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Marsella R, White S, Fadok VA, Wilson D, Mueller R, Outerbridge C, Rosenkrantz W. Equine allergic skin diseases: Clinical consensus guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:175-208. [PMID: 37154488 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic skin diseases are common in horses worldwide. The most common causes are insect bites and environmental allergens. OBJECTIVES To review the current literature and provide consensus on pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors reviewed the literature up to November 2022. Results were presented at North America Veterinary Dermatology Forum (2021) and European Veterinary Dermatology Congress (2021). The report was available to member organisations of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology for feedback. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is the best characterised allergic skin disease. An immunoglobulin (Ig)E response against Culicoides salivary antigens is widely documented. Genetics and environmental factors play important roles. Tests with high sensitivity and specificity are lacking, and diagnosis of IBH is based on clinical signs, seasonality and response to insect control. Eosinophils, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-31 are explored as therapeutic targets. Presently, the most effective treatment is insect avoidance. Existing evidence does not support allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) using commercially available extracts of Culicoides. Hypersensitivity to environmental allergens (atopic dermatitis) is the next most common allergy. A role for IgE is supported by serological investigation, skin test studies and positive response to ASIT. Prospective, controlled, randomised studies are limited, and treatment relies largely on glucocorticoids, antihistamines and ASIT based on retrospective studies. Foods are known triggers for urticaria, yet their role in pruritic dermatitis is unknown. Recurrent urticaria is common in horses, yet our understanding is limited and focussed on IgE and T-helper 2 cell response. Prospective, controlled studies on treatments for urticaria are lacking. Glucocorticoids and antihistamines are primary reported treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marsella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - S White
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - V A Fadok
- Zoetis, US PET CARE, Bellaire, Texas, USA
| | - D Wilson
- School of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - R Mueller
- Medizinische Keleintierklinik, Zentrum für klinische Tiermedizin, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - C Outerbridge
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Holl HM, Armstrong C, Galantino-Homer H, Brooks SA. Transcriptome diversity and differential expression in supporting limb laminitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 243:110353. [PMID: 34839133 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Laminitis results in impaired tissue integrity and Inflammation of the epidermal and dermal lamellae connecting the hoof capsule to the underlying distal phalanx and causes loss-of-use, poor quality of life and euthanasia in horses. Historically, studies to better understand the etiology of laminitis by documenting changes in gene expression were hampered by the paucity of gene annotation specific to hoof tissues. Next-generation sequencing enables improvements to annotation by incorporating equine- and hoof-specific transcripts. Here we characterize the hoof lamellar tissue transcriptome of naturally occurring supporting limb laminitis (SLL) using archived lamellar tissue from Thoroughbred racehorses consisting of 13 SLL hospital cases and seven age-matched control horses. This was achieved using: 1) Applied transcriptome annotation by long-read sequencing to document transcript diversity and 2) short-read RNA sequencing to document changes in gene expression correlating to the developmental and acute stages of naturally occurring SLL. 1.99Gbp of long-read transcriptome sequencing deeply documented 5067 unique loci, while short read RNA-seq under very stringent quality filters described 66 differentially expressed loci. Functional analysis of these loci revealed alterations in cell replication and growth, stress response and leukocyte recruitment and activation pathways. Differential expression of the Ezrin and TIMP3 genes suggests they may have utility as biomarkers for laminitis disease, while NR1D1 and genes relevant to the inflammasome are promising targets for novel pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Holl
- Department of Animal Sciences, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Caitlin Armstrong
- Department of Clinical Studies/New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States
| | - Hannah Galantino-Homer
- Department of Clinical Studies/New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States
| | - Samantha A Brooks
- Department of Animal Sciences, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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Duggan M, Mair T, Fews D. Equine limb cellulitis/lymphangitis resulting in distal limb ischaemia and avulsion of the hoof capsule. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Duggan
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic Maidstone UK
- University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - T. Mair
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic Maidstone UK
| | - D. Fews
- Finn Pathologists Harleston UK
