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Tubalinal GASP, Belotindos LP, Mingala CN. High positivity rate of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in Luzon, the Philippines revealed by nested-polymerase chain reaction assay. Virusdisease 2024; 35:11-16. [PMID: 38817406 PMCID: PMC11133247 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-023-00856-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) is a worldwide economically important disease of small ruminants particularly goats. CAE has been considered to be an emerging/re-emerging disease of goats and a notifiable disease in the Philippines. In this study, a nested-PCR method to detect CAE virus (CAEv) infection was conducted between January 2021 to December 2022. A total of 1334 goat blood samples were collected from 24 goat farms throughout Luzon, the Philippines. The over-all prevalence rate was 31.41% (419/1334) in goats and 91.67% (22/24) of goat farms. These results showed high positivity rate of CAEv and the disease may be widespread in Luzon, the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Alexis S. P. Tubalinal
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center, Maharlika Highway, 3120 Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Lawrence P. Belotindos
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center, Maharlika Highway, 3120 Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Claro N. Mingala
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center, Maharlika Highway, 3120 Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology Program Office, 3rd Floor, Agricultural Training Institute, Elliptical Road, Diliman, 1100 Quezon City, Philippines
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Olech M. The genetic variability of small-ruminant lentiviruses and its impact on tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control programmes. J Vet Res 2023; 67:479-502. [PMID: 38130459 PMCID: PMC10730557 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus are two closely related lentiviruses which cause multisystemic, progressive and persistent infection in goats and sheep. Because these viruses frequently cross the species barrier, they are considered to be one genetic group called small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV). They have in vivo tropism mainly for monocytes and macrophages and organ tropism with unknown mechanisms. Typical clinical signs are pneumonia in sheep, arthritis in goats, and mastitis in both species. Infection with SRLV cannot currently be treated or prevented, and control programmes are the only approaches to avoiding its spread. These programmes rely mainly on annual serological testing and elimination of positive animals. However, the high genetic and antigenic variability of SRLV complicate their early and definitive diagnosis. The objective of this review is to summarise the current knowledge of SRLV genetic variation and its implications for tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control and eradication programmes. Material and Methods Subject literature was selected from the PubMed and the Google Scholar databases. Results The high genetic diversity of SRLV affects the performance of diagnostic tools and therefore control programmes. For the early and definitive diagnosis of SRLV infection, a combination of serological and molecular tests is suggested. Testing by PCR can also be considered for sub-yearling animals. There are still significant gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology, immunology and biology of SRLV and their impact on animal production and welfare. Conclusion This information may aid selection of the most effective SRLV spread reduction measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Kaba J, Czopowicz M, Kuźmak J, Olech M, Witkowski L, Moroz-Fik A, Mickiewicz M, Biernacka K, Nalbert T, Bereznowski A, Szaluś-Jordanow O, Potârniche AV, Spinu M, Markowska-Daniel I, Bagnicka E. A large-scale study on the seroprevalence of small ruminant lentiviral infection in the Polish goat population. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105885. [PMID: 36889196 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
A large-scale study was carried out in a Polish goat population in 2014-2022 to determine the herd-level (between-herd) and within-herd seroprevalence of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection. A total of 8354 adult goats (aged >1 year) from 165 herds located in various regions of Poland were serologically tested using a commercial ELISA. One hundred twenty eight herds were randomly selected while 37 were enrolled based on convenience non-random sampling. At least 1 seropositive result was obtained in 103 / 165 herds. For all these herds the probability that they were truly positive (herd-level positive predictive value) was calculated. It was ≥ 90% in 91 seropositive herds and 73% to < 90% in 12 herds in which only 1-4 goats were seropositive (22 goats in total). The seropositive goats in the latter herds were retested using a different commercial ELISA and 14 goats (9 males and 5 females) from 9 herds were confirmed to be seropositive (serial testing). The true herd-level seroprevalence was estimated at 61% (95% confidence interval [CI 95%]: 53%-68%). It differed significantly between herd size classes (p = 0.003): the highest prevalences were found in the medium (51 - 100 adult goats) and large herds (>100 adult goats) - 72% (CI 95%: 56-84%) and 86% (CI 95%: 67%-95%), respectively, while prevalences in very small (≤ 20 adult goats) and small herds (21 - 50 adult goats) were 46% (CI 95%: 34%-59%) and 57% (CI 95%: 43%-70%), respectively. The true herd-level seroprevalence differed significantly also between geographical regions of Poland (p = 0.003), with the highest values in the north-western and the lowest in the southern region of the country. The true within-herd seroprevalence estimated using a Bayesian approach ranged from 0.7% to 100% with the median (IQR) of 42% (17%-84%), and did not vary significantly between herd size classes (p = 0.393) or geographical regions of Poland (p = 0.570). Concluding, SRLV infection is widespread in the Polish goat population, the north-western region of Poland is most extensively infected, and herds counting > 50 adult goats are more often infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Kaba
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Monika Olech
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Lucjan Witkowski
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Moroz-Fik
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Mickiewicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Biernacka
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nalbert
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bereznowski
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Szaluś-Jordanow
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrian-Valentin Potârniche
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marina Spinu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Iwona Markowska-Daniel
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Bagnicka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
