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Giessler KS, Goehring LS, Jacob SI, Davis A, Esser MM, Lee Y, Zarski LM, Weber PSD, Hussey GS. Impact of the host immune response on the development of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in horses. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:001987. [PMID: 38767608 PMCID: PMC11170125 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses establish a well-adapted balance with their host's immune system. Despite this co-evolutionary balance, infections can lead to severe disease including neurological disorders in their natural host. In horses, equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory disease, abortions, neonatal foal death and myeloencephalopathy (EHM) in ~10 % of acute infections worldwide. Many aspects of EHM pathogenesis and protection from EHM are still poorly understood. However, it has been shown that the incidence of EHM increases to >70 % in female horses >20 years of age. In this study we used old mares as an experimental equine EHV-1 model of EHM to identify host-specific factors contributing to EHM. Following experimental infection with the neuropathogenic strain EHV-1 Ab4, old mares and yearling horses were studied for 21 days post-infection. Nasal viral shedding and cell-associated viremia were assessed by quantitative PCR. Cytokine/chemokine responses were evaluated in nasal secretions and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by Luminex assay and in whole blood by quantitative real-time PCR. EHV-1-specific IgG sub-isotype responses were measured by ELISA. All young horses developed respiratory disease and a bi-phasic fever post-infection, but only 1/9 horses exhibited ataxia. In contrast, respiratory disease was absent in old mares, but all old mares developed EHM that resulted in euthanasia in 6/9 old mares. Old mares also presented significantly decreased nasal viral shedding but higher viremia coinciding with a single fever peak at the onset of viremia. According to clinical disease manifestation, horses were sorted into an EHM group (nine old horses and one young horse) and a non-EHM group (eight young horses) for assessment of host immune responses. Non-EHM horses showed an early upregulation of IFN-α (nasal secretions), IRF7/IRF9, IL-1β, CXCL10 and TBET (blood) in addition to an IFN-γ upregulation during viremia (blood). In contrast, IFN-α levels in nasal secretions of EHM horses were low and peak levels of IRF7, IRF9, CXCL10 and TGF-β (blood) coincided with viremia. Moreover, EHM horses showed significantly higher IL-10 levels in nasal secretions, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CSF and higher serum IgG3/5 antibody titres compared to non-EHM horses. These results suggest that protection from EHM depends on timely induction of type 1 IFN and upregulation cytokines and chemokines that are representative of cellular immunity. In contrast, induction of regulatory or TH-2 type immunity appeared to correlate with an increased risk for EHM. It is likely that future vaccine development for protection from EHM must target shifting this 'at-risk' immunophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Giessler
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - L. S. Goehring
- MH Gluck Equine Research Center, College of Agriculture, Food & Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - S. I. Jacob
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Allison Davis
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - M. M. Esser
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Y. Lee
- Pathology Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - L. M. Zarski
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - P. S. D. Weber
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - G. S. Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Laval K, Poelaert KCK, Van Cleemput J, Zhao J, Vandekerckhove AP, Gryspeerdt AC, Garré B, van der Meulen K, Baghi HB, Dubale HN, Zarak I, Van Crombrugge E, Nauwynck HJ. The Pathogenesis and Immune Evasive Mechanisms of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:662686. [PMID: 33746936 PMCID: PMC7970122 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.662686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is an alphaherpesvirus related to pseudorabies virus (PRV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). This virus is one of the major pathogens affecting horses worldwide. EHV-1 is responsible for respiratory disorders, abortion, neonatal foal death and equine herpes myeloencephalopathy (EHM). Over the last decade, EHV-1 has received growing attention due to the frequent outbreaks of abortions and/or EHM causing serious economical losses to the horse industry worldwide. To date, there are no effective antiviral drugs and current vaccines do not provide full protection against EHV-1-associated diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent need to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of EHV-1 in order to develop effective therapies. The main objective of this review is to provide state-of-the-art information on the pathogenesis of EHV-1. We also highlight recent findings on EHV-1 immune evasive strategies at the level of the upper respiratory tract, blood circulation and endothelium of target organs allowing the virus to disseminate undetected in the host. Finally, we discuss novel approaches for drug development based on our current knowledge of the pathogenesis of EHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn Laval
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katrien C K Poelaert
- Division of Virology, Department Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jolien Van Cleemput
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jing Zhao
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Hossein B Baghi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Haileleul N Dubale
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Ines Zarak
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eline Van Crombrugge
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Equid Herpesvirus 8 Isolated From an Adult Donkey in Israel. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103247. [PMID: 33077102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the isolation of Equid herpesvirus 8 from a rescued donkey that suffered severe postcastration complications. Despite intensive treatment, the donkey deteriorated and was euthanized. Postmortem virologic analysis revealed the isolation of a herpesvirus that is closely related to herpesviruses reported from donkeys and horses in Australia, China, and Ireland, causing respiratory disease in donkeys and abortion in mares. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this equid herpesvirus in Israel. The potential significance of this herpesvirus to the equid population in Israel needs further investigation.
