Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed on the safety and efficacy of L-lysine sulphate (Vitalys®Liquid and Dry) for all animal species

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of l‐lysine sulfate produced by Escherichia coli CGMCC 7.398 for all animal species (Kempex Holland B.V.)

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of l‐lysine sulfate produced by the genetically modified strain Escherichia coli CGMCC 7.398 as a nutritional feed additive for all animal species. Neither the production strain nor its recombinant DNA were detected in the final product. The additive does not pose any safety concerns associated with the production strain. The additive under assessment is considered safe for the target species. When using l‐lysine sulfate, the background sulfur/sulfate content in the compound feed should be taken into account. l‐lysine sulfate produced by E. coli CGMCC 7.398 is safe for the consumers and for the environment. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the potential of the additive under assessment to be irritant to skin or eyes, or on its potential to be a dermal sensitiser. The endotoxin activity of the additive represents a risk by inhalation for users handling the additive. The additive l‐lysine sulfate is considered as an efficacious source of the essential amino acid l‐lysine for non‐ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l‐lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as it is in non‐ruminant species, this would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of l-lysine monohydrochloride and l-lysine sulfate produced by Corynebacterium glutamicum CGMCC 14498 for all animal species (Kempex Holland BV)

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of l‐lysine monohydrochloride (l‐lysine HCl) and l‐lysine sulfate produced by Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum) CGMCC 14498 as a nutritional feed additive for all animal species. The active substance is l‐lysine and it is produced in two different forms (monohydrochloride or sulfate). The production strain C. glutamicum CGMCC 14498 and its recombinant DNA were not detected in the final products. The products l‐lysine HCl and l‐lysine sulfate do not pose any safety concern associated with the production strain. l‐Lysine HCl and l‐lysine sulfate produced by C. glutamicum CGMCC 14498 are considered safe for the target species. When using l‐lysine sulfate, the background sulfur/sulfate content in the compound feed should be taken into account. l‐Lysine HCl and l‐lysine sulfate produced by C. glutamicum CGMCC 14498 are safe for the consumer and the environment. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the potential of l‐lysine HCl produced by the strain C. glutamicum CGMCC 14498 to be toxic by inhalation, and on the potential of l‐lysine HCl and l‐lysine sulfate produced by the above‐mentioned strain to be irritant to skin or eyes, or on their potential to be dermal sensitisers. l‐Lysine HCl and l‐lysine sulfate produced by C. glutamicum CGMCC 14498 are considered efficacious sources of the essential amino acid l‐lysine for non‐ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l‐lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non‐ruminant species, this would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of l-lysine sulfate produced by Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80227 for all animal species (Daesang Europe BV)

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of l-lysine sulfate produced by Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80227 as a nutritional feed additive for all animal species. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the production strain C. glutamicum KCCM 80227 qualifies for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach to safety assessment and is not detected in the final product. l-Lysine sulfate produced using C. glutamicum KCCM 80227 does not pose any safety concern associated with the production strain. The additive under assessment is considered safe for the target species. When using l-lysine sulfate, the background sulfur/sulfate content in the compound feed should be taken into account. l-Lysine sulfate produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 80227 is safe for the consumers, users and for the environment. The additive l-lysine sulfate is considered as an efficacious source of the essential amino acid l-lysine for non-ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l-lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Safety and efficacy of the feed additives concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) and l-lysine monohydrochloride produced by Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80183 for all animal species (CJ Europe GmbH)

