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Schneider J, Reardon RJM, Pearce CJ, du Toit N. Presentation and management of advanced occlusal caries affecting the maxillary cheek teeth of four horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Dickey JP, Carmalt JL, Reiswig JD. A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study on the Expiration of Maxillary Cheek Teeth Infundibula in 217 Horses. J Vet Dent 2023; 40:12-18. [PMID: 36184920 DOI: 10.1177/08987564221128116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The determination of a horse's age by its dentition is a technique that has been employed by horse owners and professionals since at least 600 BC. While aging teeth based on incisor wear patterns is common, wear patterns in the cheek teeth may also be useful. As horses continue to live longer, we routinely examine horses into their 20's and 30's, and it is becoming more common to observe aging changes in the cheek teeth. To our knowledge, this study is the first to use easily obtained clinical observation of the expiration of cheek teeth infundibula to age horses of advanced ages (16 to 35 years). The results of this study indicate that the attrition of infundibula is likely due to the combined effects of eruption time, length of the tooth or infundibulum, forces placed on the tooth or infundibulum, and the presence of enamel or cemental hypoplasia. With additional prospective studies, the use of cheek tooth infundibular expiration may become a useful tool to determine the age of horses in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James L Carmalt
- 70399Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Bishop IT. Diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in horses. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:971886. [PMID: 36277061 PMCID: PMC9581279 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.971886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this observational study, oral examinations and full-mouth dental radiographs were performed on 248 horses presented for routine oral health care. The findings were assessed to determine how often disease was diagnosed by radiographs without having related findings on oral examination. In 50 horses (20%), there were radiographic signs of disease that would not have been predicted based upon the oral examination. 113 horses (46%) had oral examination findings that would have prompted dental radiography, according to the criteria of the study. Of these 113 horses, 24 (21%) had radiographic signs of disease that would have been missed if only targeted radiographs had been taken, rather than a full-mouth survey.
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Pearce CJ, Brooks N. Long-Term Follow-Up of Restorations of Equine Cheek Teeth Infundibula (2006–2017). Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:793631. [PMID: 35127882 PMCID: PMC8809405 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.793631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Caries of the infundibula of equine cheek teeth can lead to significant dental disease including increased attritional wear, pulpar and apical disease, secondary sinusitis, and dental fracture. Restorations of cavities of equine cheek teeth infundibula have been performed since 1889. Recent advances in dental materials, instrumentation, and techniques have facilitated the use of dental restoration techniques by equine veterinary practitioners. No studies to date have demonstrated the safety or efficacy of restorations of equine cheek teeth infundibula. Objectives: To assess the long-term results of restorations of equine cheek teeth affected by infundibular caries, to report on the safety of the procedure, and to give guidelines for future restorative therapies. Study Design: Retrospective analysis of results of clinical and oroscopic examination of horses that underwent infundibular restoration procedures between 2006 and 2017. Methods: A total of 223 infundibula in 185 maxillary cheek teeth in 92 horses were restored using a variety of dental materials including glass ionomer cement, flowable and compactible resin composites. The time between restoration and re-examination was recorded along with findings of clinical signs in the interim, restorative material loss, and any further pathological changes of the teeth including caries progression, fracture, or apical disease. Follow-up examinations were performed over two study periods 2006–2012 and in 2017. Results: Over the full study period, 99% of treated horses available for follow-up examinations had no adverse clinical signs or developed any abnormalities of restored teeth observable on oroscopic examination. Of horses re-examined, 83% of restorations were shown to have minimal or no loss of the restoration material, with occlusal surface wear visibly comparable to other adjacent maxillary teeth. Statistical analysis showed success of the procedure was related to the restorative material used, the restoration technique, and the caries grade present at the time of restoration (grade 3 is more successful than grade 2). Main Limitations: There are no case controls in this study and therefore it is not clear if restoration of equine infundibula is a consistently beneficial procedure, or at which grade of caries progression restorations should be performed for optimum benefit. The procedures were not re-examined at consistent regular times creating some difficulties in standardizing results. Re-examinations of treated horses did not consistently include radiography or computed tomography and therefore some apical changes may have occurred in treated teeth without visual oroscopic or external clinical signs. Conclusion: Restoration of equine infundibula using materials developed for human dentistry including flowable resin composites is a safe and long-lasting procedure and appears to prevent the development of further pathological changes including apical infection and dental fracture.
