1
|
Ayala Cabana L, de Santiago-Martín A, Meffe R, López-Heras I, de Bustamante I. Pharmaceutical and Trace Metal Interaction within the Water-Soil-Plant Continuum: Implications for Human and Soil Health. TOXICS 2024; 12:457. [PMID: 39058109 PMCID: PMC11281246 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12070457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Unplanned water reuse for crop irrigation may pose a global health risk due to the entry of contaminants into the food chain, undesirable effects on crop quality, and impact on soil health. In this study, we evaluate the impact derived from the co-occurrence of pharmaceuticals (Phs), trace metals (TMs), and one metalloid within the water-soil-plant continuum through bioassay experiments with Lactuca sativa L. Results indicate that the co-occurrence of Phs and TMs has synergistic or antagonistic effects, depending on target contaminants and environmental compartments. Complex formations between drugs and TMs may be responsible for enhanced sorption onto the soil of several Phs and TMs. Concerning plant uptake, the co-occurrence of Phs and TMs exerts antagonistic and synergistic effects on carbamazepine and diazepam, respectively. With the exception of Cd, drugs exert an antagonistic effect on TMs, negatively affecting their uptake and translocation. Drug contents in lettuce edible parts do not pose any threat to human health, but Cd levels exceed the maximum limits set for leafy vegetable foodstuffs. Under Ph-TM conditions, lettuce biomass decreases, and a nutrient imbalance is observed. Soil enzyme activity is stimulated under Ph-TM conditions (β-galactosidase) and Ph and Ph-TM conditions (urease and arylsulfatase), or it is not affected (phosphatase).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lesly Ayala Cabana
- IMDEA Water Institute, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (A.d.S.-M.); (R.M.); (I.L.-H.); (I.d.B.)
- Department of Geology, Geography and Environment, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28802 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana de Santiago-Martín
- IMDEA Water Institute, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (A.d.S.-M.); (R.M.); (I.L.-H.); (I.d.B.)
| | - Raffaella Meffe
- IMDEA Water Institute, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (A.d.S.-M.); (R.M.); (I.L.-H.); (I.d.B.)
| | - Isabel López-Heras
- IMDEA Water Institute, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (A.d.S.-M.); (R.M.); (I.L.-H.); (I.d.B.)
| | - Irene de Bustamante
- IMDEA Water Institute, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (A.d.S.-M.); (R.M.); (I.L.-H.); (I.d.B.)
- Department of Geology, Geography and Environment, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28802 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mallock N, Schulz T, Malke S, Dreiack N, Laux P, Luch A. Levels of nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in oral nicotine pouches. Tob Control 2024; 33:193-199. [PMID: 38378209 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine pouches without tobacco are new products that deliver nicotine into the body via the oral mucosa. There is a lack of independent research on the chemical composition and product characteristics of these products, contributing to uncertainties regarding product regulation. This study sought to address knowledge gaps by assessing levels of nicotine and screening for tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in a sample of these products. METHODS Nicotine pouches (n=44) and nicotine-free pouches (n=2) from 20 different manufacturers were analysed regarding their contents of nicotine and TSNAs by gas chromatography with flame ionisation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. Product labelling and pH values of aqueous extracts were determined. RESULTS Nicotine contents of products ranged from 1.79 to 47.5 mg/pouch; median product weight, pH, and proportion of free-base nicotine were 0.643 g, 8.8, and 86%, respectively. A clear labelling of the nicotine content was missing on 29 products and nicotine strength descriptions were ambiguous. TSNAs were detected in 26 products, with a maximum of 13 ng N-nitrosonornicotine/pouch. CONCLUSION Although nicotine pouches may potentially be a reduced risk alternative for cigarette smokers or users of some other oral tobacco products, nicotine contents of some pouches were alarmingly high. Presence of carcinogenic TSNAs in the nicotine pouches is of serious concern. Better manufacturing processes and quality control standards should be implemented. Labels of nicotine strength on most products are misleading. A strict regulation regarding nicotine contents and its labelling would be advisable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Mallock
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schulz
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Malke
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Dreiack
