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Bernick A, Demattio LS, Wehrend A. Ultrasound findings in 34 newborn foals with uroperitoneum. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1545. [PMID: 39001601 PMCID: PMC11245564 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uroperitoneum is a typical disease of the newborn foal, which occurs rarely but regularly. Ultrasonography is considered the most important imaging method for diagnosing this disease. Thus far, only one older case series comprising 31 foals suffering from uroperitoneum has systematically listed results of ultrasound examinations. OBJECTIVE This paper presents the findings of an ultrasonographic examination of 34 foals with uroperitoneum in order to inform future interpretation of ultrasonographic data in suspected uroperitoneum cases. METHOD Ultrasonographic data of 34 neonatal foals up to the age of 14 days diagnosed with uroperitoneum between 2006 and 2022 were analysed. RESULTS Most foals demonstrated highly increased levels of free (97%), anechogenic (91%) fluid in the abdomen. Although the urinary bladder was frequently visible (50%), bladder wall discontinuity was only occasionally detectable (18%). CONCLUSION Transabdominal ultrasonography has proved to be a very reliable imaging method for diagnosing suspected uroperitoneum. It is recommended that it be used in every case of suspected uroperitoneum in order to exclude differential diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Bernick
- Veterinary Clinic for Reproductive Medicine and NeonatologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Lukas Stephan Demattio
- Veterinary Clinic for Reproductive Medicine and NeonatologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Veterinary Clinic for Reproductive Medicine and NeonatologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
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Slovis N, Irvin L. Neonates and Periparturient Mares: Tips and Tricks for Diagnosis and Management. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023:S0749-0739(23)00025-1. [PMID: 37258390 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Colic is a common presenting complaint in foals. Unfortunately, evaluation of foals with colic can be difficult due to the common clinical presentation of acute abdominal pain attributable to a wide variety of disorders and a broad range of etiologies. Similar to foals, colic is one of the most common diseases of pregnant and periparturient mares. Several conditions are unique or occur more commonly in broodmares. This article reviews the most commonly encountered types of colic events in neonatal foals and periparturient mares, how to correctly diagnose these conditions, as well as details concerning appropriate medical management and/or surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Slovis
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, McGee Medical Center, 4250 Ironworks Pike, Lexington, KY 40511, USA.
| | - Leci Irvin
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, McGee Medical Center, 4250 Ironworks Pike, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
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Abanades Kenyon C, Jocelyn N, Kane‐Smyth J. Perirectal abscess as suspected cause of bladder rupture in a foal. EQUINE VET EDUC 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Surgery of the Equine Urinary Tract. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2022; 38:141-153. [PMID: 35282962 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary surgery in the horse may be challenging. More straightforward procedures, such as urinary bladder or urachal defects, do not usually require specialized equipment or imaging, although laboratory work is helpful. Congenital or acquired conditions of the ureters or kidneys may necessitate advanced diagnostic work-ups including advanced imaging /or and minimally invasive procedures. Some surgery of the lower urinary tract is done in the sedated, standing adult horse. Surgery involving the kidney typically requires general anesthesia. Laparoscopy and associated tools are frequently used. Although many of the surgical procedures discussed are quite involved, they are becoming more commonplace.
