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Significance of Artemisia Vulgaris L. (Common Mugwort) in the History of Medicine and Its Possible Contemporary Applications Substantiated by Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194415. [PMID: 32992959 PMCID: PMC7583039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisia vulgaris L. (common mugwort) is a species with great importance in the history of medicine and was called the “mother of herbs” in the Middle Ages. It is a common herbaceous plant that exhibits high morphological and phytochemical variability depending on the location where it occurs. This species is well known almost all over the world. Its herb—Artemisiae vulgaris herba—is used as a raw material due to the presence of essential oil, flavonoids, and sesquiterpenoids lactones and their associated biological activities. The European Pharmacopoeia has listed this species as a potential homeopathic raw material. Moreover, this species has been used in traditional Chinese, Hindu, and European medicine to regulate the functioning of the gastrointestinal system and treat various gynecological diseases. The general aim of this review was to analyze the progress of phytochemical and pharmacological as well as professional scientific studies focusing on A. vulgaris. Thus far, numerous authors have confirmed the beneficial properties of A. vulgaris herb extracts, including their antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antispasmolytic, antinociceptive, estrogenic, cytotoxic, antibacterial, and antifungal effects. In addition, several works have reviewed the use of this species in the production of cosmetics and its role as a valuable spice in the food industry. Furthermore, biotechnological micropropagation of A. vulgaris has been analyzed.
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Odoemelam CS, Percival B, Ahmad Z, Chang MW, Scholey D, Burton E, Okafor PN, Wilson PB. Characterization of yellow root cassava and food products: investigation of cyanide and β-carotene concentrations. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:333. [PMID: 32653027 PMCID: PMC7353786 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cyanide is a highly toxic compound, and the consumption of products containing cyanide is a significant public health concern. Conversely, β-carotene possesses essential nutritional attributes for human health, therefore the characterisation and quantification of both compounds in food products is fundamental. Herein, cyanide and β-carotene levels in two flours produced from the roots of two varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz), namely UMUCASS-38(TMS 01/1371) and NR-8082, and their associated food products were detected and quantified. Results The cyanide content of NR-8082 and UMUCASS-38 flours was determined at 18.01 ± 0.01 ppm and 17.02 ± 0.02 ppm (mean ± SD), respectively. These flours contained significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the residual cyanide levels determined in the cookies and cake produced therefrom with levels of 10.00 ± 0.00 ppm and 7.10 ± 0.14 ppm (mean ± SD), respectively. The levels of β-carotene determined in both the cake and cookie samples varied significantly (p < 0.05). The highest levels of β-carotene at 6.53 ± 0.02 µg/g (mean ± SD) were determined in raw roots of UMUCASS-38. While NR-8082 levels of β-carotene were less than UMUCASS-38 at 1.12 ± 0.02 µg/g (mean ± SD). Processing the roots into flour reduced the β-carotene content to 4.78 ± 0.01 µg/g and 0.76 ± 0.02 µg/g (mean ± SD) in UMUCASS-38 and NR-8082 flours, respectively. Cookies and cake produced from flour derived from the UMUCASS-38 variety had (mean ± SD) 2.15 ± 0.01 µg/g and 2.84 ± 0.04 µg/g of β-carotene, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiemela S Odoemelam
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Nottingham, NG25 0QF, UK
| | - Benita Percival
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Ming-Wei Chang
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre, University of Ulster, Jordanstown Campus, Newtownabbey, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Dawn Scholey
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Nottingham, NG25 0QF, UK
| | - Emily Burton
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Nottingham, NG25 0QF, UK
| | - Polycarp N Okafor
- Department of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
| | - Philippe B Wilson
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Nottingham, NG25 0QF, UK.