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ogawa T, Kato K, Asuka H, Sugioka Y, Mochizuki T, Nishiuchi T, Miyahara T, Kodama H, Ohta D. Multi-omics Analyses of Non-GM Tomato Scion Engrafted on GM Rootstocks. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2023; 11:41-53. [PMID: 37745161 PMCID: PMC10514396 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.d-23-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Grafting has been widely applied in agricultural production in order to utilize agriculturally valuable traits. The use of genetically modified (GM) plants for grafting with non-GM crops will soon be implemented to generate chimeric plants (transgrafting)*, and the non-GM edible portions thus obtained could fall outside of the current legal regulations. A number of metabolites and macromolecules are reciprocally exchanged between scion and rootstock, affecting the crop properties as food. Accordingly, the potential risks associated with grafting, particularly those related to transgrafting with GM plants, should be carefully evaluated based on scientific evidence. In this study, we prepared a hetero-transgraft line composed of non-GM tomato scion and GM-tobacco rootstock expressing firefly luciferase. We also prepared a homograft line (both rootstock and scion are from non-GM tomato) and a heterograft line (non-GM tobacco rootstock and non-GM tomato scion). The non-GM tomato fruits were harvested from these grafted lines and subjected to comprehensive characterization by multi-omics analysis. Proteomic analysis detected tobacco-derived proteins from both heterograft and hetero-transgraft lines, suggesting protein transfer from the tobacco rootstock to the tomato fruits. No allergenicity information is available for these two tobacco-derived proteins. The transcript levels of the genes encoding two allergenic tomato intrinsic proteins (Sola l 4.0101 and Sola l 4.0201) decreased in the heterograft and hetero-transgraft lines. Several differences were observed in the metabolic profiles, including α-tomatine and nicotine. The accumulation of tobacco-derived nicotine in the tomato fruits of both heterograft and hetero-transgraft lines indicated that the transfer of unfavorable metabolites from rootstock to scion should be assessed as a food safety concern. Further investigations are needed to clarify whether variable environmental conditions and growth periods may influence the qualities of the non-GM edible parts produced by such transgrafted plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Ogawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University,
1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka
Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kanae Kato
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka
Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Harue Asuka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka
Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yumi Sugioka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka
Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Mochizuki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University,
1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka
Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and
Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Division of Integrated Omics Research, Bioscience Core Facility,
Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, 13-1
Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Taira Miyahara
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 1-33
Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kodama
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 1-33
Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Daisaku Ohta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University,
1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka
Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Statement on the short‐term (acute) dietary risk assessment for the temporary maximum residue levels for nicotine in rose hips, teas and capers. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07566. [PMID: 36188064 PMCID: PMC9483820 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In accordance with Article 43 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the European Commission requested EFSA to assess whether the existing temporary maximum residue levels (MRLs) for nicotine in rose hips, teas and capers are sufficiently protective for European consumers, based on the risk assessment model currently used for pesticide risk assessments (EFSA PRIMo rev. 3.1). In its assessment, EFSA noted potential acute exposure risks for the intake of nicotine through rose hips and tea; EFSA recommended to lower the existing MRLs for these two commodities to levels that do not lead to an exceedance of the ARfD. For capers, EFSA concluded that the existing MRL is unlikely to lead to acute intake concerns. The risk assessment for the three food commodities under assessment is affected by additional, non‐standard uncertainties.
Collapse
|
5
|
Pesticide active substances that do not require a review of the existing maximum residue levels under Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005. EFSA J 2022. [PMCID: PMC8762537 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 establishes the rules governing the setting and the review of pesticide maximum residue levels (MRLs) at European level. According to Article 12(1) of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, EFSA shall provide within 12 months from the date of the inclusion or non‐inclusion of an active substance in Annex I to Directive 91/414/EEC a reasoned opinion on the review of the existing MRLs for that active substance. Article 12(2) of that Regulation stipulates that EFSA shall provide by 1 September 2009 a reasoned opinion on the review of the existing MRLs for all active substances included in Annex I to Directive 91/414/EEC before 2 September 2008. Among the active substances that need to be reviewed under Article 12(1) or Article 12(2) of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, EFSA identified 6 active substances for which a review of MRLs is no longer considered necessary. EFSA prepared a statement explaining the reasons why a review of MRLs for these substances became obsolete. The relevant question numbers are considered addressed by this statement.