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Proost K, Boone MN, Josipovic I, Pardon B, Chiers K, Vlaminck L. Clinical insights into the three-dimensional anatomy of cheek teeth in alpacas based on micro-computed tomography - Part 2: Maxillary cheek teeth. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:6. [PMID: 34980090 PMCID: PMC8722134 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03039-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scientific knowledge regarding alpaca dentistry is relatively limited despite its clinical implications. The present gap in available supportive data leads to limited treatment options for dental pathology in alpacas in comparison to other species. The main goal of this study was to gain novel insights into the general and pulp morphology of maxillary cheek teeth to allow development of more advanced treatment strategies in the future. Also, the risk of causing pulp exposure when floating maxillary cheek teeth was of particular interest. Concurent research focusing on the anatomy of mandibular cheek teeth has been performed accordingly. The results obtained in mandibular teeth are expected to be non-extrapolatable because of the structural differences between mandibular and maxillary teeth. RESULTS Pulp morphology of maxillary cheek teeth showed great variation. A common pulp chamber was identified in 46/83 (55.4%) teeth with a mean dental age of 2 years and 7 months (± 2 years and 5 months). Pulpal segmentation was more commonly observed in teeth of increasing age. Full columnar segmentation was seen in 33/69 teeth (47.8%), whereas within-column segmentation was observed in 36/83 teeth (43.4%). Age and degree of segmentation of the pulpal tissue varied greatly according to Triadan position. Physical contact between roots of adjacent teeth was found in the majority of examined molars (range 82-94%) which resulted in morphological adaptations at the level of the root tips. The measured sub-occlusal dentinal thickness was as low as 0.46 mm above pulp horn 2 in a 14 years and 11 months old Triadan 09, emphasizing the risk of pulp exposure attributed to dental floating. CONCLUSION This study offers an objective description of age-dependent maxillary cheek teeth pulp morphology in alpacas. Current findings are of great value to provide a basis for the development of tooth-saving techniques as a treatment for dental disease in this species. Observed physical contact between the roots of different examined molars may be a facilitating factor in the spread of apical infection in chronically diseased cases. Finally, a conservative approach regarding dental floating is recommended in order to avoid iatrogenic damage to pulp tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Proost
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Matthieu N Boone
- Department of Physics and Astronomy - Radiation Physics, Faculty of Science, RP-UGCT, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ivàn Josipovic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy - Radiation Physics, Faculty of Science, RP-UGCT, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven Vlaminck
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Proost K, Boone MN, Josipovic I, Pardon B, Chiers K, Vlaminck L. Clinical insights into the three-dimensional anatomy of cheek teeth in alpacas based on micro-computed tomography. Part 1: mandibular cheek teeth. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:334. [PMID: 34686206 PMCID: PMC8532286 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite dental disease being a common health concern in alpacas, important dental pathology including apical infection, remains poorly understood. Treatment options are limited compared to veterinary dentistry techniques in other species. The primary goal of this study was to increase understanding of the external and internal anatomy of mandibular cheek teeth to enable the development of tooth sparing techniques in this species. Also, an objective evaluation of the sub-occlusal dentinal thickness in normal mandibular cheek teeth is warranted to understand the risks associated with reduction of overgrown teeth. RESULTS Overall pulp anatomy was variably characterized by the presence of a common pulp chamber in younger teeth, and segmentation of pulp cavities into multiple separate pulp entities within the same tooth with increasing age. A common pulp chamber was identified in 55.3% (26/47) of teeth with a mean dental age of 1 year and 11 months (± 1 year and 8 months). Columnar segmentation was recorded in the remaining teeth with a mean dental age of 6 years and 5 months (± 3 years and 11 months). Age of segmentation of the common pulp chamber into multiple separate pulp entities shows wide variation and is dependent of the specific Triadan position. The present study illustrates the presence of disto-mesial root contacts between adjacent tooth roots, often leading to morphological adaptations, most frequently observed between Triadan 09-10s (80%) and 10-11s (67%). The measured sub-occlusal dentinal thickness was as low as 1.11 mm over some pulp horns. The sub-occlusal dentinal thickness was lower than 2, 3, and 4 mm in 13.1, 38.1 and 61.4% of performed measurements, respectively. CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on age-dependent mandibular cheek teeth anatomy in alpacas, which may support the use and development of advanced dental treatments in this species such as endodontics and tooth sectioning techniques. Apical morphological adaptations caused by disto-mesial root contact between adjacent mandibular cheek teeth are clearly illustrated. The limited amount of sub-occlusal secondary dentin warrants a cautious approach with regards to dental floating in alpacas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Proost
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Matthieu N Boone
- Department of Physics and Astronomy - Radiation Physics, Faculty of Science, RP-UGCT, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ivàn Josipovic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy - Radiation Physics, Faculty of Science, RP-UGCT, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven Vlaminck
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Demeshkant V, Cwynar P, Slivinska K. Horse Tooth Enamel Ultrastructure: A Review of Evolutionary, Morphological, and Dentistry Approaches. Folia Biol (Praha) 2021. [DOI: 10.3409/fb_69-2.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This review searches for and analyzes existing knowledge on horse tooth anatomy in terms of evolutionary and morphological changes, feeding habits, breeding practices, and welfare. More than 150 articles from relevant databases were analyzed, taking into account the issues of our experimental
research on the ultrastructure of Equidae tooth enamel. After our analysis, the knowledge on this subject accumulated up in the past, almost 50 years has been logically arranged into three basic directions: evolutionary-palaeontological, morpho-functional, and dentistic, which is also demonstrated
by the latest trends in the study of enamel morphology and in the practice of equine dentistry. The obtained data show that in recent years we have observed a rapid increase in publications and a thematic expansion of the scope of research. It is caused by the need to deepen knowledge in theory
and in the practice of feeding species in nature and in captivity as well as the possibility of using new technical resources to improve the excellence of such research. It is a summary of the knowledge of a certain stage of equine tooth enamel studies for this period of time, which serves
as the basis for our experimental research (the materials are prepared for publication) and at the same time, defines research perspectives for the next stage of development.