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Oladunni FS, Sarkar S, Reedy S, Balasuriya UBR, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. Equid Herpesvirus 1 Targets the Sensitization and Induction Steps To Inhibit the Type I Interferon Response in Equine Endothelial Cells. J Virol 2019; 93:e01342-19. [PMID: 31511388 PMCID: PMC6854505 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01342-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is a viral pathogen of horse populations worldwide spread by the respiratory route and is known for causing outbreaks of neurologic syndromes and abortion storms. Previously, we demonstrated that an EHV-1 strain of the neuropathogenic genotype, T953, downregulates the beta interferon (IFN-β) response in vitro in equine endothelial cells (EECs) at 12 h postinfection (hpi). In the present study, we explored the molecular correlates of this inhibition as clues toward an understanding of the mechanism. Data from our study revealed that EHV-1 infection of EECs significantly reduced both Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR4 mRNA expression at 6 hpi and 12 hpi. While EHV-1 was able to significantly reduce IRF9 mRNA at both 6 hpi and 12 hpi, the virus significantly reduced IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) mRNA only at 12 hpi. EHV-1 did not alter the cellular level of Janus-activated kinase 1 (JAK1) at any time point. However, EHV-1 reduced the cellular level of expression of tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) at 12 hpi. Downstream of JAK1-TYK2 signaling, EHV-1 blocked the phosphorylation and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) when coincubated with exogenous IFN, at 12 hpi, although not at 3 or 6 hpi. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that the virus prevented the nuclear translocation of STAT2 molecules, confirming the virus-mediated inhibition of STAT2 activation. The pattern of suppression of phosphorylation of STAT2 by EHV-1 implicated viral late gene expression. These data help illuminate how EHV-1 strategically inhibits the host innate immune defense by limiting steps required for type I IFN sensitization and induction.IMPORTANCE To date, no commercial vaccine label has a claim to be fully protective against the diseases caused by equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), especially the neurologic form. The interferon (IFN) system, of which type I IFN is of great importance, still remains a viable immunotherapeutic option against EHV-1 infection. The type I IFN system has been exploited successfully to treat other viral infections, such as chronic hepatitis B and C in humans. The current state of research on how EHV-1 interferes with the protective effect of type I IFN has indicated transient induction of type I IFN production followed by a rapid shutdown in vitro in equine endothelial cells (EECs). The significance of our study is the identification of certain steps in the type I IFN signaling pathway targeted for inhibition by EHV-1. Understanding this pathogen-host relationship is essential for the long-term goal of developing effective immunotherapy against EHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatai S Oladunni
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Sanjay Sarkar
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Stephanie Reedy
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - David W Horohov
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Thomas M Chambers
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Schnabel CL, Wimer CL, Perkins G, Babasyan S, Freer H, Watts C, Rollins A, Osterrieder N, Wagner B. Deletion of the ORF2 gene of the neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 strain Ab4 reduces virulence while maintaining strong immunogenicity. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:245. [PMID: 30134896 PMCID: PMC6106926 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) induces respiratory infection, abortion, and neurologic disease with significant impact. Virulence factors contributing to infection and immune evasion are of particular interest. A potential virulence factor of the neuropathogenic EHV-1 strain Ab4 is ORF2. This study on 24 Icelandic horses, 2 to 4 years of age, describes the infection with EHV-1 Ab4, or its deletion mutant devoid of ORF2 (Ab4ΔORF2) compared to non-infected controls (each group n = 8). The horses' clinical presentation, virus shedding, viremia, antibody and cellular immune responses were monitored over 260 days after experimental infection. RESULTS Infection with Ab4ΔORF2 reduced fever and minimized nasal virus shedding after infection compared to the parent virus strain Ab4, while Ab4ΔORF2 established viremia similar to Ab4. Concurrently with virus shedding, intranasal cytokine and interferon α (IFN-α) production increased in the Ab4 group, while horses infected with Ab4ΔORF2 expressed less IFN-α. The antibody response to EHV-1 was evaluated by a bead-based multiplex assay and was similar in both infected groups, Ab4 and Ab4ΔORF2. EHV-1 specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 was induced 8 days after infection (d8 pi) with a peak on d10-12 pi. EHV-1 specific IgG4/7 increased starting on d10 pi, and remained elevated in serum until the end of the study. The intranasal antibody response to EHV-1 was dominated by the same IgG isotypes and remained elevated in both infected groups until d130 pi. In contrast to the distinct antibody response, no induction of EHV-1 specific T-cells was detectable by flow cytometry after ex vivo re-stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with EHV-1 in any group. The cellular immune response was characterized by increased secretion of IFN-γ and interleukin10 in response to ex vivo re-stimulation of PBMC with EHV-1. This response was present during the time of viremia (d5-10 pi) and was similar in both infected groups, Ab4 and Ab4ΔORF2. CONCLUSIONS ORF2 is a virulence factor of EHV-1 Ab4 with impact on pyrexia and virus shedding from the nasal mucosa. In contrast, ORF2 does not influence viremia. The immunogenicity of the Ab4ΔORF2 and parent Ab4 viruses are identical. Graphical abstract - Deletion of ORF2 reduces virulence of EHV-1 Ab4. Graphical summary of the main findings of this study: ORF2 is a virulence factor of EHV-1 Ab4 with impact on pyrexia and virus shedding from the nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane L Schnabel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Christine L Wimer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gillian Perkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Susanna Babasyan
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Heather Freer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Christina Watts
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alicia Rollins
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Translation of a laboratory-validated equine herpesvirus-1 specific real-time PCR assay into an insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (iiPCR) assay for point-of-need diagnosis using POCKIT™ nucleic acid analyzer. J Virol Methods 2016; 241:58-63. [PMID: 27993615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM), a major problem for the equine industry in the United States, is caused by equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1). In addition, EHV-1 is associated with upper respiratory disease, abortion, and chorioretinal lesions in horses. Here we describe the development and evaluation of an inexpensive, user-friendly insulated isothermal PCR (iiPCR) method targeting open reading 30 (ORF30) to detect both neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic strains on the field-deployable POCKIT™ device for point-of-need detection of EHV-1. The analytical sensitivity of the EHV-1 iiPCR assay was 13 genome equivalents per reaction. The assay did not cross react with ten non-target equine viral pathogens. Performance of the EHV-1 iiPCR assay was compared to two previously described real-time PCR (qPCR) assays in two laboratories by using 104 archived clinical samples. All 53 qPCR-positive and 46 of the 51 qPCR-negative samples tested positive and negative, respectively, by the iiPCR. The agreement between the two assays was 95.19% (confidence interval 90.48-99.90%) with a kappa value of 0.90. In conclusion, the newly developed EHV-1 iiPCR assay is robust to provide specificity and sensitivity comparable to qPCR assays for the detection of EHV-1 nucleic acid in clinical specimens.