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Hailat NQ, Algharaibeh TB, Al-Eitan LN. Pathological, molecular, and serological study of small ruminant lentiviruses in Jordan. Vet World 2022; 15:1423-1429. [PMID: 35993078 PMCID: PMC9375225 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1423-1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Maedi-visna is a chronic viral disease of sheep with worldwide distribution causing substantial economic losses to the small ruminant industry. Pneumonia and mastitis are the main manifestations of the disease. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of maedi-visna virus (MVV) in sheep using histopathology and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques and also to estimate the seroprevalence of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) in sheep and goats using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Materials and Methods: Lung tissue samples from 380 sheep were collected and fixed in 10% formalin for histopathology and molecular diagnosis of MVV. Separately, 806 serum samples were randomly collected from 633 sheep and 173 goats to detect the seroprevalence of SRLVs using ELISA. Results: The results showed that 4.7% of lung samples (n=190) were positive by both histopathology and nested PCR, 5.8% (n = 380) were positive by histopathology only (have lymphoid follicular hyperplasia), and 7.4% (n = 190) were positive by nested PCR only. Statistical analysis revealed a moderate agreement between the two tests (Kappa=0.451, n = 190). Serology results revealed that sheep and/or goats herd prevalence was 59.8% (n = 87), while individual seroprevalence in sheep (40.1%, n = 633) was significantly higher than that in the other six countries and also significantly higher than that in goats (18.5%, n = 173) (at p < 0.05). Conclusion: The moderate statistical agreement between nested PCR and histopathological diagnosis of MVV in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sheep lung tissue samples (Kappa=0.451, n = 190) suggests combining both tests for more sensitive MVV detection in sheep lung samples. SRLVs seropositivity in sheep was significantly higher than in goats, thus, it is of high concern and urges the inquiry into the economic impact of the disease and the financial benefit of adopting eradication measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Q. Hailat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Tameem B. Algharaibeh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Laith N. Al-Eitan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Mosa AH, Hamzah KJ, Aljabory HAH. First study on the molecular prevalence of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in goats in Babylon, Iraq. Vet World 2022; 15:1129-1133. [PMID: 35698519 PMCID: PMC9178586 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1129-1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) is a virus that affects goats all over the world and causes enormous economic losses; as a result, screening for the disease is a priority, especially in Iraq. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CAEV in infected goats using the précised PCR method in Babylon, Iraq. Materials and Methods: A total of 85 blood samples from goats aged 1 month to ≥6 years were analyzed for CAEV infections using molecular methods. The polymerase chain reaction primer was designed to amplify a 573 bp region of the proviral pol gene. Results: The CAEV tests revealed that five out of 85 goats were positive for CAEV. There were no significant differences in CAEV infection according to goat sex and significant differences according to age. Conclusion: Based on these results, the present study is the first molecular survey to confirm the current CAEV genome in an Iraqi goat flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hamzah Mosa
- Department of Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, AL-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Karrar Jasim Hamzah
- Department of Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, AL-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Hamed A. H. Aljabory
- Department of Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, AL-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Iraq
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de Miguel R, Arrieta M, Rodríguez-Largo A, Echeverría I, Resendiz R, Pérez E, Ruiz H, Pérez M, de Andrés D, Reina R, de Blas I, Luján L. Worldwide Prevalence of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Sheep: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:784. [PMID: 33799908 PMCID: PMC8000744 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) are highly prevalent retroviruses with significant genetic diversity and antigenic heterogeneity that cause a progressive wasting disease of sheep called Maedi-visna. This work provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of the last 40 years (1981-2020) of scientific publications on SRLV individual and flock prevalence. Fifty-eight publications and 314 studies were included. Most articles used a single diagnostic test to estimate prevalence (77.6%), whereas articles using three or more tests were scarce (6.9%). Serological tests are more frequently used than direct methods and ELISA has progressively replaced AGID over the last decades. SRLV infection in sheep is widespread across the world, with Europe showing the highest individual prevalence (40.9%) and being the geographical area in which most studies have been performed. Africa, Asia, and North America show values between 16.7% to 21.8% at the individual level. South and Central America show the lowest individual SRLV prevalence (1.7%). There was a strong positive correlation between individual and flock prevalence (ρ = 0.728; p ≤ 0.001). Despite the global importance of small ruminants, the coverage of knowledge on SRLV prevalence is patchy and inconsistent. There is a lack of a gold standard method and a defined sampling strategy among countries and continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo de Miguel
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.d.M.); (M.A.); (A.R.-L.); (R.R.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (I.d.B.)
| | - Marta Arrieta
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.d.M.); (M.A.); (A.R.-L.); (R.R.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (I.d.B.)
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Largo
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.d.M.); (M.A.); (A.R.-L.); (R.R.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (I.d.B.)
| | - Irache Echeverría
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Government of Navarra, 31192 Mutilva, Spain; (I.E.); (D.d.A.); (R.R.)
| | - Raúl Resendiz
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.d.M.); (M.A.); (A.R.-L.); (R.R.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (I.d.B.)
| | - Estela Pérez
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.d.M.); (M.A.); (A.R.-L.); (R.R.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (I.d.B.)
| | - Héctor Ruiz
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.d.M.); (M.A.); (A.R.-L.); (R.R.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (I.d.B.)
| | - Marta Pérez
- Department of Anatomy, Embriology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Government of Navarra, 31192 Mutilva, Spain; (I.E.); (D.d.A.); (R.R.)
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Government of Navarra, 31192 Mutilva, Spain; (I.E.); (D.d.A.); (R.R.)
| | - Ignacio de Blas
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.d.M.); (M.A.); (A.R.-L.); (R.R.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (I.d.B.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lluís Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.d.M.); (M.A.); (A.R.-L.); (R.R.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (I.d.B.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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