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Mainguy-Seers S, Lavoie JP. Glucocorticoid treatment in horses with asthma: A narrative review. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2045-2057. [PMID: 34085342 PMCID: PMC8295667 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial research efforts to improve the treatment and outcome of horses with asthma, glucocorticoids (GC) remain the cornerstone of drug treatment of this prevalent disease. The high efficacy of GC to relieve airway obstruction explains their extensive use despite potential deleterious effects. However, much is yet to be uncovered concerning GC use in horses with asthma, including the comparative efficacy of the different drugs, the determination of minimal effective doses and the mechanisms underlying their variable modulation of airway inflammation. The objectives of this structured review were to report and compare the plethora of effects of the various GC used in asthmatic horses with a focus on impact on lung function, airway inflammation, and bronchial remodeling. Adverse effects are also briefly described, with an emphasis on those that have been specifically reported in horses with asthma. Ultimately, we aimed to highlight gaps in the literature and to identify future research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mainguy-Seers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Haseler CJ, Jarvis GE, McGovern KF. Intrasynovial triamcinolone treatment is not associated with incidence of acute laminitis. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:895-901. [PMID: 33174264 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrasynovial corticosteroid injections are commonly used in the treatment of equine orthopaedic disease, but corticosteroid administration is widely considered a risk factor for the development of laminitis. Despite a list of putative mechanisms and a number of case reports of steroid-induced laminitis, no case-control or cohort studies investigating the association between use of intrasynovial corticosteroids and acute laminitis have been published. OBJECTIVES To quantify the risk of laminitis posed by intrasynovial triamcinolone acetonide (TA) administration in a mixed population of horses. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective observational cohort study. METHODS Clinical records of horses registered with one large UK equine practice were reviewed retrospectively to identify all horses receiving intrasynovial TA treatment between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2017. A total of 1510 horses were selected and records investigated for incidence of laminitis over a 4-month period following treatment. For each TA-treated horse, an untreated horse, individually matched by age, sex, date of treatment and client type, was selected from the clinical records. Untreated horses were then investigated for laminitis over the same 4-month period. Data were analysed in a 2 × 2 contingency table using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS A total of 489 horses were lost to follow-up and 55 horses were excluded, leaving 966 treated and matched, untreated horses. The incidence of laminitis over the 4-month study period in both groups was identical: 3/966 horses (0.31%) (95% C.I. [0.08%, 0.91%]), equivalent to 0.93 cases per 100 horses per year (P > .9). MAIN LIMITATIONS Retrospective study; large proportion (489/1510) of horses lost to follow-up; large proportion of study population were racehorses; selection method resulted in disproportionate selection of horses born before 2013; similar incidence between groups may reflect existing risk-based selection by clinicians. CONCLUSIONS intrasynovial triamcinolone acetonide administration does not increase the risk of laminitis in this study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum J Haseler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Westover Veterinary Centre, Hainford, UK
| | - Gavin E Jarvis
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Potter K, Stevens K, Menzies-Gow N. Prevalence of and risk factors for acute laminitis in horses treated with corticosteroids. Vet Rec 2019; 185:82. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.105378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katya Potter
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; Royal Veterinary College; North Mymms Hertfordshire UK
| | - Kim Stevens
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; North Mymms Hertfordshire UK
| | - Nicola Menzies-Gow
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; Royal Veterinary College; North Mymms Hertfordshire UK
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Loeffler A, Herrick D, Allen S, Littlewood JD. Long-term management of horses with atopic dermatitis in southeastern England: a retrospective questionnaire study of owners' perceptions. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:526-e176. [PMID: 30175879 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic pruritus and urticaria in the horse are challenging for veterinarians and owners; little is known about their long-term management. OBJECTIVES To summarize intradermal allergen test results (IDT), and to assess owners' perceptions of skin disease and the effects of medical treatment and management changes in their atopic horses over time. ANIMALS Eighty two horses with atopic dermatitis in southeastern England between 2006 and 2011. METHODS AND MATERIALS The IDT results were reviewed retrospectively. Owners completed telephone questionnaires on skin changes, medication, effect of allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) and management. RESULTS Sixty one owners (74.4%) could be contacted, an average of 5.9 years (range 28-88 months) after IDT; of those, three could not be enrolled. Of the 58 remaining horses, eleven (19%) were deceased at the time of owner interview, including four (6.9%) euthanized due to uncontrollable skin disease. The remaining 47 owners reported that the signs of skin disease had not been seen for at least two years in 18 horses (38.3%), including two that only flared with known triggers. Twenty nine horses (61.7%) still required medication to control skin disease although 25 (53.2%) required less since testing. Owners reported benefit from ASIT in nine of 14 horses (64.3%) from glucocorticoids in 33 of 35 (94.3%) and from antihistamines in 17 of 28 (60.7%). Specific management changes were implemented for 22 horses and reported as beneficial in nine of 22 (40.9%). CONCLUSIONS Equine atopic dermatitis may not always be chronic, but severe cases appear difficult to control. IDT may help to formulate ASIT and can help to guide management changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Loeffler
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Desiree Herrick
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Serena Allen