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7
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Spiesschaert B, Stephanowitz H, Krause E, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Glycoprotein B of equine herpesvirus type 1 has two recognition sites for subtilisin-like proteases that are cleaved by furin. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1218-1228. [PMID: 26843465 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein B (gB) of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is predicted to be cleaved by furin in a fashion similar to that of related herpesviruses. To investigate the contribution of furin-mediated gB cleavage to EHV-1 growth, canonical furin cleavage sites were mutated. Western blot analysis of mutated EHV-1 gB showed that it was cleaved at two positions, 518RRRR521 and 544RLHK547, and that the 28 aa between the two sites were removed after cleavage. Treating infected cells with either convertase or furin inhibitors reduced gB cleavage efficiency. Further, removal of the first furin recognition motif did not affect in vitro growth of EHV-1, while mutation of the second motif greatly affected virus growth. In addition, a second possible signal peptide cleavage site was identified for EHV-1 gB between residues 98 and 99, which was 13 aa downstream of that previously identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Spiesschaert
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin,Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin,Germany
| | - Heike Stephanowitz
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie,Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, D-13125 Berlin,Germany
| | - Eberhard Krause
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie,Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, D-13125 Berlin,Germany
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin,Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin,Germany
| | - Walid Azab
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Zagazig University,Egypt.,Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin,Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin,Germany
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8
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Sarkar S, Balasuriya UBR, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. Equine herpesvirus-1 suppresses type-I interferon induction in equine endothelial cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 167:122-9. [PMID: 26275803 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is one of the most common and important respiratory viral pathogens of horses. EHV-1 in horses replicates initially in the respiratory epithelium and then spreads systematically to endothelial cells lining the small blood vessels in the uterus and spinal cord, and highly pathogenic virus strains can produce aborted fetuses or myeloencephalopathy. Like other herpes viruses, EHV-1 employs a variety of mechanisms for immune evasion. Some herpes viruses down-regulate the type-I interferon (IFN) response to infection, but such activity has not been described for EHV-1. Here, in an in vitro system utilizing an established equine endothelial cell line, we studied the temporal effect on IFN-β responses following infection with the neuropathogenic T953 strain of EHV-1. Results show that after an early induction of IFN-β, the virus actively shut down further production of IFN-β and this was correlated with expression of the viral late genes. Expression of the IFN response factor viperin, a marker of host cell type-I IFN responses, was also suppressed by T953 virus infection. EHV-1-mediated suppression of host type-I IFN responses may play an important role in EHV-1 pathogenesis and the mechanism of this, presumably involving a viral late gene product, warrants investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Sarkar
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA.
| | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
| | - David W Horohov
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
| | - Thomas M Chambers
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
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9
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Kanitz FA, Cargnelutti JF, Anziliero D, Gonçalves KV, Masuda EK, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Respiratory and neurological disease in rabbits experimentally infected with equid herpesvirus 1. Microb Pathog 2015; 87:45-50. [PMID: 26187161 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is an important pathogen of horses worldwide, associated with respiratory, reproductive and/or neurological disease. A mouse model for EHV-1 infection has been established but fails to reproduce some important aspects of the viral pathogenesis. Then, we investigated the susceptibility of rabbits to EHV-1 aiming at proposing this species as an alternative model for EHV-1 infection. Weanling rabbits inoculated intranasal with EHV-1 Kentucky D (10(7) TCID50/animal) shed virus in nasal secretions up to day 8-10 post-inoculation (pi), presented viremia up to day 14 pi and seroconverted to EHV-1 (virus neutralizing titers 4 to 64). Most rabbits (75%) developed respiratory disease, characterized by serous to hemorrhagic nasal discharge and mild to severe dyspnea. Some animals (20%) presented neurological signs as circling, bruxism and opisthotonus. Six animals died during acute disease (days 3-6); infectious virus and/or viral DNA were detected in the lungs, trigeminal ganglia (TG), olfactory bulbs (OBs) and cerebral cortex/brain (CC). Histological examination showed necrohemorrhagic, multifocal to coalescent bronchointerstitial pneumonia and diffuse alveolar edema. In two rabbits euthanized at day 50 pi, latent EHV-1 DNA was detected in the OBs. Dexamethasone administration at day 50 pi resulted in virus reactivation, demonstrated by virus shedding, viremia, clinical signs, and increase in VN titers and/or by detection of virus DNA in lungs, OBs, TGs and/or CC. These results demonstrate that rabbits are susceptible to EHV-1 infection and develop respiratory and neurological signs upon experimental inoculation. Thus, rabbits may be used to study selected aspects of EHV-1 biology and pathogenesis, extending and complementing the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio A Kanitz