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Rowley KJ, Townsend NB, Chang YMR, Fiske-Jackson AR. A computed tomographic study of endodontic and apical changes in 81 equine cheek teeth with sagittal fractures. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:541-548. [PMID: 34060137 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sagittal fractures of equine cheek teeth are commonly observed during oral examination. There are few reports on the apical and endodontic pathology associated with such fractures seen during computed tomographic (CT) examination. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to document the prevalence of CT changes indicative of apical disease in equine cheek teeth, which have suffered a sagittal fracture involving the clinical ± reserve crown. STUDY DESIGN This study is a retrospective case series. METHODS CT examinations of equine heads with sagittal fractures of cheek teeth present were reviewed: 81 teeth from 49 horses were identified to have a sagittal cheek tooth fracture. The images were evaluated for apical pathology including gas (in the endodontic system and periapically), widened periodontal space, periapical sclerosis, apical clubbing, cementoma/hypercementosis, lamina dura loss, associated sinusitis and sinus mucosal swelling. An apical infection grading system was created to give each tooth a score. Hounsfield units were used to measure the density of the endodontic, apical and periapical regions. The fracture length ratio was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using a generalised estimating equation to evaluate predictors of apical infection and associations between clinical signs and CT abnormalities. RESULTS Eighty-seven sagittal fractures (56 buccal, 17 palatal/lingual and 14 midline) from 81 teeth were recorded (74 maxillary and 7 mandibular). Apical infection was diagnosed in 73% (37/51, P = .05) of buccal, 55% (6/11, P = .07) of palatal/lingual, 100% (13/13) of midline, 100% (6/6) of multiple fractures and 96% (23/24, P = .008) of fractures involving infundibula. There was no significant relationship between apical infection and the presence of clinical signs associated with dental pathology (P = .4). There was no significant association between fracture length ratio and apical infection (P = 1.0). Midline sagittal fractures were significantly associated with sinusitis when compared with all other maxillary fractures (odds ratio [OR] 5.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.67-20.83, P = .006). Loss of the lamina dura was not significantly associated with apical infection (P = .5). MAIN LIMITATIONS There is a maxillary cheek tooth bias in the data set and the subjective grading system. CONCLUSIONS A large proportion of fractured cheek teeth have evidence of apical infection on CT examination and therefore warrant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yu-Mei R Chang
- Royal Veterinary College, Research Support Office, London, UK
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Dixon PM, Kennedy R, Reardon RJM. Equine "Idiopathic" and Infundibular Caries-Related Cheek Teeth Fractures: A Long-Term Study of 486 Fractured Teeth in 300 Horses. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:646870. [PMID: 34124217 PMCID: PMC8192706 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.646870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Limited objective information is available on the prevalence of non-traumatic equine cheek teeth fractures, the signalment of affected horses, and the clinical features and treatment of these fractures. Objectives: This study aims to document patterns of idiopathic and infundibular caries-related cheek teeth fractures in a referral population and evaluate associations between fracture patterns and horse age, Triadan position of affected teeth, clinical signs, and deemed necessity for treatment. Study Design: A retrospective case review. Methods: The clinical records at Edinburgh University Veterinary School (2010–2018) were examined for the presence of non-traumatic equine cheek teeth fractures. Variations in the frequencies of different fracture patterns were compared between horse ages, Triadan tooth positions, clinical signs, and deemed necessity for treatment. Results: Records of 300 horses with 486 non-traumatic cheek teeth fractures including 77% maxillary and 23% mandibular teeth with a mean of 1.6 (range 1–10) fractured teeth/horse were available. Fracture patterns included maxillary first and second pulp horn (“slab”) cheek teeth fractures (n = 171), caries-related infundibular fractures (n = 88), other maxillary teeth fracture patterns (n = 92), mandibular first and second pulp horn (“slab”) fractures (n = 44), other mandibular fracture patterns (n = 62), and complete clinical crown loss (n = 29; including 23 maxillary and 6 mandibular teeth). The median age of affected horses ranged from 11 years with maxillary “slab” fractures to 15 years with infundibular caries-related fractures. Triadan 08–10s were the most commonly (86%) fractured maxillary teeth. The Triadan 08 and 09 positions were the most commonly (64%) fractured mandibular teeth. No clinical signs were noted in horses with 48% of the fractured teeth; oral pain/quidding was recorded with 26%, clinical apical infection with 23%, and bitting/headshaking problems with 6%. Treatments included extraction of 40% fractured teeth, extraction of small/loose fragments (10%), and odontoplasty. Stable remnants of 60% of fractured teeth were left in horses without clinical signs. Main Limitations: Long-term follow-up information was not available for all cases. Conclusions: There is increasing recognition of equine non-traumatic cheek teeth fractures, with about half not causing clinical signs. Teeth with apical infection, multiple fractures, or advanced caries require extraction. Other fractured teeth with subclinical endodontic disease may not need exodontia unless they later cause clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padraic Martin Dixon
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rebekah Kennedy
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J M Reardon
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Borkent D, Smith S, Dixon PM. A histological and ultrastructural study of equine peripheral caries. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:104-111. [PMID: 31038757 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral caries (PC) has recently been shown to affect over half of UK and Australian horses. OBJECTIVES To examine affected cheek teeth histologically and ultrastructurally, to assess the possible route(s) of carious infection into the dental tissues and to further describe the pathological changes in affected teeth. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive pathological study. METHODS Four control and 16 cheek teeth with different grades of PC were examined grossly, histologically and by electron microscopy. RESULTS Cariogenic bacteria from plaque entered peripheral cementum perpendicular to the sides of teeth alongside Sharpey's fibres or vascular channels or more horizontally alongside exposed intrinsic fibres and cemental growth lines. Subsequent intra-cemental bacterial spread created different patterns of caries including vertical and horizontal flake-like patterns; deep, large flask-shaped or smaller superficial ellipsoid-shaped lytic lesions. Cemental caries progressed to affect enamel, dentine and even pulp. Gross examination underestimated the degree of caries observed on histological evaluation. MAIN LIMITATIONS No dental histories were available; all teeth were examined on a single occasion. CONCLUSION Equine PC causes different patterns of cemental lesions that appear dependent on the route of cariogenic bacterial invasion. Progression of caries can lead to pulpitis and tooth loss. Gross examination can underestimate the true extent of caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Borkent