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) and l-lysine monohydrochloride (HCl) produced using Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80183 when used as nutritional additives in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The active substance is l-lysine. Concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) and l-Lysine HCl produced by the strain C. glutamicum KCCM 80183 do not pose any safety concern as regards the genetic modification of the production strain. The use of the additives under assessment in supplementing feed to compensate for l-lysine deficiency in feedingstuffs is safe for the target species. The FEEDAP Panel has concerns about the use of amino acids in water for drinking for hygienic reasons, and due to the risk of imbalances when administered simultaneously via feed. The use of both forms of l-lysine produced by fermentation using C. glutamicum KCCM 80183 in animal nutrition is considered safe for the consumers and for the environment. Concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 80183 is considered hazardous by inhalation, not irritant to skin and eyes and it is not a skin sensitiser. l-Lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 80183 is considered hazardous by inhalation, it is not irritant to skin but mildly irritant to eyes and it is not a skin sensitiser. The additives under assessment are considered as efficacious sources of the essential amino acid l-lysine for non-ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l-lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Safety and efficacy of l-lysine monohydrochloride and concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) produced by fermentation with Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80216 as feed additive for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base, minimum 50%) and l‐lysine monohydrochloride (HCl, minimum 99%) produced by fermentation with a genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum (KCCM 80216) as nutritional additives for all animal species. Neither the production strain nor its recombinant DNA was detected in the final products. The additives do not pose any safety concern associated with the genetic modification of the production strain. Concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base) and l‐lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicumKCCM 80216 do not represent a risk for the target species, the consumer and the environment. From the results of studies on the safety for the user of concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base) and l‐lysine HCl produced by a different production strain, it was possible to conclude on the safety for the user of the products under assessment. The concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base) and the l‐lysine HCl are not irritant to skin or eyes or skin sensitiser. l‐lysine HCl is not hazardous by inhalation. l‐lysine HCl and concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base) are considered as efficacious sources of the essential amino acid l‐lysine for non‐ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l‐lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non‐ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Safety and efficacy of l-lysine monohydrochloride and concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) produced by fermentation with Corynebacterium glutamicumKCTC 12307BP as feed additives for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety for the target animals, consumer, user and the environment and on the efficacy of a concentrated liquid l-lysine (base, minimum 50%) and a l-lysine monohydrochloride (HCl, minimum 99%) produced by fermentation with a genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum (KCTC 12307BP). Both forms of l-lysine are intended to be used in feed for all animal species and categories. Neither the production strain nor its recombinant DNA were detected in the final products. The additives do not pose any safety concern associated with the genetic modification of the production strain. Concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) and l-lysine HCl produced by the strain C. glutamicum KCTC 12307BP do not represent a risk for the target species, for the consumer, for the user and for the environment. l-Lysine HCl and concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) are considered to be efficacious sources of the essential amino acid l-lysine for non-ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l-lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Safety and efficacy of concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) and l-lysine monohydrochloride produced by fermentation with Corynebacterium casei KCCM 80190 as feed additives for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) and l-lysine monohydrochloride (HCl) produced using Corynebacterium casei KCCM 80190 when used as nutritional additives in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The active substance is l-lysine. The production strain is genetically modified. It does not carry acquired antimicrobial resistance genes and no viable cells of the production strain nor its DNA were detected in the final products. Therefore, the additives do not pose any safety concern regarding the genetic modifications. Concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) and l-lysine HCl produced by C. casei KCCM 80190 do not represent a risk for the target species, the consumer and the environment. From the results of studies on the safety for the user of concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) and l-lysine HCl produced by a different production strain, it was possible to conclude on the safety for the user of the products under assessment. Concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) produced by C. casei KCCM 80190 is considered hazardous by inhalation, not irritant to skin and eyes and it is not a skin sensitiser. l-Lysine HCl produced by C. casei KCCM 80190 is considered hazardous by inhalation, it is not irritant to skin but mildly irritant to eyes and it is not a skin sensitiser. Concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) and l-lysine HCl are considered efficacious sources of the essential amino acid l-lysine for non-ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l-lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Safety and efficacy of l-lysine monohydrochloride and l-lysine sulfate produced using Corynebacterium glutamicum CGMCC 7.266 for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l-lysine monohydrochloride and l-lysine sulfate produced using Corynebacterium glutamicum CGMCC 7.266 when used as a nutritional additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The active substance is l-lysine and it is produced in two different forms (monohydrochloride or sulfate salts). None of those forms pose any safety concern associated with the genetic modification of the production strain. l-Lysine HCl and l-lysine sulfate produced by C. glutamicum CGMCC 7.266 are considered safe for the target species, for the consumer and for the environment. For both products, the FEEDAP Panel has concerns regarding the safety for the target species when the additives are administered via feed and water for drinking, simultaneously. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the safety of both forms of the additive for the user. The products under assessment are considered efficacious sources of the amino acid l-lysine for all animal species. For these products to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, they require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Safety and efficacy of l-lysine monohydrochloride produced by fermentation with Corynebacterium glutamicum DSM 32932 for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l-lysine monohydrochloride produced by fermentation with the genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum DSM 32932. Neither the production strain nor its recombinant DNA were detected in the final product. The additive does not pose any safety concern associated with the genetic modification of the production strain. l-Lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicum DSM 32932 is considered safe for the target species, for the consumer and for the environment. l-Lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicum DSM 32932 is not toxic by inhalation; it is not irritant to skin and not a skin sensitiser. The additive is not corrosive to eyes but it should be considered as an eye irritant. In general, l-lysine HCl is considered as an efficacious source of the essential amino acid l-lysine for non-ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l-lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Safety and efficacy of l-lysine monohydrochloride and concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum strains NRRL-B-67439 or NRRL B-67535 for all animal species