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 20, sala 4200, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil; 9(a) Supervisão Regional da Secretaria da Agricultura e Pecuária do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Mário Santo Dani, 100, Osório, RS, CEP 95520-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Cargnelutti
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 20, sala 4200, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Deniz Anziliero
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 20, sala 4200, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil; Escola de Medicina, Faculdade Meridional - IMED, Senador Pinheiro, 304, Passo Fundo, RS, CEP 99070-220, Brazil
| | - Kelley V Gonçalves
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 20, sala 4200, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo K Masuda
- Axys Análises Laboratório Veterinário e Consultoria Diagnóstica, Rua Pedro Chaves Barcelos, 475, Bairro Montserrat, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90450-010, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 20, sala 4200, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 20, sala 4200, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
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10
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Comparative analysis of glycoprotein B (gB) of equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) in cellular tropism and cell-to-cell transmission. Viruses 2015; 7:522-42. [PMID: 25654240 PMCID: PMC4353902 DOI: 10.3390/v7020522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein B (gB) plays an important role in alphaherpesvirus cellular entry and acts in concert with gD and the gH/gL complex. To evaluate whether functional differences exist between gB1 and gB4, the corresponding genes were exchanged between the two viruses. The gB4-containing-EHV-1 (EHV-1_gB4) recombinant virus was analyzed for growth in culture, cell tropism, and cell entry rivaling no significant differences when compared to parental virus. We also disrupted a potential integrin-binding motif, which did not affect the function of gB in culture. In contrast, a significant reduction of plaque sizes and growth kinetics of gB1-containing-EHV-4 (EHV-4_gB1) was evident when compared to parental EHV-4 and revertant viruses. The reduction in virus growth may be attributable to the loss of functional interaction between gB and the other envelope proteins involved in virus entry, including gD and gH/gL. Alternatively, gB4 might have an additional function, required for EHV-4 replication, which is not fulfilled by gB1. In conclusion, our results show that the exchange of gB between EHV-1 and EHV-4 is possible, but results in a significant attenuation of virus growth in the case of EHV-4_gB1. The generation of stable recombinant viruses is a valuable tool to address viral entry in a comparative fashion and investigate this aspect of virus replication further.
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New real-time PCR assay using allelic discrimination for detection and differentiation of equine herpesvirus-1 strains with A2254 and G2254 polymorphisms. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1981-8. [PMID: 22493339 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00135-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A single-nucleotide polymorphism (A(2254) or G(2254)) in open reading frame 30 (ORF30) has been linked to the neuropathogenic phenotype of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1). Identification of this polymorphism led to the development of a real-time PCR (rPCR) assay using allelic discrimination (E(2)) to distinguish between potentially neuropathogenic and nonneuropathogenic EHV-1 strains (G. P. Allen, J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 19:69-72, 2007). Although this rPCR assay can detect and genotype EHV-1 strains, subsequent studies demonstrated that it lacks the sensitivity for the routine detection of viral nucleic acid in clinical specimens. Therefore, a new allelic discrimination EHV-1 rPCR assay (E(1)) was developed by redesigning primers and probes specific to ORF30. The E(1) and E(2) rPCR assays were evaluated using 76 archived EHV isolates and 433 clinical specimens from cases of suspected EHV-1 infection. Nucleotide sequence analysis of ORF30 was used to confirm the presence of EHV-1 and characterize the genotype (A(2254) or G(2254)) in all archived isolates plus 168 of the clinical samples. The E(1) assay was 10 times more sensitive than E(2), with a lower detection limit of 10 infectious virus particles. Furthermore, all A(2254) and G(2254) genotypes along with samples from three cases of dual infection (A(2254)+G(2254)) were correctly identified by E(1), whereas E(2) produced 20 false dual positive results with only one actual mixed A(2254)+G(2254) genotype confirmed. Based on these findings, E(1) offers greater sensitivity and accuracy for the detection and A/G(2254) genotyping of EHV-1, making this improved rPCR assay a valuable diagnostic tool for investigating outbreaks of EHV-1 infection.