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - S Smith
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - P M Dixon
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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Horbal A, Smith S, Dixon PM. A Computed Tomographic and Pathological Study of Equine Cheek Teeth Infundibulae Extracted From Asymptomatic Horses. Part 2: MicroCT, Gross, and Histological Findings. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:125. [PMID: 31106214 PMCID: PMC6498889 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Equine maxillary cheek teeth infundibulae are frequently affected by developmental and acquired disorders, but the imaging, gross, and histological features of normal and abnormal infundibulae remain incompletely understood. Objective: To perform MicroCT, gross examination, and histology on sectioned teeth and compare the imaging and anatomical findings. Study design: Ex vivo original study. Methods: Eight maxillary cheek teeth of different ages and with varying grades of unilateral (n = 5) or bilateral (n = 3) occlusal infundibular caries were extracted from equine heads obtained from an abattoir. The teeth were imaged by MicroCT, then transversely sectioned and grossly and histologically examined, with the imaging and gross and histological anatomical findings examined and compared. Results: Fifteen infundibulae, including two without occlusal caries had subocclusal cemental hypoplasia or caries. One infundibulum without occlusal caries had no subocclusal cemental defects. Histologically, hypoplastic cemental areas consisted of irregularly-shaped, wide central channels, with multiple, large, cylindrical side-branches that extended peripherally to a variable extent. Cementum with extensive, wide, empty channels, and cementum with a more irregular moth-eaten appearance had dark or eroded gross appearance and a low HU on CT. Some infundibulae had cement-free areas that only contained fragments of collagen-like material, especially at their apical aspects (apical cemental hypoplasia). Carious subocclusal areas had connections with the occlusal surface and had disrupted cemental architecture, including of their central vascular channel that, along with their side branches, contained degraded food, and cemental debris. Main Limitations: No clinical histories or accurate ages were available for these eight teeth. Conclusions: Hypoplastic cemental lesions, including at central linear and apical sites, histologically contain areas with multiple wide-branched, cylindrical channels or even areas of total cement hypoplasia visible on gross sections When such cemental defects contact the occlusal surface due to normal wear, food impaction, and caries can ensue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Padraic M. Dixon
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Horbal A, Smith S, Dixon PM. A Computed Tomographic (CT) and Pathological Study of Equine Cheek Teeth Infundibulae Extracted From Asymptomatic Horses. Part 1: Prevalence, Type and Location of Infundibular Lesions on CT Imaging. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:124. [PMID: 31106213 PMCID: PMC6494954 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Equine maxillary cheek teeth infundibulae are frequently affected by developmental and acquired disorders, but the computed tomographic (CT) imaging features of normal and abnormal infundibulae remain incompletely understood. Objective: To examine infundibulae with various grades of occlusal caries and control teeth by standard CT in order to assess the prevalence, type and location of subocclusal infundibular lesions present. Study design: Ex vivo original study. Methods: One hundred maxillary cheek teeth, including 82 with, and 18 without infundibular occlusal caries, were extracted from horses of different ages and imaged by standard CT; 8 teeth were also imaged by MicroCT. Images were later assessed by Osirix® and the prevalence, characteristics and sites of infundibular lesions were assessed. Results: Teeth with shorter infundibulae (i.e., Triadan 09 position and older teeth) were more likely to have occlusal caries, as were the rostral infundibulae. Subocclusal developmental infundibular lesions, including cemental hypoplasia and caries, were present in 72% of infundibulae without occlusal caries. CT imaging confirmed two main patterns of developmental cemental hypoplasia, i.e., apical cemental hypoplasia usually involving the full width of the apical aspect of the infundibulum and central linear hypoplasia involving the central aspect of the infundibulum over most of its length, and combinations of these types. These developmental lesions could later be affected by (acquired) infundibular caries once occlusally exposed due to normal wear. Some "normal-sized" (i.e., circa 1 mm diameter) occlusal central vascular channels expanded subocclusally to the dimensions of central linear defects. Main Limitations: No clinical histories or accurate ages were available for these teeth. Conclusions: Hypoplastic cemental lesions, including at central linear, and apical sites, are common even in clinically normal maxillary cheek teeth infundibulae and caries can occur when these lesions contact the occlusal surface. Central linear defects are not always clearly distinguishable from "normal" central vascular channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apryle Horbal
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sionagh Smith
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Padraic M Dixon
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Liuti T, Smith S, Dixon PM. A Comparison of Computed Tomographic, Radiographic, Gross and Histological, Dental, and Alveolar Findings in 30 Abnormal Cheek Teeth from Equine Cadavers. Front Vet Sci 2018; 4:236. [PMID: 29354640 PMCID: PMC5760576 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine cheek teeth disorders, especially pulpar/apical infections, can have very serious consequences due to the frequent extension of infection to the supporting bones and/or adjacent paranasal sinuses. Limited studies have assessed the accuracy of computed tomographic (CT) imaging in the diagnosis of these disorders, and no study has directly compared imaging and pathological findings of the alveoli of diseased equine cheek teeth. Objective To validate the accuracy of CT and radiographic imaging of cheek teeth disorders by comparing CT and radiographic imaging, gross and histological findings in abnormal cheek teeth and their alveoli extracted from equine cadaver heads. Study design Ex vivo original study. Methods Fifty-four cadaver heads from horses with unknown histories that had died or been euthanized on humane grounds obtained from a rendering plant had radiography, CT imaging, and gross pathological examinations performed. Based on imaging and gross examination findings, 30 abnormal cheek teeth (26 maxillary and 4 mandibular) identified in 26 heads were extracted along with their dental alveoli where possible, and further CT imaging, gross, and histological examinations were performed. Eight maxillary cheek teeth (including four with attached alveolar bone) from these heads, that were normal on gross and CT examinations, were used as controls. Results Gross pathological and histological examinations indicated that 28/30 teeth, including two supernumerary teeth, had pulpar/apical infection, including pulpar