Collapse
|
6
|
Meffe R, de Santiago-Martín A, Teijón G, Martínez Hernández V, López-Heras I, Nozal L, de Bustamante I. Pharmaceutical and transformation products during unplanned water reuse: Insights into natural attenuation, plant uptake and human health impact under field conditions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106835. [PMID: 34450549 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In urban and periurban areas, agricultural soils are often irrigated with surface water containing a complex mixture of contaminants due to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharges. The unplanned water reuse of these resources for crop irrigation can represent a pathway for contaminant propagation and a potential health risk due to their introduction in the food chain. The aim of this study is to provide data about the magnitude of attenuation processes and plant uptake, allowing for a reliable assessment of contaminant transfer among compartments and of the human health risk derived from unplanned water reuse activities. Target compounds are 25 pharmaceuticals, including transformation products (TPs). The field site is an agricultural parcel where maize is irrigated by a gravity-fed surface system supplied by the Jarama river, a water course strongly impacted by WWTP effluents. Throughout the 3-month irrigation period, irrigation water and water infiltrating through the vadose zone were sampled. The agricultural soil was collected before and after the irrigation campaign, and maize was sampled before harvesting. All selected compounds are detected in irrigation water (up to 12,867 ng L-1). Metformin, two metamizole TPs and valsartan occur with the highest concentrations. For most pharmaceuticals, results demonstrate a high natural attenuation during soil infiltration (>60%). However, leached concentrations of some compounds can be still at concern level (>400 ng L-1). A persistent behavior is observed for carbamazepine, carbamazepine epoxide and sulfamethoxazole. Pharmaceutical soil contents are in the order of ng g-1 and positively ionized compounds accumulate more effectively. Results also indicate the presence of a constant pool of drugs in soils. Only neutral and cationic pharmaceuticals are taken up in maize tissues, mainly in the roots. There is an insignificant threat to human health derived from maize consumption however, additional toxicity tests are recommended for 4AAA and acetaminophen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Meffe
- IMDEA Water Institute, Avda. Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
| | | | - Gloria Teijón
- IMDEA Water Institute, Avda. Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | | | - Isabel López-Heras
- IMDEA Water Institute, Avda. Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Leonor Nozal
- IMDEA Water Institute, Avda. Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; Center of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology (CQAB), FGUA and University of Alcalá, A-II km 33,6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Irene de Bustamante
- IMDEA Water Institute, Avda. Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; Geology, Geography and Environment Department, Faculty of Sciences, External Campus of the University of Alcalá, Ctra. A-II km 33,6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cheng YD, Bai YX, Jia M, Chen Y, Wang D, Wu T, Wang G, Yang HW. Potential risks of nicotine on the germination, growth, and nutritional properties of broad bean. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111797. [PMID: 33340958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the allelopathy, uptake and accumulation, and potential agricultural and food safety risks of nicotine in broad bean (Vicia faba L.) during seed germination and seedling growth. Nicotine stress has an allelopathic inhibitory effect on seeds and a hormesis effect on germinated seeds and seedlings, which has an enhancement effect (<50 mg kg-1) and an inhibition effect (>100 mg kg-1) on the germinated seeds and an enhancement effect (<100 mg kg-1) and an inhibition effect (>200 mg kg-1) on the seedlings. Exogenous nicotine can be absorbed by broad bean roots from nicotine-contaminated soil and accumulated in the main organs of the seedlings, especially the leaves, which exceeded the maximum residue level (0.03 mg kg-1 DW) at 50 mg kg-1. Moreover, nicotine resulted in a bitter taste in the edible broad bean leaves, disrupting the balance of basic nutritional properties, decreasing sucrose, and increasing bitter substances such as choline and procyanidin. These results demonstrated that residual nicotine in the soil not only poses potential risks to sustainable agricultural development but also a food safety risk for consumers. The present study provides insight into the potential risks of nicotine in agroecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Dong Cheng
- College of Tobacco Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650231, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Bai
- College of Tobacco Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650231, China
| | - Meng Jia
- College of Tobacco Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650231, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Tobacco Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650231, China
| | - Duo Wang
- Kunming Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., LTD. Kunming 650231, China
| | - Ge Wang
- College of Tobacco Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650231, China.