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Burgess BA, Tokateloff N, Manning S, Lohmann K, Lunn DP, Hussey SB, Morley PS. Nasal shedding of equine herpesvirus-1 from horses in an outbreak of equine herpes myeloencephalopathy in Western Canada. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:384-92. [PMID: 22332764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little information on the duration of nasal shedding of EHV-1 from horses with naturally occurring equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). OBJECTIVES To evaluate the duration of nasal shedding of EHV-1 in horses affected by EHM. ANIMALS One hundred and four horses naturally exposed to EHV-1, 20 of which had clinical signs of EHM. METHODS All horses on affected premises were monitored. Those horses developing EHM were sampled in a longitudinal outbreak investigation. Nasal swabs were collected daily from 16 of 20 horses affected by EHM. A qPCR was performed on 98 of 246 nasal swab samples to determine nasal shedding duration. Historical and clinical information was analyzed to evaluate potential risk factors for developing EHM and duration of shedding during this outbreak. RESULTS The last day shedding was detected in any horse was Disease Day 9. EHV-1 was detected in two-thirds of horses tested on Disease Days 0-3. The amount of EHV-1 DNA found in nasal swabs varied markedly and was not associated with disease severity or age. The odds of developing EHM were greater for febrile horses (OR = 20.3; 95% CI 3.4-390.3; P = .01) as well as for horses attending the riding clinic (OR = 4.1; 95% CI 0.84-21.65; P = .08). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Biosecurity measures should be implemented for a minimum of 14 days beyond the onset of clinical signs of EHM. Animal managers cannot rely on the severity of clinical signs to predict the duration of EHV-1 shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Burgess
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Pronost S, Legrand L, Pitel PH, Wegge B, Lissens J, Freymuth F, Richard E, Fortier G. Outbreak of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in France: a clinical and molecular investigation. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 59:256-63. [PMID: 21975071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1)-associated myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is a disease affecting the central nervous system of horses. Despite the constantly increasing interest about this syndrome, epidemiological data are limited especially when related to the description of large outbreaks. The aim of this article is to describe clinical, virological and molecular data obtained throughout a severe outbreak of EHM, with emphasis on laboratory diagnostic methods. The epidemic disease concerned a riding school in France where 7/66 horses aged 12-22 years developed signs of neurological disease in July 2009. Diagnosis of EHM was supported by EHV-1 detection using both real-time PCR and virus culture, and SNP-PCR test for viral strain characterization. EHM morbidity was 10.6% (7/66), mortality was 7.5% (5/66) and case fatality rate was 71.4% (5/7). Clinical presentation of the disease was characterized by the fact that fever was systematically present within 2 days before the severe neurological signs were noted. EHV-1 was detected by PCR in each available blood and nasal swab samples. Neuropathogenic strain only (G(2254) ) was isolated during the current outbreak; C(t) values, used as an indicative level of the viral load, ranged 26.0-37.0 among the six sampled horses. The amount of virus in biological samples was not systematically related to the intensity of the clinical signs being observed. In conclusion, this article described a severe outbreak of EHM while limited in time and restricted to one premise. Molecular data strongly suggested taking into account any low viral load as being a potential risk factor for neurological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pronost
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory, IFR 146 ICORE, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen Cedex, France.
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Tsujimura K, Oyama T, Katayama Y, Muranaka M, Bannai H, Nemoto M, Yamanaka T, Kondo T, Kato M, Matsumura T. Prevalence of equine herpesvirus type 1 strains of neuropathogenic genotype in a major breeding area of Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1663-7. [PMID: 21828961 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A single non-synonymous nucleotide substitution of guanine (G) for adenine (A) at position 2254 in the viral DNA polymerase gene (encoded by open reading frame [ORF] 30) of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) has been significantly associated with neuropathogenic potential in strains of this virus. To estimate the prevalence of EHV-1 strains with the neuropathogenic genotype (ORF30 G(2254)) in the Hidaka district--a major horse breeding area in Japan--we analyzed the ORF30 genomic region in cases of EHV-1 infection in this area during the years 2001-2010. Of the 113 cases analyzed, 3 (2.7%) were induced by ORF30 G(2254) strains. This prevalence is lower than those observed in the U.S.A. (10.8-19.4%), Argentina (7.4%), France (24%), and Germany (10.6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tsujimura
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329–0412, Japan.