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DeNotta SL. Urinary Tract Disorders of Foals. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2022; 38:47-56. [PMID: 35282963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary disease in the neonatal period can occur with primary congenital renal defects or as a secondary consequence of birth trauma, ischemic injury, nephrotoxic medications, or systemic illness. This article reviews the clinical evaluation of the urinary system in foals and highlights diagnostic and therapeutic features of the most commonly encountered urinary disorders of the equine neonatal patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- SallyAnne L DeNotta
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 10036, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Ford MG, Nelson BB, Ford TS, Souza CRS, Easley JT, Hackett ES. Complications and comorbidities in foals undergoing surgical repair for uroperitoneum. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 110:103852. [PMID: 34958882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Surgical repair is frequently effective at resolving uroperitoneum in foals, though complications occur. Despite their occurrence, management strategies used to address these complications and their impact on survival are not clearly defined. To better describe the complications following surgical correction of uroperitoneum and to document treatment strategies and outcomes after intervention, a multi-center retrospective case series was performed. Medical record data of foals undergoing surgical treatment for uroperitoneum were retrieved from three surgical centers, and cases identified with complications or comorbidities were reviewed. Long-term follow-up was obtained through owner contact. Of 45 foals with uroperitoneum, 13 (29%) had complications or comorbidities following surgical repair. Uroperitoneum recurred in 9 (20%) foals 12 to 264 hours after surgery. Foals with recurrence were managed medically with an indwelling urinary catheter, repeat celiotomy, or were euthanized. Other comorbidities following repair included sepsis and persistent azotemia. One horse developed cystic calculi 14 months later. Urinary catheters maintained for 3 to 7 days in combination with medical and surgical interventions successfully resolved uroperitoneum. The decision to debride bladder tear edges or the selection of suture material or pattern did not impact recurrence or survival. Six (67%) foals with recurrent uroperitoneum survived to hospital discharge; 86% survived if treatment was attempted. Four (80%) of cases treated for recurrent uroperitoneum were alive without active medical problems > 2 years later. Despite recurrence, medical or surgical treatment of recurrent uroperitoneum enables short-term survival and maintenance of long-term health. Indwelling urinary catheters should be considered in select cases with recurrent uroperitoneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Ford
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Ford Veterinary Surgery Center, Clovis, California
| | - Brad B Nelson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
| | - Troy S Ford
- Ford Veterinary Surgery Center, Clovis, California
| | - Camila R S Souza
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Jeremiah T Easley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Eileen S Hackett
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Rodríguez-Pozo ML, Armengou L, Viu J, Ríos J, Jose-Cunilleras E. Peritoneal bile acids concentration in adult horses with hepatic and gastrointestinal disorders. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:914-921. [PMID: 34743363 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritoneal bile acids concentration (PBAC) has not been previously reported in horses. A case of liver lobe torsion in which increased PBAC was detected prompted us to study PBAC in horses. OBJECTIVES (a) To determine a reference range of PBAC in horses; (b) to compare PBAC from horses with either hepatic or gastrointestinal disease and healthy horses and (c) to assess the prognostic and diagnostic values of PBAC. STUDY DESIGN Prospective case-control. METHODS Prospective observational clinical study. Bile acids concentrations were measured in both plasma and peritoneal fluid in selected clinical patients with hepatic or gastrointestinal disease (n = 108) and healthy horses (n = 11). Sixty-eight of 108 patients survived to hospital discharge, and the remaining 40 were nonsurvivors. Additionally, other haematological and biochemistry analyses were performed. RESULTS Sick horses were classified according to diagnosis into hepatic (n = 13), gastrointestinal (GI) obstructive (n = 48) and GI ischaemic-inflammatory (n = 47) groups. The hepatic group had significantly higher PBAC (6.8 [2.3-9.4]; median [IQR]) than the control (1.0 [0.6-1.5]) and GI obstructive groups (1.2 [0.8-1.7] µmol/L; P < .001). Moreover, the GI ischaemic-inflammatory group (3.3 [1.4-5.5]) also had significantly higher values than the control and GI obstructive groups (P < .001). Regarding outcome, the nonsurvivor group (n = 40) had significantly higher median PBAC value than the survivor group (n = 68, 4.1 [1.6-6.5] vs 1.3 [0.8-3]; P < .001). MAIN LIMITATIONS A higher number of horses with abdominal disease is required to confirm the clinical significance of these findings. CONCLUSIONS PBAC may have a role in the diagnosis of hepatic and gastrointestinal disease and as a prognostic tool in horses with abdominal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Rodríguez-Pozo
- Servei de Medicina Interna Equina, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lara Armengou
- Servei de Medicina Interna Equina, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Viu
- Servei de Medicina Interna Equina, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Ríos
- Laboratory of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Statistics and Methodology Support Unit, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Jose-Cunilleras