| | - Huan-Wen Yang
- College of Tobacco Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650231, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Baumung C, Rehm J, Franke H, Lachenmeier DW. Comparative risk assessment of tobacco smoke constituents using the margin of exposure approach: the neglected contribution of nicotine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35577. [PMID: 27759090 PMCID: PMC5069659 DOI: 10.1038/srep35577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine was not included in previous efforts to identify the most important toxicants of tobacco smoke. A health risk assessment of nicotine for smokers of cigarettes was conducted using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach and results were compared to literature MOEs of various other tobacco toxicants. The MOE is defined as ratio between toxicological threshold (benchmark dose) and estimated human intake. Dose-response modelling of human and animal data was used to derive the benchmark dose. The MOE was calculated using probabilistic Monte Carlo simulations for daily cigarette smokers. Benchmark dose values ranged from 0.004 mg/kg bodyweight for symptoms of intoxication in children to 3 mg/kg bodyweight for mortality in animals; MOEs ranged from below 1 up to 7.6 indicating a considerable consumer risk. The dimension of the MOEs is similar to those of other tobacco toxicants with high concerns relating to adverse health effects such as acrolein or formaldehyde. Owing to the lack of toxicological data in particular relating to cancer, long term animal testing studies for nicotine are urgently necessary. There is immediate need of action concerning the risk of nicotine also with regard to electronic cigarettes and smokeless tobacco.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Baumung
- Postgraduate Study for “Toxicology and Environmental Protection”, Institute for Legal Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Epidemiological Research Unit, Technische Universität Dresden, Klinische Psychologie and Psychotherapie, Dresden, Germany
- Social and Epidemiological Research (SER) Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto (UofT), Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, UofT, Toronto, Canada
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, UofT, Toronto, Canada
- PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health and Addiction, Toronto, Canada
| | - Heike Franke
- Postgraduate Study for “Toxicology and Environmental Protection”, Institute for Legal Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Rudolf Boehm Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk W. Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Epidemiological Research Unit, Technische Universität Dresden, Klinische Psychologie and Psychotherapie, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lachenmeier DW, Rehm J. Comparative risk assessment of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other illicit drugs using the margin of exposure approach. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8126. [PMID: 25634572 PMCID: PMC4311234 DOI: 10.1038/srep08126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A comparative risk assessment of drugs including alcohol and tobacco using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach was conducted. The MOE is defined as ratio between toxicological threshold (benchmark dose) and estimated human intake. Median lethal dose values from animal experiments were used to derive the benchmark dose. The human intake was calculated for individual scenarios and population-based scenarios. The MOE was calculated using probabilistic Monte Carlo simulations. The benchmark dose values ranged from 2 mg/kg bodyweight for heroin to 531 mg/kg bodyweight for alcohol (ethanol). For individual exposure the four substances alcohol, nicotine, cocaine and heroin fall into the "high risk" category with MOE < 10, the rest of the compounds except THC fall into the "risk" category with MOE < 100. On a population scale, only alcohol would fall into the "high risk" category, and cigarette smoking would fall into the "risk" category, while all other agents (opiates, cocaine, amphetamine-type stimulants, ecstasy, and benzodiazepines) had MOEs > 100, and cannabis had a MOE > 10,000. The toxicological MOE approach validates epidemiological and social science-based drug ranking approaches especially in regard to the positions of alcohol and tobacco (high risk) and cannabis (low risk).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk W. Lachenmeier
- Epidemiological Research Unit, Technische Universität Dresden, Klinische Psychologie & Psychotherapie, Dresden, Germany
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Epidemiological Research Unit, Technische Universität Dresden, Klinische Psychologie & Psychotherapie, Dresden, Germany
- Social and Epidemiological Research (SER) Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto (UofT), Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, UofT, Toronto, Canada
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, UofT, Toronto, Canada
- PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health & Addiction, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Proietti I, Frazzoli C, Mantovani A. Identification and management of toxicological hazards of street foods in developing countries. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 63:143-52. [PMID: 24220610 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Street food vending represents an important food security strategy for low-income communities worldwide. However, no comprehensive risk analysis framework yet exists as regards specific aspects of chemical/toxicological hazards in street foods. Indeed, all steps of street food production and vending can be vulnerable, from the selection of raw materials, through to the storage and preparation of meals and even the vending site, often exposed to urban pollutants. Relevant examples are cheap ingredients with illegal or undesirable residues, substances arising in poorly stored commodities (e.g., mycotoxins, histamine in scombroid fish), metals leaching from cookware, and process contaminants such as PAHs and acrylamide. As a consequence, greater awareness and preventive measures need to be implemented for coping with chemical/toxicological risk factors in a systematic and effective way. This review proposes specific points of attention for street foods preparation and vending with related hazard-tailored actions. The proposed measures in street food vending could integrate the prevention of biological risk factors, in order to promote comprehensive and up-to-date consumer safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Proietti
- Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Frazzoli
- Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Chemical risk assessment for human health requires a multidisciplinary approach through four steps: hazard identification and characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Hazard identification and characterization aim to identify the metabolism and elimination of the chemical (toxicokinetics) and the toxicological dose-response (toxicodynamics) and to derive a health-based guidance value for safe levels of exposure. Exposure assessment estimates human exposure as the product of the amount of the chemical in the matrix consumed and the consumption itself. Finally, risk characterization evaluates the risk of the exposure to human health by comparing the latter to with the health-based guidance value. Recently, many research efforts in computational toxicology have been put together to characterize population variability and uncertainty in each of the steps of risk assessment to move towards more quantitative and transparent risk assessment. This chapter focuses specifically on modeling population variability and effects for each step of risk assessment in order to provide an overview of the statistical and computational tools available to toxicologists and risk assessors. Three examples are given to illustrate the applicability of those tools: derivation of pathway-related uncertainty factors based on population variability, exposure to dioxins, dose-response modeling of cadmium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Lou Dorne
- Emerging Risks Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Setting of temporary MRLs for nicotine in tea, herbal infusions, spices, rose hips and fresh herbs. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|