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15
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Fritsche AK, Borchers K. Detection of neuropathogenic strains of Equid Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) associated with abortions in Germany. Vet Microbiol 2010; 147:176-80. [PMID: 20619972 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A single nucleotide polymorphism within EHV-1 gene ORF 30, which encodes for the viral DNA polymerase, allows the differentiation of the neuropathogenic (G2254) from non-neuropathogenic genotype (A2254). The aim of our study was to investigate the distribution of the neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic genotype of EHV-1 isolates associated with abortions in Germany. To determine the nucleotide sequence at the polymorphic site the amplification product of ORF 30 gene specific nested PCR was digested with restriction enzyme SalI and sequenced. Thirty-two EHV-1 isolates from six abortion outbreaks and 34 archived isolates from individual cases were obtained between 1987 and 2009 from stud farms in different regions of Germany. 89.4% (59/66) of the EHV-1 abortion isolates was of non-neuropathogenic genotype (N752/A2254) and 10.6% (7/66) contained the neuropathogenic marker (D752/G2254). Two out of seven EHV-1 abortion isolates with the mutation (G2254) came from the same outbreak and were derived from mares with neurological signs. Interestingly, the semen of a stallion from the same stud was tested positive for the neuropathogenic genotype (G2254) too. The other five EHV-1 strains came from individual abortion cases with no neurological signs. In addition to the A2254 to G2254 substitution, two EHV-1 reference strains (Ab4 and RacH) and one field isolate from an individual abortion case showed an exchange of adenine to cytosine at position 2258. In sum, we confirmed coherence between the occurrence of abortions and the non-neuropathogenic EHV-1 (A2254), but 10.6% of the abortion strains carried the mutation (G2254). The relevance of this finding as well as the role of the additional mutation and of stallions as carriers should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-K Fritsche
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Pathogenic potential of equine alphaherpesviruses: The importance of the mononuclear cell compartment in disease outcome. Vet Microbiol 2010; 143:21-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Kasem S, Yu MHH, Yamada S, Kodaira A, Matsumura T, Tsujimura K, Madbouly H, Yamaguchi T, Ohya K, Fukushi H. The ORF37 (UL24) is a neuropathogenicity determinant of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) in the mouse encephalitis model. Virology 2010; 400:259-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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TSUJIMURA K, YAMADA M, NAGATA SI, YAMANAKA T, NEMOTO M, KONDO T, KUROSAWA M, MATSUMURA T. Pharmacokinetics of Penciclovir after Oral Administration of its Prodrug Famciclovir to Horses. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:357-61. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koji TSUJIMURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | | | | | - Takashi YAMANAKA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Manabu NEMOTO
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Takashi KONDO
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | | | - Tomio MATSUMURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
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19
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Yu MHH, Kasem SGA, Tsujimura K, Matsumura T, Yanai T, Yamaguchi T, Ohya K, Fukushi H. Diverse pathogenicity of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) isolates in CBA mouse model. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 72:301-6. [PMID: 19959887 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) isolates of Japan were evaluated by using the CBA mouse model. CBA mice were inoculated with eight Japanese EHV-1 strains (89c1, 90c16, 90c18, 97c11, 98c12, 00c19, 01c1 and HH-1) and one British strain (Ab4p). 89c1 caused slight body weight loss and nervous signs in mice at 8 days post infection (dpi). Severe weight loss and nervous signs were observed in mice inoculated with Ab4p at 6 dpi. The other strains did not cause apparent clinical signs. Infectious viruses were recovered from the lungs of all groups at 2 dpi. Histopathological analysis revealed interstitial pneumonia in the lungs of all mice inoculated with EHV-1. Encephalitis or meningoencephalitis was observed in the brains of mice inoculated with 89c1, 90c18, 97c11, 98c12, 01c1 and Ab4p. Japanese EHV-1 strains showed low pathogenicity in CBA mice, whereas the sequential affects of infection are similar to those of the highly pathogenic strain Ab4p. These results suggest that field isolates of EHV-1 have varying degrees of pathogenicity in CBA mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Htay Htay Yu
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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20
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Equine gammaherpesviruses: pathogenesis, epidemiology and diagnosis. Vet J 2009; 186:148-56. [PMID: 19766026 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Equine gammaherpesviruses (γEHV) have been widely studied over the past 45 years and many isolates have been characterised. Despite this, the diagnosis of γEHV infection remains difficult to establish as its clinical manifestations lack specificity, ranging from mild respiratory signs in a small number of animals to outbreaks in large groups of young horses. This review focuses on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and diagnosis of equine herpesvirus (EHV)-2 and -5 infections, as well as on the genetic variation of these viruses. Study of these variations has resulted in hypotheses relating to viral re-infection and re-activation. Interestingly, the viruses were found to contain genetic sequences identical to those of eukaryotic cells which are considered central to the development of viral latency through interfering with host immune and inflammatory responses. Future molecular biological studies will further elucidate the virulence mechanisms of these equine pathogens.