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
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Welsh CE, Duz M, Parkin TDH, Marshall JF. Disease and pharmacologic risk factors for first and subsequent episodes of equine laminitis: A cohort study of free-text electronic medical records. Prev Vet Med 2016; 136:11-18. [PMID: 28010903 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Electronic medical records from first opinion equine veterinary practice may represent a unique resource for epidemiologic research. The appropriateness of this resource for risk factor analyses was explored as part of an investigation into clinical and pharmacologic risk factors for laminitis. Amalgamated medical records from seven UK practices were subjected to text mining to identify laminitis episodes, systemic or intra-synovial corticosteroid prescription, diseases known to affect laminitis risk and clinical signs or syndromes likely to lead to corticosteroid use. Cox proportional hazard models and Prentice, Williams, Peterson models for repeated events were used to estimate associations with time to first, or subsequent laminitis episodes, respectively. Over seventy percent of horses that were diagnosed with laminitis suffered at least one recurrence. Risk factors for first and subsequent laminitis episodes were found to vary. Corticosteroid use (prednisolone only) was only significantly associated with subsequent, and not initial laminitis episodes. Electronic medical record use for such analyses is plausible and offers important advantages over more traditional data sources. It does, however, pose challenges and limitations that must be taken into account, and requires a conceptual change to disease diagnosis which should be considered carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Welsh
- Equine Clinical Sciences Division, Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK.
| | - Marco Duz
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Timothy D H Parkin
- Equine Clinical Sciences Division, Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - John F Marshall
- Equine Clinical Sciences Division, Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
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Daglish J, Mama KR. Pain: Its Diagnosis and Management in the Rehabilitation of Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2016; 32:13-29. [PMID: 27012506 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides a brief overview of pain physiology and its relevance to equine patients. Objective and subjective techniques for assessing pain in the horse are described in depth. Pharmacologic and interventional pain modulation treatments are discussed with a focus on the rehabilitating horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Daglish
- Equine Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Khursheed R Mama
- Veterinary, Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Cuming RS, Groover ES, Wooldridge AA, Caldwell FJ. Review of glucocorticoid therapy in horses. Part 1: Pharmacology. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Cuming
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Alabama USA
| | - E. S. Groover
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Alabama USA
| | - A. A. Wooldridge
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Alabama USA
| | - F. J. Caldwell
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Alabama USA
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Jordan VJ, Ireland JL, Rendle DI. Does oral prednisolone treatment increase the incidence of acute laminitis? Equine Vet J 2016; 49:19-25. [PMID: 26713748 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY It is accepted among equine practitioners that glucocorticoid treatment is a risk factor for the development of laminitis. However, there is little published evidence of a link between glucocorticoids and laminitis. OBJECTIVES To determine whether horses receiving oral prednisolone are at increased risk of laminitis. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. METHODS Clinical records of horses registered with the ambulatory service at Liphook Equine Hospital between January 2001 and November 2014 were reviewed retrospectively to identify horses that had received treatment with oral prednisolone. For each treated horse, 2 time-matched controls that received veterinary attention but were not treated with prednisolone were selected. Incidence of laminitis was compared between the 2 groups and factors associated with laminitis were assessed using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS Of the 416 horses treated with prednisolone, 16 (3.8%) were diagnosed with laminitis subsequent to the initiation of prednisolone treatment with an overall incidence of 2.60 (95% CI 1.49-4.22) cases per 100 horse-years at risk. A total of 7 horses (1.7%) developed laminitis during the course of their treatment and 3 (0.7%) of the horses treated with prednisolone were ultimately subjected to euthanasia as a result of laminitis. A total of 46 (5.7%), of the 814 time-matched control horses were diagnosed with laminitis during the study period with an overall incidence of 3.46 (95% CI 2.54-4.62) cases per 100 horse-years at risk. Of these, 12 (1.5%) were subjected to euthanasia as a result of laminitis. There were no significant differences in the overall laminitis incidence rate (P = 0.8), incidence rate during prednisolone treatment (P = 0.09), or probability of laminitis (P = 0.3) between the 2 groups. Mean survival time was greater in the prednisolone than the control group. Equine metabolic syndrome and increasing age were associated with increased risk of laminitis. CONCLUSIONS Administration of oral prednisolone did not increase the risk of laminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Jordan
- Liphook Equine Hospital, Liphook, Hampshire, UK
| | - J L Ireland
- The Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - D I Rendle
- Rainbow Equine Hospital, Rainbow Farm, Old Malton, North Yorkshire, UK
