) located within a region of the CORB domain of the GTPase domain. These residues are positioned at the equivalent region of the LRRK2 DK helix reported to stabilize the kinase domain αC-helix in the active conformation. Thr1075 represents an optimal PKC site phosphorylation motif and its mutation to Ala, blocked PKC-mediated activation of LRRK1. A triple Glu mutation of Ser1064/Ser1074/Thr1075 to mimic phosphorylation, enhanced LRRK1 kinase activity ∼3-fold. From analysis of available structures, we postulate that phosphorylation of Ser1064, Ser1074 and Thr1075 activates LRRK1 by promoting interaction and stabilization of the αC-helix on the kinase domain. This study provides new fundamental insights into the mechanism controlling LRRK1 activity and reveals a novel unexpected activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad U Malik
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
| | - Athanasios Karapetsas
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Raja S Nirujogi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
| | - Deep Chatterjee
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Toan K Phung
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
| | - Melanie Wightman
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Robert Gourlay
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Nick Morrice
- AB Sciex, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Sebastian Mathea
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dario R Alessi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
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16
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Vides EG, Adhikari A, Chiang CY, Lis P, Purlyte E, Limouse C, Shumate JL, Spínola-Lasso E, Dhekne HS, Alessi DR, Pfeffer SR. A feed-forward pathway drives LRRK2 kinase membrane recruitment and activation. eLife 2022; 11:e79771. [PMID: 36149401 PMCID: PMC9576273 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause Parkinson's disease, and previously we showed that activated LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases (Steger et al., 2017). Moreover, Golgi-associated Rab29 can recruit LRRK2 to the surface of the Golgi and activate it there for both auto- and Rab substrate phosphorylation. Here, we define the precise Rab29 binding region of the LRRK2 Armadillo domain between residues 360-450 and show that this domain, termed 'site #1,' can also bind additional LRRK2 substrates, Rab8A and Rab10. Moreover, we identify a distinct, N-terminal, higher-affinity interaction interface between LRRK2 phosphorylated Rab8 and Rab10 termed 'site #2' that can retain LRRK2 on membranes in cells to catalyze multiple, subsequent phosphorylation events. Kinase inhibitor washout experiments demonstrate that rapid recovery of kinase activity in cells depends on the ability of LRRK2 to associate with phosphorylated Rab proteins, and phosphorylated Rab8A stimulates LRRK2 phosphorylation of Rab10 in vitro. Reconstitution of purified LRRK2 recruitment onto planar lipid bilayers decorated with Rab10 protein demonstrates cooperative association of only active LRRK2 with phospho-Rab10-containing membrane surfaces. These experiments reveal a feed-forward pathway that provides spatial control and membrane activation of LRRK2 kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmundo G Vides
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Ayan Adhikari
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Claire Y Chiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Pawel Lis
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkChevy ChaseUnited States
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Elena Purlyte
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Charles Limouse
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Justin L Shumate
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Elena Spínola-Lasso
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran CanariaGran CanariaSpain
| | - Herschel S Dhekne
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Dario R Alessi
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkChevy ChaseUnited States
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Suzanne R Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkChevy ChaseUnited States
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17
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Pfeffer SR. LRRK2
phosphorylation of Rab
GTPases
in Parkinson’s disease. FEBS Lett 2022; 597:811-818. [PMID: 36114007 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rab GTPases comprise a large family of conserved GTPases that are critical regulators of the secretory and endocytic pathways. The human genome encodes ~ 65 Rabs that localize to discrete membrane compartments and, when in their GTP-bound state, bind to effector proteins to carry out diverse functions. Activating mutations in LRRK2 kinase cause Parkinson's disease, and subsets of Rab GTPases are important LRRK2 substrates. LRRK2 phosphorylates a conserved threonine residue that is essential for Rab interaction with guanine nucleotide exchange factors, effectors, and GDI that recycles Rabs between membrane compartments. This brief review will highlight new findings related to LRRK2-mediated phosphorylation of Rab GTPases and its consequences. Remarkably, Rab phosphorylation flips a switch on Rab effector selection with dominant consequences for cell pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne R. Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry Stanford University School of Medicine 279 Campus Drive Stanford CA 94305‐5307 USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network Chevy Chase MD USA
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18