and apical changes. A further supernumerary and a dysplastic tooth were also identified. Abnormal calcified tissue architecture was present in all three supernumerary and in the dysplastic tooth. CT imaging strongly indicated the presence of pulpar/apical infection in 27 of the 28 (96.4%) pulpar/apically infected teeth, including the presence of intrapulpar gas (N = 19/28), apical clubbing (N = 20), periapical halo (N = 4), root lysis or fragmentation (N = 7), and periapical gas (N = 2). Also present were alveolar bone sclerosis (N = 20), alveolar bone thickening (N = 3), and lytic/erosive changes (N = 8). Radiographic abnormalities strongly indicative of pulpar/apical infection including periapical sclerosis (N = 8/28) and apical clubbing (N = 14/28) were found in 14/28 (50%) of apically infected teeth. Histological changes were present in alveolar bone of all 21 cases of apical infection where alveolus remained attached to the tooth and was marked in 16 cases, all which had CT alveolar changes. Histological changes included disruption of the normal trabecular pattern, increased osteoclastic activity, and the presence of islands of bone with a scalloped profile within the thickened attached periodontal ligament. No gross pathological or histological changes were present in the eight control teeth or their alveoli (N = 4). Main limitations No history or breed-related information was available on these cases. Conclusion There was a 96.4% correlation between a CT diagnosis and confirmative pathological findings in 28 apically infected teeth confirming the accuracy of CT imaging in diagnosing equine pulpar/apical infections. There was also excellent correlation between CT and histological alveolar bone findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Liuti
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Sionagh Smith
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Padraic M Dixon
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
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14
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Evaluation of ex vivo restoration of carious equine maxillary cheek teeth infundibulae following debridement with dental drills and Hedstrom files. Vet J 2017; 230:30-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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du Toit N. Clinical significance of equine cheek teeth infundibular caries. Vet Rec 2017; 181:233-234. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.j4033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole du Toit
- The Equine Dental Clinic; Old Barn Cottage, Witchampton Dorset BH21 5BX UK
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16
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Borkent D, Reardon R, Dixon PM. Epidemiological survey on equine cheek tooth infundibular caries in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 2017; 181:235. [PMID: 28774943 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Infundibular caries (IC) is an important equine dental disorder that can cause premature wear, fractures and apical infection of affected maxillary cheek teeth. No accurate prevalence values for IC are available for UK horses. The feeding of high levels of concentrates is believed to increase its prevalence, but no objective information is available on such possible environmental risk factors. The aims of the study were to document the prevalence of IC in UK horses, assess its distribution and severity between infundibulae and teeth in affected horses and examine for potential risk factors for its development. Using well-defined criteria for grading and recording IC, 25 experienced personnel across the UK completed a questionnaire on their patients. Frequency of IC occurrence was compared between individual teeth and infundibulae using McNemar's tests. Potential risk factors for IC presence were examined using univariable logistic regression prior to building a multilevel multivariable model. Of 706 horses examined, 45.5 per cent had IC, which was most commonly present and most severe in the Triadan 09s (>10>08>06>07>11), with 13.4 per cent of all rostral and 10 per cent of all caudal infundibulae affected. The prevalence of IC was significantly associated with increasing age; the lowest IC prevalence was found in South West England.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Borkent
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Richard Reardon
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Padraic M Dixon
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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17
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Borkent D, Reardon RJM, McLachlan G, Smith S, Dixon PM. An epidemiological survey on the prevalence of equine peripheral dental caries in the United Kingdom and possible risk factors for its development. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:480-485. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Borkent
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; University of Edinburgh; Midlothian UK
| | - R. J. M. Reardon
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; University of Edinburgh; Midlothian UK
| | - G. McLachlan
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; University of Edinburgh; Midlothian UK
| | - S. Smith
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; University of Edinburgh; Midlothian UK
| | - P. M. Dixon
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; University of Edinburgh; Midlothian UK
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18
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Baratt RM. Challenges in developing valid techniques for equine endodontic treatment of apically infected cheek teeth. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Baratt
- Salem Valley Equine Clinic; Salem Connecticut USA
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19
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Suske A, Pöschke A, Schrock P, Kirschner S, Brockmann M, Staszyk C. Infundibula of equine maxillary cheek teeth. Part 1: Development, blood supply and infundibular cementogenesis. Vet J 2016; 209:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Suske A, Pöschke A, Müller P, Wöber S, Staszyk C. Infundibula of equine maxillary cheek teeth: Part 2: Morphological variations and pathological changes. Vet J 2015; 209:66-73. [PMID: 26831172 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Incomplete cemental filling of the infundibula of equine maxillary cheek teeth (CT) is a common feature. Depending on the extent of the defect, three stages of infundibular decay have been suggested. However, histomorphological criteria to identify non-pathological abnormalities and destructive changes have not been defined. Six hundred and eighty eight CT with no evidence of dental diseases and 55 diseased permanent, fully erupted maxillary CT were evaluated on a macroscopic level by assessing the occlusal surface and horizontal sections, including porphyrin assays to detect residual blood within the infundibular cementum. Selected specimens were investigated on a microscopic level using routine and immunohistological staining methods to identify possible routes for the spread of infectious agents from the infundibulum into the endodontic system. Infundibular cemental hypoplasia was defined as a non-pathological developmental abnormality and was detected in >50% of CT with no evidence of dental diseases and in >70% of diseased CT. The first molar (Triadan 09) showed the highest prevalence (75%) of infundibular cemental hypoplasia. The mesial infundibulum was more often affected than the distal infundibulum. Infundibular erosion was considered as the most appropriate term to describe destructive infundibular changes. Infundibular erosion was present in <6% of CT with no evidence of dental diseases, but was detected in >27% of diseased teeth, always accompanied by endodontic disease. This suggests that teeth affected by infundibular cemental hypoplasia are prone to destructive erosion, which possibly leads to endodontic disease. Morphological factors that supplement this ethological hypothesis were described. In 74% of infundibula residual blood was identified, although no vital blood vessels were detected. It is assumed that this content of blood remained in the ample infundibular cemental blood system after tooth eruption and creates a favorable environment for microbial growth. The infundibular enamel was characterised by numerous infoldings to variable degrees and depths. In certain areas focal enamel aplasia was observed. These morphological features might contribute to microbiological settlement and spread of infectious agents through the infundibular wall into the endodontic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suske