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, Del Mazo J, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Leblanc JC, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Benford D, Brimer L, Mancini FR, Metzler M, Viviani B, Altieri A, Arcella D, Steinkellner H, Schwerdtle T. Evaluation of the health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in foods other than raw apricot kernels. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05662. [PMID: 32626287 PMCID: PMC7009189 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) published a scientific opinion on the acute health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides (CNGs) in raw apricot kernels in which an acute reference dose (ARfD) of 20 μg/kg body weight (bw) was established for cyanide (CN). In the present opinion, the CONTAM Panel concluded that this ARfD is applicable for acute effects of CN regardless the dietary source. To account for differences in cyanide bioavailability after ingestion of certain food items, specific factors were used. Estimated mean acute dietary exposures to cyanide from foods containing CNGs did not exceed the ARfD in any age group. At the 95th percentile, the ARfD was exceeded up to about 2.5‐fold in some surveys for children and adolescent age groups. The main contributors to exposures were biscuits, juice or nectar and pastries and cakes that could potentially contain CNGs. Taking into account the conservatism in the exposure assessment and in derivation of the ARfD, it is unlikely that this estimated exceedance would result in adverse effects. The limited data from animal and human studies do not allow the derivation of a chronic health‐based guidance value (HBGV) for cyanide, and thus, chronic risks could not be assessed. This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.EN-1601/full
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Zhou X, Gao Q, Praticò G, Chen J, Dragsted LO. Biomarkers of tuber intake. GENES & NUTRITION 2019; 14:9. [PMID: 30984301 PMCID: PMC6444566 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tubers are important crops as well as staple foods in human nutrition. Among tubers, the potato in particular has been investigated for its health effects. However, except for its contribution to energy and effects related to resistant starch, the role of potatoes and other tubers in human health is still debated. In order to establish firm evidence for the health effects of dietary tubers and processed tuber products, it is essential to assess total intake accurately. The dietary assessment in most studies relies mainly on self-reporting and may give imprecise quantitative information on dietary intakes. Biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) are useful objective means to assess intake of specific foods or may be used as an additional measure to calibrate the measurement error in dietary reports. Here, intake biomarkers for common tubers, including potatoes and heated potato products, sweet potato, cassava, yam, and Jerusalem artichoke, are reviewed according to the biomarker of food intake reviews (BFIRev) standardized protocols for review and validation. Candidate BFIs for heated potato product include α-chaconine, α-solanine, and solanidine; less evidence is available to indicate peonidin 3-caffeoylsophoroside-5-glucoside and cyanidin 3-caffeoylsophoroside-5-glucoside as putative biomarkers having high potential specificity for purple sweet potato intake; linamarin may in addition be considered as a putative BFI for cassava. Other tubers also contain toxic glycosides or common contaminants as characteristic components but their putative use as intake biomarkers is not well documented. Alkyl pyrazines, acrylamide, and acrolein are formed during cooking of heated potato products while these have not yet been investigated for other tubers; these markers may not be specific only to heated potato but measurements of these compounds in blood or urine may be combined with more specific markers of the heated products, e.g., with glycoalkaloids to assess heated potato products consumption. Further studies are needed to assess the specificity, robustness, reliability, and analytical performance for the candidate tuber intake biomarkers identified in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhou
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giulia Praticò
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lars Ove Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Go MR, Kim HJ, Yu J, Choi SJ. Toxicity and Toxicokinetics of Amygdalin in Maesil ( Prunus mume) Syrup: Protective Effect of Maesil against Amygdalin Toxicity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11432-11440. [PMID: 30284447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Maesil ( Prunus mume, green plum)-based products have been widely used in Asian cooking, which may contain amygdalin enzymatically converted to hydrogen cyanide after oral ingestion. In this study, the toxicity of Maesil syrups matured with and without Maesils was evaluated by focusing on relationship between amygdalin toxicity and its metabolic change. The cytotoxicity of amygdalin was highly related to its metabolites converted by β-glucosidase, and the metabolic change was retarded in Maesil syrup. Toxicokinetics revealed extremely low oral absorption and short half-life of amygdalin standard and Maesil syrups, and delayed metabolic change of amygdalin in Maesil syrup was found. It seems that complex Maesil syrup components play roles against amygdalin degradation. Maesil syrup matured with Maesils had higher total polyphenols, lower amygdalin, and shorter half-life in bloodstream than Maesil syrup without Maesils, suggesting more safety benefit. No significant oral toxicity of Maesil syrups was found after 14-day repeated administration, implying their safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ran Go
- Division of Applied Food System, Major of Food Science & Technology , Seoul Women's University , Seoul 01797 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Food System, Major of Food Science & Technology , Seoul Women's University , Seoul 01797 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yu
- Division of Applied Food System, Major of Food Science & Technology , Seoul Women's University , Seoul 01797 , Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Choi
- Division of Applied Food System, Major of Food Science & Technology , Seoul Women's University , Seoul 01797 , Republic of Korea
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Acute health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in raw apricot kernels and products derived from raw apricot kernels. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Zebbiche Y, Rebai I, Azzouz M, Abtroun R, Reggabi M, Alamir B. Dosage des cyanures dans les amandes amères et les noyaux d’abricot par chromatographie en phase gazeuse à détecteur ionisation de flamme en modeHead Space(HS-CPG-FID). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/ata/2013034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimumL.) consumption and blood thiocyanate concentration in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1108/00346651311295897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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