- Servei de Medicina Interna Equina, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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Conrado FO, Beatty SSK. Fluid Analysis in the Equine Patient: Cerebrospinal, Synovial, and Peritoneal Fluids. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 36:S0749-0739(21)00002-X. [PMID: 33618950 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid analysis is an important part of the diagnostic work-up of equine patients presenting with disorders of the nervous system, musculoskeletal system, and abdominal cavity. Proper specimen handling and processing are paramount for complete and accurate interpretation of fluid samples. Normal cerebrospinal fluid is a low-cellularity, low-protein fluid requiring specific sample handling to ensure accurate results. Joint and abdominal fluid analyses are completed in practice or submitted for analysis to a reference laboratory. This article discusses fluid sample handling and processing considerations for the equine practitioner and reviews cytologic evaluation of normal and abnormal cerebrospinal, synovial, and peritoneal fluid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco O Conrado
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| | - Sarah S K Beatty
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Bernick A, Nieth J, Wehrend A. [Uroperitoneum in neonatal foals - a review of the literature]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2021; 49:41-50. [PMID: 33588479 DOI: 10.1055/a-1345-7148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Uroperitoneum is a typical disease in newborn foals. An accumulation of urine develops in the abdominal cavity in consequence to a congenital or acquired leakage in the urinary tract. Colts are more frequently affected than fillies. The most common cause of uroperitoneum is a rupture of the dorsal urinary bladder wall. The urinary bladder is affected in 73.1 %, the urachus in 21.6 % and the ureter in 5.2 % of cases. Typical clinical signs occur 2-5 days postpartum, and encompass reduced general condition, abdominal distention, mild colic symptoms and unphysiologic micturition. Ultrasound examination in conjunction with abdominocentesis is considered as the gold standard of diagnostics. Typical laboratory findings are azotemia, metabolic acidosis as well as electrolyte imbalances, particularly hyperkalemia, hyponatriemia and hypochloridemia. Surgical treatment is the only reasonable therapy. Preoperative metabolic disorders and electrolyte abnormalities should be corrected prior to surgery. Especially hyperkalemia leads to a high potential for complications during general anesthesia. Following effective perioperative stabilization, the presence of a defect in the bladder wall or the urachus carries a good prognosis. In total, 63.6 % of the affected foals are healed. Most common complication is a recurrence of uroperitoneum caused by disruption of the suture line or an incomplete closure of the defect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Axel Wehrend
- Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere, Klinikum Veterinärmedizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
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Abstract
The dynamic physiologic changes and unique diet during the neonatal period contribute to key differences in clinicopathologic test results of healthy foals relative to healthy adult horses. When reporting results, most diagnostic laboratories only provide reference intervals for mature horses. Thus, failure to recognize the unique differences that occur in foals relative to adult horses can lead to erroneous interpretation of neonatal clinical pathologic values. Thus, the main objective of this article was to review distinct features of common clinicopathologic tests in foals, relative to mature horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Henry Barton
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kelsey A Hart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Gosling L, Anderson J, Rendle D. Conservative management of iatrogenic bladder rupture and uroperitoneum in a gelding with urolithiasis. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Gosling
- Rainbow Equine Hospital Malton North Yorkshire UK
| | - J. Anderson
- Rainbow Equine Hospital Malton North Yorkshire UK
| | - D. Rendle
- Rainbow Equine Hospital Malton North Yorkshire UK
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Graßl M, Ulrich T, Wehrend A. [Incidence and mortality of common neonatal diseases in the foal during the first 10 days post natum in a veterinary hospital]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2017; 45:161102. [PMID: 28905977 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-161102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to present the incidence and lethality of diseases in foals during the first 10 days following birth by analyzing patient data. MATERIAL AND METHODS Over a period of 6 years, patient data from 393 foals, that had been presented within the first 10 days after birth in a hospital, were evaluated. The number of diseases, the sex of the affected foals and the lethality were documented. RESULTS A total of 28 diseases were diagnosed, with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), meconium impaction and bronchopneumonia being the most frequent diagnoses. The mortality rate for SIRS was 41.8%, for meconium impaction 29.7% and for bronchopneumonia 37.9%. The mean time of death for patients with SIRS was 4.2 ± 2.9 days, for patients with meconium impaction 4.6 ± 3.2 days and for foals suffering from bronchopneumonia 5.2 ± 3.5 days post partum. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Based on the data collection, the frequency and thus the importance of individual disease patterns can be deduced. The information on lethality helps to make predictions for the prognosis of the most common neonatal foal diseases based on first diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Axel Wehrend
- Prof. Dr. Axel Wehrend, Dipl. ECAR, Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie, der Groß- und Kleintiere mit tierärztlicher Ambulanz, Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 106, 35392 Gießen, E-Mail:
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Collins NM, Axon JE, Carrick JB, Russell CM, Palmer JE. Severe hyponatraemia in foals: clinical findings, primary diagnosis and outcome. Aust Vet J 2017; 94:186-91. [PMID: 27237119 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate severe hyponatraemia in foals presenting as medical emergencies to an intensive care unit (ICU) in order to determine the prevalence, clinical findings, primary diagnosis and outcome. DESIGN Retrospective case study of records from Thoroughbred foals aged less than 3 months presenting to an ICU as medical emergencies in 2002-12; foals with severe hyponatraemia (serum sodium <122 mmol/L) on admission laboratory data were identified. Data retrieved included signalment, clinical findings, laboratory results, primary diagnosis, treatment and outcome. RESULTS Severe hyponatraemia was identified in 69/1718 Thoroughbred foals (4%) presenting to the ICU during the study period. Of the 69 foals, 11 (15.9%) presented with neurological signs attributable to hyponatraemic encephalopathy and 7 of these foals had seizures; other neurological signs included obtundation, ataxia and apparent blindness. The three most common primary diagnoses of the 69 foals with severe hyponatraemia were renal disease (18/69, 26.1%), enterocolitis (16/69, 23.2%) and uroperitoneum (15/69, 21.7%). Treatment was directed at the primary disease and correction of the hyponatraemia. A total of 50 of the 69 foals (72.5%) with severe hyponatraemia survived to hospital discharge and 38 of them (76%) survived at least 12 months following discharge. CONCLUSION The prevalence of severe hyponatraemia in this study population was 4%. The majority of foals with severe hyponatraemia did not demonstrate direct clinical manifestations as a result of the low serum sodium concentration. The outcome of foals with severe hyponatraemia was mostly favourable.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Collins
- Clovelly Intensive Care Unit, Scone Equine Hospital, 106 Liverpool Street, Scone, New South Wales 2337, Australia.
| | - J E Axon
- Clovelly Intensive Care Unit, Scone Equine Hospital, 106 Liverpool Street, Scone, New South Wales 2337, Australia
| | - J B Carrick
- Equine Specialist Consulting, Scone, NSW, Australia
| | - C M Russell
- Clovelly Intensive Care Unit, Scone Equine Hospital, 106 Liverpool Street, Scone, New South Wales 2337, Australia
| | - J E Palmer
- Connelly Intensive Care Unit, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, PA, USA
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Ruzickova P, Burns P, Piat P, Frasch MG, Beauchamp G, Elce YA. Ex Vivo Biomechanical Comparison of 4 Suture Materials for Laparoscopic Bladder Closure in the Horse. Vet Surg 2016; 45:374-9. [PMID: 27012927 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare a knotless, barbed suture to standard suture using laparoscopic suturing methods in an ex vivo model of equine bladder repair. STUDY DESIGN Cadaveric study. SAMPLE POPULATION Equine cadaver bladders (n=42). METHODS A 5-cm incision was created and repaired in a laparoscopic training box with 4 different suture materials. Groups 1 and 2 used 2-0 poliglecaprone and 2-0 glycomer knotless, barbed suture, respectively, placed using laparoscopic instruments. Groups 3 and 4 used 0 and 2-0 polyglyconate knotless, barbed suture, respectively, placed using an automated laparoscopic suturing device. All groups used a double-layer inverting pattern. Time for suture placement was recorded. Bladders were inflated with water and bursting strength pressures recorded, including a control group of intact bladders. Statistical analysis using a linear model and taking into account the unequal variances was followed by a post-hoc Tukey's test. Significance was set at P<.05. RESULTS Bursting strength did not vary significantly between treatment groups, but was significantly decreased compared to the control group (P<.001). Time to place the sutures with the 2 automated suture device groups (groups 3 and 4) was significantly faster than those in which the suture was placed using laparoscopic needle holders and forceps (groups 1 and 2; P=.001). CONCLUSION Knotless, barbed suture may be a viable alternative to standard suture material for laparoscopic closure of the urinary bladder in horses. Further cyclic and in vivo testing should be performed before use in clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Ruzickova
- Department of Clinical Sciences, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, and Research Center of Animal Reproduction, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Burns
- Department of Clinical Sciences, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, and Research Center of Animal Reproduction, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Perrine Piat
- Department of Clinical Sciences, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, and Research Center of Animal Reproduction, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin G Frasch
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Neuroscience, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, and Research Center of Animal Reproduction, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, and Research Center of Animal Reproduction, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yvonne A Elce
- Department of Clinical Sciences, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, and Research Center of Animal Reproduction, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Beccati F, Cercone M, Angeli G, Santinelli I, Pepe M. IMAGING DIAGNOSIS - USE OF MULTIPHASE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC UROGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF URETERAL TEAR IN A 6-DAY-OLD FOAL. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 57:E10-5. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Beccati
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Perugia; Via San Costanzo 4 06126 Perugia Italy
| | - Marta Cercone
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14850
| | - Giovanni Angeli
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Perugia; Via San Costanzo 4 06126 Perugia Italy
| | - Isabella Santinelli
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Perugia; Via San Costanzo 4 06126 Perugia Italy
| | - Marco Pepe