The European Commission asked EFSA for an opinion on the safety for the target animals, consumer, user and the environment and on the efficacy of a l‐lysine monohydrochloride (HCl, minimum 98.5%) and of a concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base, minimum 50%) produced by genetically modified strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum (NRRL‐B‐67439 or NRRL B‐67535). They are intended to be used in feed or water for drinking for all animal species and categories. Neither viable cells of the production strains C. glutamicum strains NRRLB‐67439 or NRRL B‐67535; nor their recombinant DNA were detected in the final products. Therefore, those products do not pose any safety concern associated with the genetic modification of the production strains. l‐Lysine HCl and concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base) produced by C. glutamicum strains NRRLB‐67439 or NRRL B‐67535 are considered safe for the target species, for the consumer and for the environment. l‐Lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicum strains NRRL B‐67439 or NRRL B‐67535 is considered not irritant to skin or eyes and not a skin sensitiser. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the potential toxicity by inhalation of l‐lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicum strains NRRL B‐67439 or NRRL B‐67535. Concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base) produced by C. glutamicum strains NRRL B‐67439 or NRRL B‐67535, due to its high pH (10.7 and 10.9, respectively) is anticipated to be corrosive to skin and eyes and poses a risk by inhalation. l‐Lysine HCl and concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base) produced by C. glutamicum strains NRRLB‐67439 or NRRL B‐67535 are considered as efficacious sources of the essential amino acid l‐lysine for non‐ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l‐lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non‐ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Safety and efficacy of l-lysine sulfate produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum KFCC 11043 as a feed additive for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l-lysine sulfate produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum KFCC 11043 when used as a nutritional additive in feed for all animal species. The active substance is l-lysine. The production strain qualifies for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach to safety assessment and was not detected in the final product. l-Lysine sulfate produced using C. glutamicum KFCC 11043 does not pose any safety concern associated with the production strain. l-Lysine sulfate produced by C. glutamicum KFCC 11043 is considered safe for the target species. When using l-lysine sulfate, the background sulfur/sulfate content in the compound feed should be taken into account. l-Lysine sulfate produced by C. glutamicum KFCC 11043 is safe for the consumer and for the environment. From the results of studies on the safety for the user of l-lysine sulfate produced by a different production strain, it was possible to conclude on the safety for the user of the product under assessment. l-Lysine sulfate produced by C. glutamicum KFCC 11043 is considered non-toxic by inhalation, non-irritant to skin or eyes and it is not a skin sensitiser. l-lysine sulfate is considered as an efficacious source of the essential amino acid l-lysine for non-ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l-lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Safety and efficacy of l-lysine monohydrochloride and concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum strain KCCM 10227 for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l-lysine monohydrochloride and concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) produced using Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 10227 when used as nutritional additives in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The active substance is l-lysine. l-lysine HCl and concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) produced by the strain C. glutamicum KCCM 10227 do not represent a risk for the target species, the consumer and the environment. l-lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 10227 is hazardous by inhalation, it is not irritant to skin but mildly irritant to eyes and it is not a skin sensitiser. Concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 10227 is hazardous by inhalation, not irritant to skin and eyes and it is not a skin sensitiser. l-lysine HCl and concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) are considered as efficacious sources of the essential amino acid l-lysine for non-ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l-lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Safety and efficacy of l-lysine monohydrochloride and l-lysine sulfate produced using Corynebacterium glutamicum CCTCC M 2015595 for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l‐lysine monohydrochloride and l‐lysine sulfate produced using Corynebacterium glutamicum CCTCC M 2015595 when used as nutritional additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The active substance is l‐lysine and it is produced in two different forms (monohydrochloride or sulfate). Owing to the uncertainties regarding the possible genetic modification of the strain used to obtain the production strain C. glutamicum CCTCC M 2015595 and on the possible presence of viable cells and DNA of the production strain in the final product, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the safety of the additives l‐lysine HCl and l‐lysine sulfate produced with C. glutamicum CCTCC M 2015595 for the target species, the consumers, the users and the environment. For both products, the FEEDAP Panel has concerns regarding the safety for the target species when the additives are administered via water for drinking. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the safety of the additive for the user. The products under assessment are considered efficacious sources of the amino acid l‐lysine for all animal species. For these products to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non‐ruminant species, they require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Safety of concentrated l-lysine (base), l-lysine monohydrochloride and l-lysine sulfate produced using different strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum for all animal species based on a dossier submitted by FEFANA asbl