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Kalogeropulou AF, Purlyte E, Tonelli F, Lange SM, Wightman M, Prescott AR, Padmanabhan S, Sammler E, Alessi DR. Impact of 100 LRRK2 variants linked to Parkinson's disease on kinase activity and microtubule binding. Biochem J 2022; 479:1759-1783. [PMID: 35950872 PMCID: PMC9472821 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations enhancing the kinase activity of leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) cause Parkinson's disease (PD) and therapies that reduce LRRK2 kinase activity are being tested in clinical trials. Numerous rare variants of unknown clinical significance have been reported, but how the vast majority impact on LRRK2 function is unknown. Here, we investigate 100 LRRK2 variants linked to PD, including previously described pathogenic mutations. We identify 23 LRRK2 variants that robustly stimulate kinase activity, including variants within the N-terminal non-catalytic regions (ARM (E334K, A419V), ANK (R767H), LRR (R1067Q, R1325Q)), as well as variants predicted to destabilize the ROC:CORB interface (ROC (A1442P, V1447M), CORA (R1628P) CORB (S1761R, L1795F)) and COR:COR dimer interface (CORB (R1728H/L)). Most activating variants decrease LRRK2 biomarker site phosphorylation (pSer935/pSer955/pSer973), consistent with the notion that the active kinase conformation blocks their phosphorylation. We conclude that the impact of variants on kinase activity is best evaluated by deploying a cellular assay of LRRK2-dependent Rab10 substrate phosphorylation, compared with a biochemical kinase assay, as only a minority of activating variants (CORB (Y1699C, R1728H/L, S1761R) and kinase (G2019S, I2020T, T2031S)), enhance in vitro kinase activity of immunoprecipitated LRRK2. Twelve variants including several that activate LRRK2 and have been linked to PD, suppress microtubule association in the presence of a Type I kinase inhibitor (ARM (M712V), LRR (R1320S), ROC (A1442P, K1468E, S1508R), CORA (A1589S), CORB (Y1699C, R1728H/L) and WD40 (R2143M, S2350I, G2385R)). Our findings will stimulate work to better understand the mechanisms by which variants impact biology and provide rationale for variant carrier inclusion or exclusion in ongoing and future LRRK2 inhibitor clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia F. Kalogeropulou
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, U.K
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
| | - Elena Purlyte
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, U.K
| | - Francesca Tonelli
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, U.K
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
| | - Sven M. Lange
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, U.K
| | - Melanie Wightman
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, U.K
| | - Alan R. Prescott
- Dundee Imaging Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | | | - Esther Sammler
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, U.K
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
- Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, U.K
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, U.K
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
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19
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Herbst S, Lewis P, Morris H. The emerging role of LRRK2 in tauopathies. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1071-1079. [PMID: 35815712 PMCID: PMC9274527 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is conventionally described as an α-synuclein aggregation disorder, defined by Lewy bodies and neurites, and mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common autosomal dominant cause of PD. However, LRRK2 mutations may be associated with diverse pathologies in patients with Parkinson's syndrome including tau pathology resembling progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). The recent discovery that variation at the LRRK2 locus is associated with the progression of PSP highlights the potential importance of LRRK2 in tauopathies. Here, we review the emerging evidence and discuss the potential impact of LRRK2 dysfunction on tau aggregation, lysosomal function, and endocytosis and exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Herbst
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, U.K
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, U.K
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, U.K
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, U.K
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
| | - Huw R. Morris
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, U.K
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20
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Ordóñez AJL, Fasiczka R, Fernández B, Naaldijk Y, Fdez E, Ramírez MB, Phan S, Boassa D, Hilfiker S. The LRRK2 signaling network converges on a centriolar phospho-Rab10/RILPL1 complex to cause deficits in centrosome cohesion and cell polarization. Biol Open 2022; 11:275880. [PMID: 35776681 PMCID: PMC9346292 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson's-disease-associated LRRK2 kinase phosphorylates multiple Rab GTPases including Rab8 and Rab10, which enhances their binding to RILPL1 and RILPL2. The nascent interaction between phospho-Rab10 and RILPL1 blocks ciliogenesis in vitro and in the intact brain, and interferes with the cohesion of duplicated centrosomes in dividing cells. We show here that regulators of the LRRK2 signaling pathway including vps35 and PPM1H converge upon causing centrosomal deficits. The cohesion alterations do not require the presence of other LRRK2 kinase substrates including Rab12, Rab35 and Rab43 or the presence of RILPL2. Rather, they depend on the RILPL1-mediated centrosomal accumulation of phosphorylated Rab10. RILPL1 localizes to the subdistal appendage of the mother centriole, followed by recruitment of the LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab proteins to cause the centrosomal defects. The centrosomal alterations impair cell polarization as monitored by scratch wound assays which is reverted by LRRK2 kinase inhibition. These data reveal a common molecular pathway by which enhanced LRRK2 kinase activity impacts upon centrosome-related events to alter the normal biology of a cell. Summary: The Parkinson's disease LRRK2 signaling pathway converges upon the formation of a complex at the subdistal appendage of the mother centriole which causes centrosomal deficits and impairs appropriate cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jesús Lara Ordóñez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Rachel Fasiczka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Belén Fernández