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Perugia; Via San Costanzo 4 06126 Perugia Italy
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Hardefeldt LY. Hyponatraemic encephalopathy in azotaemic neonatal foals: four cases. Aust Vet J 2014; 92:488-91. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- LY Hardefeldt
- Goulburn Valley Equine Hospital; Congupna Victoria Australia
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide a quick reference for field triage of the sick neonatal foal. Therefore, information is focused toward diagnostics and treatments that can be performed in the field. When evaluating a weak, recumbent, or lethargic foal on a farm, it is often difficult to make a definitive diagnosis. Therefore, the approach should be to treat what is treatable and prevent what is preventable. In many cases, the goal will be to stabilize a foal before referral to a tertiary care facility where more intensive and continuous treatment can be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Carr
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Tharwat M, Ali A, Al-Sobayil F, Buczinski S. Ultrasound-guided collection of peritoneal fluid in healthy camels (Camelus dromedarius) and its biochemical analysis. Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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A Fresh Look at the Process of Arriving at a Clinical Prognosis. Part 3: Neonatal Illness. J Equine Vet Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Castagnetti C, Mariella J, Pirrone A, Romagnoli N, Pasquali F, Parmeggiani F, Spadari A. Urethral and bladder rupture in a neonatal colt with uroperitoneum. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Borer KE, Corley KTT. Electrolyte disorders in horses with colic. Part 1: potassium and magnesium. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2006.tb00461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wong DM, Leger LC, Scarratt WK, Kline KA. Uroperitoneum and pleural effusion in an American Paint filly. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2004.tb00312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wohlfender FD, Barrelet FE, Doherr MG, Straub R, Meier HP. Diseases in neonatal foals. Part 1: the 30 day incidence of disease and the effect of prophylactic antimicrobial drug treatment during the first three days post partum. Equine Vet J 2009; 41:179-85. [PMID: 19418748 DOI: 10.2746/042516408x345116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Neonatal diseases have been grouped and analysed but up-to-date statistically significant information about the incidence and prevalence of diseases in foals is limited. Since the 1950s it has been a common management practice to administer a 3 day course of antimicrobial drugs to neonatal foals. This was shown to significantly reduce the incidence of infections (Platt 1977). Since then management practices have improved and it is widely believed that prophylactic antimicrobial drugs are no longer necessary in foal rearing. OBJECTIVES To determine the 30 day incidences or prevalences (depending on case definition) of various diseases and conditions in the neonatal foal and ascertain the influence of a prophylactic 3 day treatment on the frequency of infections. METHODS The population consisted of Thoroughbred foals born on stud farms in the Newmarket (UK) area in 2005 (n = 1031). Depending on the stud farm's practice in the use of prophylactic antimicrobial drugs, 2 groups of newborn foals (treated and untreated) were identified and followed for 30 days. RESULTS The 30 day incidences of infectious diseases under study were between 0.2% (osteomyelitis) and 5.85% (systemic disease with diarrhoea). The overall incidence for 'total infectious diseases' was 8.27%. The most commonly observed noninfectious condition was limb deformities (12.11% of all foals). There was no significant difference in the incidence of infectious diseases between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION Infectious diseases are still an important problem in neonatal foals requiring further investigation as to which factors other than antimicrobial prophylaxis are relevant for disease prevention. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE The results provide an up-to-date overview about the frequencies of various neonatal foal diseases. They do not support the traditional prophylactic use of antimicrobials to prevent infectious diseases in healthy newborn foals. However, it should be noted that this study was not a randomised controlled trial and therefore does not provide the strongest possible evidence for this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Wohlfender
- Equine Clinic, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Waldridge BM, Woodie B, Cook J, Nunnery C. What is your diagnosis? Large volume of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity and a small urinary bladder. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 231:1343-4. [PMID: 17975990 DOI: 10.2460/javma.231.9.1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Waldridge
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, PO Box 12070, Lexington, KY 40580-2070, USA
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Gastrointestinal Disease. EQUINE NEONATAL MEDICINE 2006. [PMCID: PMC7156017 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2353-1.50016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dunkel B, Palmer JE, Olson KN, Boston RC, Wilkins PA. Uroperitoneum in 32 Foals: Influence of Intravenous Fluid Therapy, Infection, and Sepsis. J Vet Intern Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
Neonatal infection remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the equine industry, despite advances in prevention and treatment. Many factors can influence a foal's risk for the development of sepsis in the peripartum period. This article discusses those factors, causative organisms, and therapeutic options. Factors that influence prognosis and potential preventative strategies also are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chris Sanchez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100136, 2015 S.W. 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610-0136, USA.