The EFSA FEEDAP Panel previously (2016) could not conclude on the safety of certain concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base), l‐lysine monohydrochloride (HCl) and l‐lysine sulfate products manufactured using different strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum. New information on the safety of these products was provided by the applicant. The recipient strain C. glutamicum KCTC 12307BP qualifies for qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach for safety assessment, the genetic modification does not introduce any safety concern and no introduced antibiotic resistance genes remain in its genome. Even if uncertainty remains concerning the absence/presence of the production strain and/or its recombinant DNA in the final products, these would not raise safety concerns. The liquid l‐lysine (base) and l‐lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicum KCTC 12307BP or C. glutamicum KCCM 11117P; and l‐lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicum NRRL B‐50547 are considered safe for the target species, consumers and the environment. Regarding the safety for the user, concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base) and l‐lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicum KCTC 12307BP, C. glutamicum NRRL B‐50547 or C. glutamicum KCCM 11117P are not irritant to skin or eyes and they are not skin sensitisers. l‐Lysine HCl is not hazardous by inhalation. The use of C. glutamicum DSM 24990 in the production of l‐lysine sulfate is considered safe for the target species, consumers, users or the environment. No negative effects are to be expected for the target species within the proposed inclusion levels of 0.5–30 g lysine sulfate/kg complete feed provided that the total S intake complies with the recommendations of established scientific bodies. The use of C. glutamicum KCCM 10227 in the production of l‐lysine sulfate is considered safe for the target species, consumers, users and the environment with regard to antimicrobial resistance. No negative effects are to be expected for the target species within common inclusion levels provided that the total S intake complies with the recommendations of established scientific bodies.

Safety and efficacy of l-lysine monohydrochloride and concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum strain NRRL B-50775 for all animal species based on a dossier submitted by ADM

The European Commission asked EFSA for an opinion on the safety for the target animals, consumer, user and the environment and on the efficacy of a l‐lysine monohydrochloride (HCl, minimum 98.5%) and of a concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base, minimum 50%) produced by a genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum (NRRL B‐50775). They are intended to be used in feed or water for drinking for all animal species and categories. Neither the production strain C. glutamicum NRRL B‐50775 nor its recombinant DNA was detected in the final product. Therefore, the product does not pose any safety concern associated with the genetic modification of the production strain. l‐Lysine HCl and concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base) produced by C. glutamicum NRRL B‐50775 are considered safe for the target species, for the consumer and for the environment. l‐Lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicum NRRL B‐50775 is considered not irritant to skin or eyes and not a skin sensitiser. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the potential toxicity by inhalation of l‐lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicum NRRL B‐50775. Concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base) produced by C. glutamicum NRRL B‐50775, due to its high pH (11) it is anticipated to be corrosive to skin and eyes and poses a risk by inhalation. l‐Lysine HCl and concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base) produced by C. glutamicum NRRL B‐50775 are considered as efficacious sources of the essential amino acid l‐lysine for non‐ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l‐lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non‐ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.