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Yahaira Naaldijk
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Marian Blanca Ramírez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Sébastien Phan
- Department of Neurosciences and National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Boassa
- Department of Neurosciences and National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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21
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Rab GTPases in Parkinson's disease: a primer. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:961-974. [PMID: 34414419 PMCID: PMC8709891 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a prominent and debilitating movement disorder characterized by the death of vulnerable neurons which share a set of structural and physiological properties. Over the recent years, increasing evidence indicates that Rab GTPases can directly as well as indirectly contribute to the cellular alterations leading to PD. Rab GTPases are master regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking events, and alterations in certain membrane trafficking steps can be particularly disruptive to vulnerable neurons. Here, we describe current knowledge on the direct links between altered Rab protein function and PD pathomechanisms.
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22
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Khan SS, Sobu Y, Dhekne HS, Tonelli F, Berndsen K, Alessi DR, Pfeffer SR. Pathogenic LRRK2 control of primary cilia and Hedgehog signaling in neurons and astrocytes of mouse brain. eLife 2021; 10:67900. [PMID: 34658337 PMCID: PMC8550758 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating LRRK2 mutations cause Parkinson’s disease, and pathogenic LRRK2 kinase interferes with ciliogenesis. Previously, we showed that cholinergic interneurons of the dorsal striatum lose their cilia in R1441C LRRK2 mutant mice (Dhekne et al., 2018). Here, we show that cilia loss is seen as early as 10 weeks of age in these mice and also in two other mouse strains carrying the most common human G2019S LRRK2 mutation. Loss of the PPM1H phosphatase that is specific for LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab GTPases yields the same cilia loss phenotype seen in mice expressing pathogenic LRRK2 kinase, strongly supporting a connection between Rab GTPase phosphorylation and cilia loss. Moreover, astrocytes throughout the striatum show a ciliation defect in all LRRK2 and PPM1H mutant models examined. Hedgehog signaling requires cilia, and loss of cilia in LRRK2 mutant rodents correlates with dysregulation of Hedgehog signaling as monitored by in situ hybridization of Gli1 and Gdnf transcripts. Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra secrete a Hedgehog signal that is sensed in the striatum to trigger neuroprotection; our data support a model in which LRRK2 and PPM1H mutant mice show altered responses to critical Hedgehog signals in the nigrostriatal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad S Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Yuriko Sobu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Herschel S Dhekne
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Francesca Tonelli
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States.,MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Kerryn Berndsen
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States.,MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Dario R Alessi
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States.,MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne R Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States
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23
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Tasegian A, Singh F, Ganley IG, Reith AD, Alessi DR. Impact of Type II LRRK2 inhibitors on signaling and mitophagy. Biochem J 2021; 478:3555-3573. [PMID: 34515301 PMCID: PMC8589421 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Much effort has been devoted to the development of selective inhibitors of the LRRK2 as a potential treatment for LRRK2 driven Parkinson's disease. In this study, we first compare the properties of Type I (GSK3357679A and MLi-2) and Type II (GZD-824, Rebastinib and Ponatinib) kinase inhibitors that bind to the closed or open conformations of the LRRK2 kinase domain, respectively. We show that Type I and Type II inhibitors suppress phosphorylation of Rab10 and Rab12, key physiological substrates of LRRK2 and also promote mitophagy, a process suppressed by LRRK2. Type II inhibitors also display higher potency towards wild-type LRRK2 compared with pathogenic mutants. Unexpectedly, we find that Type II inhibitors, in contrast with Type I compounds, fail to induce dephosphorylation of a set of well-studied LRRK2 biomarker phosphorylation sites at the N-terminal region of LRRK2, including Ser935. These findings emphasize that the biomarker phosphorylation sites on LRRK2 are likely reporting on the open vs closed conformation of LRRK2 kinase and that only inhibitors which stabilize the closed conformation induce dephosphorylation of these biomarker sites. Finally, we demonstrate that the LRRK2[A2016T] mutant which is resistant to MLi-2 Type 1 inhibitor, also induces resistance to GZD-824 and Rebastinib suggesting this mutation could be exploited to distinguish off target effects of Type II inhibitors. Our observations provide a framework of knowledge to aid with the development of more selective Type II LRRK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tasegian