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 98, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - A Pöschke
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 98, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - P Müller
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - S Wöber
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 98, 35390 Giessen, Germany; Institute for General Zoology and Developmental Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Stephanstr. 24, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - C Staszyk
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 98, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
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21
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Staszyk C. [Clinical anatomy of the horse: teeth and dentition]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2015; 43:375-86; quiz 387. [PMID: 26603675 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-150822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The routine inspection of the equine oral cavity allows a numerical assessment of the teeth and provides information about positional changes within the dentition. By use of appropriate dental equipment, the occlusal surfaces of all teeth can be inspected and diagnosed. However, neither the teeth nor their occlusal surfaces are constant structures. Instead, equine teeth and, in particular, their occlusal surfaces are subjected to continuous morphological and positional changes due to the effects of aging and the equine-specific high amount of occlusal wear. Therefore, it is mandatory to define anatomical criteria, which allow us to distinguish between anatomical variations and pathological conditions. Moreover, an unambiguous nomenclature with regard to the equine-specific dental anatomy is essential. This article provides a tutorial overview of the equine dental anatomy as well as recent findings in the field of equine dentistry. Special attention is paid to dynamic changes within both individual teeth and dentition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Staszyk
- Prof. Dr. Carsten Staszyk, Fachtierarzt für Anatomie, Institut für Veterinär-Anatomie, -Histologie und -Embryologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 98, 35392 Gießen, E-Mail:
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22
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Borkent D, Dixon PM. Equine peripheral and infundibular dental caries: A review and proposals for their investigation. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Borkent
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Midlothian UK
| | - P. M. Dixon
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Midlothian UK
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23
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Boehlke C, Zierau O, Hannig C. Salivary amylase - The enzyme of unspecialized euryphagous animals. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1162-76. [PMID: 26043446 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) is the most abundant enzyme in the saliva of man and of several vertebrates. In humans, salivary amylase is mainly formed in the parotid gland; its activity is of high inter-individual and intra-individual variability. The physiological functions of α-amylase have not yet been explored completely. It is well known that the enzyme cleaves the α-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds of polysaccharides. Furthermore it plays an important role in initial bioadhesion in man, facilitating carbohydrate metabolism and bacterial adherence at the tooth surface and therewith caries initiation. Nevertheless, it is still a matter of interest why humans have such high amounts of salivary amylase. OBJECTIVE The review presents an evolutionary approach by considering salivary amylase in the animal kingdom with special focus on mammalians divided into the three main nutritional types carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores; it was postulated that for most mammalian animals salivary α-amylase is essential. RESULTS The enzyme has been detected in saliva of some herbivores and many omnivorous animals, but not in pure carnivores. Focusing on ruminants, negligible levels or an absence of α-amylase was determined. Presence and activity probably differ depending on the species-specific diet. Animals feeding on unripe fruits, seeds, roots and bulbs exhibit higher activity of salivary α-amylase than species consuming ripe fruits, insects, and vertebrates. CONCLUSION In contrast to carnivores and most herbivores, omnivores have considerable amounts of amylase in their saliva. Though, the starch-digesting enzyme has been investigated well, the physiological function of amylase in saliva has not yet been explored completely. It can be hypothesized that nutritional habits affect expression of enzymes in the saliva of animals. It has to be verified, whether α-amylase is genetically or epigenetically determined. As a consequence of the development of agriculture, and following dietary changes, amylase can be recognized as a nutritional and evolutionary marker. Interdisciplinary evolutionary research might offer new perspectives for preventive dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Boehlke
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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24
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Barakzai SZ, Barnett TP. Computed tomography and scintigraphy for evaluation of dental disease in the horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - T. P. Barnett
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre; Newmarket UK
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25
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Pearce CJ. Treatment of maxillary cheek teeth apical infection caused by patent infundibula in six horses (2007-2013). EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Pearce
- The Equine Dental Clinic Ltd; Witchampton Dorset UK
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26
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Staszyk C, Suske A, Pöschke A. Equine dental and periodontal anatomy: A tutorial review. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Staszyk
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Justus-Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - A. Suske
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Justus-Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - A. Pöschke