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Nugent J, Paillot R. Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy: unravelling the enigma. Vet J 2009; 180:271-2. [PMID: 19141371 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 12/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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GOSZTONYI GEORG, BORCHERS KERSTIN, LUDWIG HANNS. Pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus-1 infection in the mouse model. APMIS 2009; 117:10-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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TSUJIMURA K, SHIOSE T, YAMANAKA T, NEMOTO M, KONDO T, MATSUMURA T. Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Mutant Defective in Glycoprotein E Gene as Candidate Vaccine Strain. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:1439-48. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.001439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koji TSUJIMURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Tomoki SHIOSE
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
- Racehorse Clinic, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association
| | - Takashi YAMANAKA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Manabu NEMOTO
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Takashi KONDO
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Tomio MATSUMURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
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Vengust M, Wen X, Bienzle D. Herpesvirus-associated neurological disease in a donkey. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:820-3. [PMID: 18987238 DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-year-old donkey was evaluated for progressive neurological abnormalities consisting of depression, stupor, weakness, and recumbency. Diagnostic evaluation for viral involvement identified an asinine herpesvirus in DNA extracted from deep pharyngeal swabs. Specific primers were designed based on comparison with equine herpesviral DNA polymerase sequences and yielded an 875-base pair product from the donkey. This sequence had complete identity with short sequences of asinine herpesvirus previously identified in donkeys with interstitial pneumonia. Amino acid analysis of the entire sequence indicated high similarity with Equid herpesvirus 7 (91%), Zebra herpesvirus 1 (90%), and Equid herpesvirus 2 (89%). With supportive treatment and physical therapy, the donkey gradually recovered over 5 days of hospitalization and returned to normal function. The current case illustrates the potential of a novel asinine herpesvirus to induce neurological disease in donkeys and provides a large viral sequence allowing confident assignment of this virus to the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modest Vengust
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Marcaccini A, López Peña M, Quiroga MI, Bermúdez R, Nieto JM, Alemañ N. Pseudorabies virus infection in mink: a host-specific pathogenesis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 124:264-73. [PMID: 18490062 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes a neurological disease in many wild and domestic animals. The neuropathology elicited by PRV is quite consistent regardless of the host with the only exception of mink, in which it is characterized by a vasculopathy rather than by an encephalitis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the underlying pathogenic mechanism(s) of PRV infection in mink by using immunohistochemistry and laser capture microdissection (LCM) on material from naturally and experimentally infected animals. The inflammatory reaction induced by PRV was minimal or absent not only in the nervous system, where we identified a low number of macrophages and a few T lymphocytes, but also in the primary replication site, the oropharyngeal mucosa; however, the number of PRV-infected cells detected by immunohistochemistry was extremely high both in the peripheral mucosa and in the nervous tissue. On the other hand, the vascular pathology included parenchymal hemorrhages of various degrees and, in specific cortical areas of the brain, fibrinoid degeneration of the capillary walls. Detection of viral antigens by immunohistochemistry revealed infection of endothelial cells of capillaries situated both in the oropharyngeal mucosa and in the brain stem; the presence of PRV DNA in vessels was further demonstrated by PCR performed on LCM samples of brain capillaries. These results can be interpreted as supporting the idea that the different pathology of the disease in mink may be the consequence of an increased endotheliotropism of PRV in this species. Infection of the vessel wall may then lead to vascular pathology and impairment in endothelial cell function, resulting in a weak immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Marcaccini
- Cátedra de Histología II y Embriología Especial, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Casilda, Argentina
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YAMADA S, MATSUMURA T, TSUJIMURA K, YAMAGUCHI T, OHYA K, FUKUSHI H. Comparison of the Growth Kinetics of Neuropathogenic and Nonneuropathogenic Equid Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) Strains in Cultured Murine Neuronal Cells and the Relevance of the D/N752 Coding Change in DNA Polymerase Gene (ORF30). J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:505-11. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Souichi YAMADA
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Tomio MATSUMURA
- Molecular Biology Division, Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Koji TSUJIMURA
- Molecular Biology Division, Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Tsuyoshi YAMAGUCHI
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Kenji OHYA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Hideto FUKUSHI
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University
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