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Köller G, Bassewitz K, Schusser GF. [Reference ranges of insulin, insulin like growth factor-1 and adrenocorticotropic hormone in ponies]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2016; 44:19-25. [PMID: 26758970 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-150428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to validate a chemiluminescence immunometric assay using the IMMULITE 2000® for the determination of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) from which reference ranges were calculated for ponies. MATERIAL AND METHODS Blood samples of 130 ponies aged 3-32 years were collected in the afternoon. The reference ranges were calculated according to the Guideline EP28-A3C of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) from 2010. RESULTS The determined intraday precision for insulin was 3.28%, for ACTH 3.35% and for IGF-1 1.84%. The interday precision (insulin: 3.45%; IGF-1: 2.89%; ACTH: 9.77%) was determined on three consecutive days, where the samples were stored at 4 °C. There was no significant loss of insulin activity nor of ACTH or IGF-1 concentration during this time. The reference ranges of insulin and IGF-1 (2.0-21.2 mU/l and 50.2-357.2 mU/l, respectively) were age independent, whereas for ACTH, an age-dependent reference range was established. Ponies aged 3-12 years had a significantly lower reference range (4.2-19.8 pg/ml) than ponies aged 13-32 years (5.0-22.6 pg/ml). CONCLUSION The method used is suitable for the determination of ACTH, IGF-1 and insulin in serum of ponies, but the lowest detection limit for insulin is 2.0 mU/l. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The calculated reference ranges of insulin and ACTH are helpful for the diagnosis and clinical monitoring of equine metabolic syndrome and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G F Schusser
- Gerald F. Schusser, Medizinische Tierklinik, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, E-Mail:
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Abstract
The current understanding of pathology as it relates to common diseases of the equine musculoskeletal system is reviewed. Conditions are organized under the fundamental categories of developmental, exercise-induced, infectious, and miscellaneous pathology. The overview of developmental pathology incorporates the new classification system of juvenile osteochondral conditions. Discussion of exercise-induced pathology emphasizes increased understanding of the contribution of cumulative microdamage caused by repetitive cyclic loading. Miscellaneous musculoskeletal pathology focuses on laminitis, which current knowledge indicates should be regarded as a clinical syndrome with a variety of possible distinct mechanisms of structural failure that are outlined in this overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances J Peat
- Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Christopher E Kawcak
- Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Keen JA, McGorum BC, Hillier C, Nally JE. Short-term incubation of equine laminar veins with cortisol and insulin alters contractility in vitro: possible implications for the pathogenesis of equine laminitis. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:382-8. [PMID: 22943152 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of cortisol and insulin, hormones that affect both glycaemic status and vascular function, on the in vitro contractility of isolated healthy equine small laminar veins. Small veins (150-500 μm) draining the digital laminae from healthy horses or ponies were investigated by wire myography. Concentration response curves were constructed for noradrenaline (NA), phenylephrine (PE), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the presence of either cortisol (10(-6 ) m) or insulin (1000 μIU/mL). Cortisol significantly increased the maximum contractility of laminar veins to the vasoconstrictors NA and 5-HT but decreased the maximal contraction to ET-1. Insulin decreased the contractility of vessels to PE and ET-1. It is possible that short-term cortisol excess could enhance venoconstrictor responses to 5-HT and NA in laminar veins in vivo, thereby predisposing to laminitis. Additionally, a reduction in the ability of insulin to counteract alpha-adrenoreceptor and ET-1-mediated contraction, likely to occur in subjects with insulin resistance, may further exacerbate venoconstriction in animals prone to laminitis. These mechanisms may also predispose horses with disorders such as equine Cushing's disease and equine metabolic syndrome to laminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Keen
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Science, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.
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Blake KR, Affolter VK, Lowenstine LJ, Vilches-Moure JG, le Jeune SS. Myenteric ganglionitis as a cause of recurrent colic in an adult horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240:1494-500. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.240.12.1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Brooks AC, Rickards KJ, Cunningham FM. Modulation of equine neutrophil adherence and migration by the annexin-1 derived N-terminal peptide, Ac2-26. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 145:214-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Observations of Insulin Responses to Five Glucocorticoids Commonly Used in Equine Medicine. J Equine Vet Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Pain is a multidimensional sensory phenomenon that has evolved as a protective method for maintaining homeostasis and facilitating tissue repair. Both excitatory and inhibitory physiologic and pathologic mechanisms are involved in its generation and maintenance. Untreated pain and nervous system changes (plasticity) that occur during chronic pain make pain much more difficult or impossible to effectively treat. Therapies directed toward the treatment of pain should be mechanism based and preventative whenever possible. Prospective, randomized clinical trials conducted in horses that suffer from naturally occurring pain will help to determine the current best approaches to effective pain therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Muir
- Equine Anesthesia and Analgesia Consulting Services, 338 West 7th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43201, USA.