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Justus-Liebig University; Giessen Germany
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27
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Casey MB, Pearson GR, Perkins JD, Tremaine WH. Gross, computed tomographic and histological findings in mandibular cheek teeth extracted from horses with clinical signs of pulpitis due to apical infection. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:557-67. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Casey
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; UK
| | - G. R. Pearson
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; UK
| | - J. D. Perkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
| | - W. H. Tremaine
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; UK
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28
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Pizzigatti D, Martins CF, Curcio B, de Nogueira CEW, Esteves RSP, Batista FA, Müller TR. Multiple Dental Abnormalities in a Geriatric Horse. J Vet Dent 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/089875641403100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Pizzigatti
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology (Pizzigatti) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (Müller), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science-FMVZ, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rubião Júnior District, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Clinics (Martins, Curcio, de Nogueira, Esteves), School of Veterinary, UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; and, Department of Surgery (Batista) UFLA, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Charles Ferreira Martins
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology (Pizzigatti) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (Müller), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science-FMVZ, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rubião Júnior District, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Clinics (Martins, Curcio, de Nogueira, Esteves), School of Veterinary, UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; and, Department of Surgery (Batista) UFLA, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna Curcio
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology (Pizzigatti) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (Müller), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science-FMVZ, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rubião Júnior District, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Clinics (Martins, Curcio, de Nogueira, Esteves), School of Veterinary, UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; and, Department of Surgery (Batista) UFLA, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Wayne de Nogueira
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology (Pizzigatti) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (Müller), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science-FMVZ, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rubião Júnior District, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Clinics (Martins, Curcio, de Nogueira, Esteves), School of Veterinary, UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; and, Department of Surgery (Batista) UFLA, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Simões Pires Esteves
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology (Pizzigatti) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (Müller), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science-FMVZ, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rubião Júnior District, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Clinics (Martins, Curcio, de Nogueira, Esteves), School of Veterinary, UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; and, Department of Surgery (Batista) UFLA, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Arévalo Batista
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology (Pizzigatti) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (Müller), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science-FMVZ, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rubião Júnior District, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Clinics (Martins, Curcio, de Nogueira, Esteves), School of Veterinary, UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; and, Department of Surgery (Batista) UFLA, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago Rinaldi Müller
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology (Pizzigatti) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (Müller), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science-FMVZ, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rubião Júnior District, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Clinics (Martins, Curcio, de Nogueira, Esteves), School of Veterinary, UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; and, Department of Surgery (Batista) UFLA, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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29
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Dixon PM, Savill D, Horbyl A, Reardon RJM, Liuti T. Critical evaluation of ex vivo restoration of carious equine maxillary cheek teeth infundibulae following high-pressure gas and micro-particle abrasion. Vet J 2014; 200:368-74. [PMID: 24792205 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Infundibular caries of the equine maxillary cheek teeth is an important disorder that can lead to dental fracture or apical infection. Treatment by removing food debris and carious dental tissue from affected infundibulae using high-pressure abrasion with aluminium hydroxide micro-particles, followed by filling the cleaned defect with endodontic restorative materials is a recommended treatment. However, although anecdotally considered a successful treatment option, there is currently no objective evidence to support this claim. Forty maxillary cheek teeth (CT) that contained 55 infundibulae with caries (mainly grade 2) were extracted post-mortem from 21 adult horses. Five of the CT were sectioned prior to treatment to facilitate visual examination of the carious infundibulae. The remaining carious infundibulae were cleaned using high-pressure abrasion with aluminium hydroxide particles and five CT were sectioned to assess the efficacy of this cleaning process. The remaining 30 CT containing 39 carious infundibulae were then filled with a composite restorative material. The efficacy of this restoration was assessed by computed tomography imaging followed by direct visual examination after sectioning the teeth. Only 46% (18/39) of restored infundibulae, all with shallow (mean 9.6 mm deep) defects, were fully cleaned of food debris and carious material, and filled with restorative material to their full depth. Of these 18, 11 had peripheral defects around the restoration, leaving just 18% (7/39) of restorations without any gross defects. The remaining 54% (21/39) of infundibulae (mean depth of infundibular caries defect, 18.3 mm) still contained food debris and/or carious material in more apical locations, with infundibulae with the deepest caries defects being the least effectively cleaned. The findings of this study indicate that high-pressure micro-particle abrasion is only effective in cleaning food debris from shallow, carious CT infundibulae and consequently, the majority of subsequent infundibular restorations are imperfect.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Dixon
- The Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.