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Francois Singh
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Ian G. Ganley
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Alastair D. Reith
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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24
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Xu L, Nagai Y, Kajihara Y, Ito G, Tomita T. The Regulation of Rab GTPases by Phosphorylation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091340. [PMID: 34572553 PMCID: PMC8469595 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab proteins are small GTPases that act as molecular switches for intracellular vesicle trafficking. Although their function is mainly regulated by regulatory proteins such as GTPase-activating proteins and guanine nucleotide exchange factors, recent studies have shown that some Rab proteins are physiologically phosphorylated in the switch II region by Rab kinases. As the switch II region of Rab proteins undergoes a conformational change depending on the bound nucleotide, it plays an essential role in their function as a ‘switch’. Initially, the phosphorylation of Rab proteins in the switch II region was shown to inhibit the association with regulatory proteins. However, recent studies suggest that it also regulates the binding of Rab proteins to effector proteins, determining which pathways to regulate. These findings suggest that the regulation of the Rab function may be more dynamically regulated by phosphorylation than just through the association with regulatory proteins. In this review, we summarize the recent findings and discuss the physiological and pathological roles of Rab phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejia Xu
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (L.X.); (Y.N.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yuki Nagai
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (L.X.); (Y.N.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yotaro Kajihara
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (L.X.); (Y.N.); (Y.K.)
| | - Genta Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
- Social Cooperation Program of Brain and Neurological Disorders, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Correspondence: (G.I.); (T.T.)
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (L.X.); (Y.N.); (Y.K.)
- Social Cooperation Program of Brain and Neurological Disorders, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Correspondence: (G.I.); (T.T.)
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25
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Kim H, Sim H, Lee JE, Seo MK, Lim J, Bang Y, Nam D, Lee SY, Chung SK, Choi HJ, Park SW, Son I, Kim J, Seol W. Ciliogenesis is Not Directly Regulated by LRRK2 Kinase Activity in Neurons. Exp Neurobiol 2021; 30:232-243. [PMID: 34230223 PMCID: PMC8278138 DOI: 10.5607/en21003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most prevalent cause of familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). The increase in LRRK2 kinase activity observed in the pathogenic G2019S mutation is important for PD development. Several studies have reported that increased LRRK2 kinase activity and treatment with LRRK2 kinase inhibitors decreased and increased ciliogenesis, respectively, in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. In contrast, treatment of SH-SY5Y dopaminergic neuronal cells with PD-causing chemicals increased ciliogenesis. Because these reports were somewhat contradictory, we tested the effect of LRRK2 kinase activity on ciliogenesis in neurons. In SH-SY5Y cells, LRRK2 inhibitor treatment slightly increased ciliogenesis, but serum starvation showed no increase. In rat primary neurons, LRRK2 inhibitor treatment repeatedly showed no significant change. Little difference was observed between primary cortical neurons prepared from wild-type (WT) and G2019S+/- mice. However, a significant increase in ciliogenesis was observed in G2019S+/- compared to WT human fibroblasts, and this pattern was maintained in neural stem cells (NSCs) differentiated from the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) prepared from the same WT/G2019S fibroblast pair. NSCs differentiated from G2019S and its gene-corrected WT counterpart iPSCs were also used to test ciliogenesis in an isogenic background. The results showed no significant difference between WT and G2019S regardless of kinase inhibitor treatment and B27-deprivation-mimicking serum starvation. These results suggest that LRRK2 kinase activity may be not a direct regulator of ciliogenesis and ciliogenesis varies depending upon the cell type or genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejung Kim
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
| | - Hyuna Sim
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Joo-Eun Lee
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Mi Kyoung Seo
- Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Juhee Lim
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea
| | - Yeojin Bang
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea
| | - Daleum Nam
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
| | - Seo-Young Lee
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Sun-Ku Chung
- Division of Herbal Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Choi
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea
| | - Sung Woo Park
- Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Korea.,Department of Convergence Biomedical Science, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Ilhong Son
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
| | - Janghwan Kim
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Wongi Seol
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
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