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20
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Divers TJ. Clinical Application of Current Research Findings Toward the Prevention and Treatment of Acute Laminitis in Horses With Systemic Inflammatory Diseases: An Internist’s Perspective. J Equine Vet Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2010.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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The Pharmacologic Basis for the Treatment of Endocrinopathic Laminitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2010; 26:303-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
Acute laminitis is a serious complication of many primary conditions in the horse. This article summarizes the most appropriate approach to management of the horse with acute laminitis, based on current information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W van Eps
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Slip Road, Saint Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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McILWRAITH CW. The use of intra-articular corticosteroids in the horse: What is known on a scientific basis? Equine Vet J 2010; 42:563-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Heymering HW. 80 Causes, Predispositions, and Pathways of Laminitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2010; 26:13-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Correspondence. Equine Vet J 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2007.tb01038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Insulin resistance is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of many equine conditions such as pars intermedia dysfunction, equine metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipaemia, laminitis, endotoxaemia and osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD); whereas polysaccharide storage myopathy in Quarter Horses and equine motor neuron disease (EMD) have been associated with increased insulin sensitivity. However, it is clear that there is not one ideal test, in terms of both practicality and accuracy, for evaluating insulin sensitivity in horses and improved diagnostic techniques are required. This review sets out the background to the subject and identifies current knowledge regarding the measurement of insulin sensitivity by tolerance testing and clamping techniques. Factors affecting insulin sensitivity, such as breed, pregnancy, lactation, obesity and nutritional factors are discussed. In addition, the relationship with training, nutritional supplementation and drug administration are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Firshman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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Cunningham FM, Dunkel B. Equine recurrent airway obstruction and insect bite hypersensitivity: understanding the diseases and uncovering possible new therapeutic approaches. Vet J 2007; 177:334-44. [PMID: 18023376 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) are allergic conditions that are commonly encountered in the horse. Whilst complete allergen avoidance is an effective management strategy for both diseases, this may not be achievable in all cases and treatment options are therefore required. The inflammatory response is the main therapeutic target for glucocorticoids given to horses with RAO and severe cases of IBH, whilst the bronchodilators used in RAO primarily target airway smooth muscle. Such drugs are effective in most but not all individuals and there may be unwanted adverse effects. This article will review how knowledge of drug action and the pathogenesis of RAO and IBH can be utilised to identify potential targets for novel therapeutic agents that, in the longer term, may be safer and/or more effective in managing the allergic horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Cunningham
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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Asplin KE, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC, McGowan CM. Induction of laminitis by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in clinically normal ponies. Vet J 2007; 174:530-5. [PMID: 17719811 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of prolonged administration of insulin, whilst maintaining normal glucose concentrations, on hoof lamellar integrity in vivo on healthy ponies with no known history of laminitis or insulin resistance. Nine clinically healthy, unrelated ponies were randomly allocated to either a treatment group (n =5; 5.9+/-1.7 years) or control group (n =4; 7.0+/-2.8 years). The treatment group received insulin via a euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique modified and prolonged for up to 72 h. Control ponies were infused with an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline. Ponies were euthanized at the Obel grade 2 stage of clinical laminitis and hoof lamellar tissues were harvested and examined for histopathological evidence of laminitis. Basal serum insulin and blood glucose concentrations were 15.7+/-1.8 microU/mL and 5.2+/-0.1 mmol/L, respectively (mean+/-SE) and were not significantly different between groups. Mean serum insulin concentration in treatment ponies was 1036+/-55 microU/mL vs. 14.6 microU/mL in controls. All ponies in the treatment group developed clinical and histological laminitis (Obel grade 2) in all four feet within 72 h (55.4+/-5.5h), whereas none of the control ponies developed laminitis. There was no clinical evidence of gastrointestinal involvement and the ponies showed no signs of systemic illness throughout the experiment. The data show that laminitis can be induced in healthy young ponies, with no prior history of laminitis, by maintaining prolonged hyperinsulinaemia with euglycaemia. This suggests a role for insulin in the pathogenesis of laminitis, independent of hyperglycaemia, or alterations in hind-gut fermentation. For the clinician, early detection and control of hyperinsulinaemia may facilitate management of endocrinopathic laminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Asplin
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Bathe
- Rossdale and Partners, Rossdales Equine Hospital, Exning, Newmarket, Suffolk
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