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Bouré LP, Kerr CL, Pearce SG, John Runciman R, Lansdowne JL, Caswell JL. Comparison of two laparoscopic suture patterns for repair of experimentally ruptured urinary bladders in normal neonatal calves. Vet Surg 2005; 34:47-54. [PMID: 15720596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2005.00009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare 2 laparoscopic suture patterns for repair of experimentally ruptured urinary bladders in normal neonatal calves. STUDY DESIGN Experimental surgical study. ANIMALS Thirty male Holstein calves. METHODS A bladder defect was created in 24 anesthetized calves (day 0). They were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=6/group). In groups 1 and 3, the defect was closed laparoscopically using a one layer full thickness simple continuous (FTSC) suture pattern (pattern A). In groups 2 and 4, the defect was closed laparoscopically in 2 layers using a FTSC suture pattern followed by Lembert continuous suture pattern (pattern B). Groups 1 and 2 calves were euthanatized at the end of the surgery and groups 3 and 4 at day 10. Six healthy calves were also euthanatized and used as a control group. The bladders were harvested and tested for bursting strength (BS). The surgical time (ST) data from the two groups for each pattern were pooled. A Student t-test was used to compare ST data. For the BS data, a 2-factor ANOVA test with post-hoc Student t-test was used to determine if treatment, time, or treatment-time interaction was significant. A Dunnett's test was used to compare BS of the 4 treatment groups to the control group. P<.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Mean ST was significantly shorter for pattern A than for pattern B. In all treatment groups, the mean bladder BS (MBBS) was significantly lower than the MBBS for the control group. The MBBS was significantly lower for group 1 than for group 2. There was no significant difference in the MBBS between groups 3 and 4. CONCLUSION In this study, a 1-layer laparoscopic closure technique had advantages compared with 2-layer laparoscopic closure technique. Further work is required before a 1-layer laparoscopic closure technique can be recommended clinically. CLINICAL RELEVANCE One-layer bladder closure is fast and safe in clinically normal calves and permits additional research to evaluate its safety in foals and clinical ruptures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic P Bouré
- Department of Clinical Studies, the School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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Corley KTT, Axon JE. Resuscitation and Emergency Management for Neonatal Foals. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2005; 21:431-55, vii. [PMID: 16051057 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2005.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Early intervention can dramatically alter outcome in foals. Cardio-pulmonary cerebral resuscitation can be successful and clinically worthwhile when applied to foals that arrest as part of the birthing process. Readily available equipment and an ordered plan starting with addressing the respiratory system (airway and breathing) followed by the circulatory system (circulation and drugs) are the keys to success. Hypoglycemia is common in foals that are not nursing and in septic foals. Support of serum glucose can be an important emergency treatment. Respiratory support with oxygen therapy should be considered in all foals following resuscitation and dystocia. Other foals that are likely to benefit from oxygen are those that are dyspneic, cyanotic, meconium-stained after birth,or recumbent. Emergency therapies, applied correctly, are expected to result in decreased mortality and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T T Corley
- Equine Referral Hospital, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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Abstract
Abdominal surgery in foals under 30 days old has become more common with improved neonatal care. Early recognition of a foal at risk and better nursing care have increased the survival rates of foals that require neonatal care. The success of improved neonatal care also has increased the need for accurate diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal, umbilical, and bladder disorders in these foals. This chapter focuses on the early and accurate diagnosis of specific disorders that require abdominal exploratory surgery and the specific treatment considerations and prognosis for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Bryant
- Pilchuck Veterinary Hospital, 11308 92nd Street SE, Snohomish, WA, 98290, USA.
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Bartmann CP, Freeman DE, Glitz F, von Oppen T, Lorber KJ, Bubeck K, Klug E, Deegen E. Diagnosis and surgical management of colic in the foal: Literature review and a retrospective study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1053/ctep.2002.35574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hyman SS, Wilkins PA, Palmer JE, Schaer TP, Piero FD. Clostridium perfringens Urachitis and Uroperitoneum in 2 Neonatal Foals. J Vet Intern Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb01270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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