| | - D Savill
- The Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - A Horbyl
- The Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - R J M Reardon
- The Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - T Liuti
- The Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
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30
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Sahara N. Development of coronal cementum in hypsodont horse cheek teeth. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:716-30. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Sahara
- Department of Hard Tissue Research; Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University; 1780 Gobara Hirooka Shiojiri Nagano 399-0781 Japan
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Casey M. A new understanding of oral and dental pathology of the equine cheek teeth. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2014; 29:301-24, v. [PMID: 23915662 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine dental disease has a high prevalence. Because of developmental, functional, and anatomic differences, limited inference can be made from brachydont dental pathology to that of equine cheek teeth. This article reviews the pathology of equine cheek teeth and their associated oral tissues, with specific information on periodontitis, pulpitis, maxillary infundibular changes, dental fractures, dental overgrowths, mucosal ulceration, and the regenerative capacity of equine teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Casey
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK.
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Bühler M, Fürst A, Lewis FI, Kummer M, Ohlerth S. Computed tomographic features of apical infection of equine maxillary cheek teeth: A retrospective study of 49 horses. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:468-73. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Bühler
- Section of Equine Surgery; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - A. Fürst
- Section of Equine Surgery; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - F. I. Lewis
- Equine Department; Section of Epidemiology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - M. Kummer
- Section of Equine Surgery; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - S. Ohlerth
- Section of Diagnostic Imaging; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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Tremaine H. Advances in the Treatment of Diseased Equine Cheek Teeth. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2013; 29:441-65, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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A Fresh Look at the Anatomy and Physiology of Equine Mastication. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2013; 29:257-72, v. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Erridge ME, Cox AL, Dixon PM. A Histological Study of Peripheral Dental Caries of Equine Cheek Teeth. J Vet Dent 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/089875641202900303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral caries of equine cheek teeth is a poorly described disorder and, in particular, little is known of its histopathology. Histological examinations of decalcified sections of 21 equine peripheral caries-affected cheek teeth showed two different patterns of cemental lesions; including progressive enlargement of focal, flask-like lesions leading to breakdown of the adjacent cementum, and secondly; a more generalized flaking-off of thin layers of under-run, surface cementum. A thick layer of plaque and food material usually lay on the surface of affected cementum and also within cemental defects. Gram-stained sections showed large numbers of bacteria within the lacunae and canaliculi of affected peripheral cementum and within associated plaque. Pioneer bacteria were also seen within dentinal tubules of adjacent, normal-appearing dentin. Subgingival extension of peripheral caries lesions with localized periodontal destruction was rare. Grading of peripheral caries lesions by gross examination was found to underestimate the severity of the disorder as compared to histological grading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mey E. Erridge
- From The Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland EH25 9RG UK
| | - Alistair L. Cox
- From The Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland EH25 9RG UK
| | - Padraic M. Dixon
- From The Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland EH25 9RG UK
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Dixon PM, Parkin TD, Collins N, Hawkes C, Townsend NB, Fisher G, Ealey R, Barakzai SZ. Historical and clinical features of 200 cases of equine sinus disease. Vet Rec 2011; 169:439. [PMID: 21868434 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d4844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The historical and clinical findings in 200 referred cases of equine sinus disease were reviewed retrospectively. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to detect significant differences in historical or clinical features between various categories of sinus disease. The causes of sinus disease were classified as subacute primary (less than two months duration) (n=52), chronic primary (more than two months duration) (n=37), dental (n=40), sinus cyst (n=26), traumatic (n=13) or mycotic sinusitis (n=7), sinus neoplasia (n=10), dental-related oromaxillary fistula (n=8) and intrasinus progressive ethmoid haematoma (n=7). The majority of sinus disorders were of chronic duration at the time of referral and most (including 97 per cent of chronic primary sinusitis cases) had not responded to previous antibiotic therapy and/or sinus lavage in some cases. Clinical signs included unilateral nasal discharge in most cases, including purulent or mucopurulent discharge in all horses with primary, dental and mycotic sinusitis. Haemorrhagic nasal discharge was a feature of traumatic sinusitis and intrasinus progressive ethmoid haematomas. Firm facial swellings and nasal airflow obstruction were features of sinus cysts and neoplasms. Ipsilateral lymphadenitis was a more prominent feature of sinus disease with active infections such as primary, dental or mycotic sinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Dixon
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, UK.
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