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Vega EN, Ciudad-Mulero M, Fernández-Ruiz V, Barros L, Morales P. Natural Sources of Food Colorants as Potential Substitutes for Artificial Additives. Foods 2023; 12:4102. [PMID: 38002160 PMCID: PMC10670170 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the demand of healthier food products and products made with natural ingredients has increased overwhelmingly, led by the awareness of human beings of the influence of food on their health, as well as by the evidence of side effects generated by different ingredients such as some additives. This is the case for several artificial colorants, especially azo colorants, which have been related to the development of allergic reactions, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. All the above has focused the attention of researchers on obtaining colorants from natural sources that do not present a risk for consumption and, on the contrary, show biological activity. The most representative compounds that present colorant capacity found in nature are anthocyanins, anthraquinones, betalains, carotenoids and chlorophylls. Therefore, the present review summarizes research published in the last 15 years (2008-2023) in different databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and ScienceDirect) encompassing various natural sources of these colorant compounds, referring to their obtention, identification, some of the efforts made for improvements in their stability and their incorporation in different food matrices. In this way, this review evidences the promising path of development of natural colorants for the replacement of their artificial counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika N. Vega
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.N.V.); (M.C.-M.); (V.F.-R.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
| | - María Ciudad-Mulero
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.N.V.); (M.C.-M.); (V.F.-R.)
| | - Virginia Fernández-Ruiz
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.N.V.); (M.C.-M.); (V.F.-R.)
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Patricia Morales
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.N.V.); (M.C.-M.); (V.F.-R.)
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Dos Santos JR, de Sousa Soares L, Soares BM, de Gomes Farias M, de Oliveira VA, de Sousa NAB, Negreiros HA, da Silva FCC, Peron AP, Pacheco ACL, Marques MMM, Gonçalves JCR, Montenegro RC, Islam MT, Sharifi-Rad J, Mubarak MS, de Melo Cavalcante AAC, de Castro E Sousa JM. Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of the food additive tartrazine on eukaryotic cells. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:95. [PMID: 36564854 PMCID: PMC9789615 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the food additives used in the food industry, food dyes are considered the most toxic. For instance, tartrazine (TRZ) is a food colorant commercially available with conflicting data regarding its cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic effects. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of TRZ using different eukaryotic cells (in vitro). METHODS This study employed 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), brine shrimp lethality, Allium cepa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae tests. Different concentrations of TRZ and different exposure times were used in this study. RESULTS The results demonstrate that TRZ induced a concentration-dependent toxic effect on the test systems. It also exerted cytotoxicity in fibroblasts and human gastric cells. In addition, TRZ showed mutagenic effects on the A. cepa test system. However, its toxicogenic effects may not relate to the oxidizing activity, which was confirmed by the S. cerevisiae test model. CONCLUSION Taken together, TRZ exerted toxicogenic effects on the test systems. Therefore, it may be harmful to health, especially its prolonged use may trigger carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larissa de Sousa Soares
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis of the Federal University of Piauí, Picos, Brazil
| | - Bruno Moreira Soares
- Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics and Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Marlene de Gomes Farias
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis of the Federal University of Piauí, Picos, Brazil
| | | | | | - Helber Alves Negreiros
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis of the Federal University of Piauí, Picos, Brazil
| | - Felipe Cavalcanti Carneiro da Silva
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis of the Federal University of Piauí, Picos, Brazil
- Cytogenetic and Mutagenesis Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Peron
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis of the Federal University of Piauí, Picos, Brazil
- Cytogenetic and Mutagenesis Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Improvement of the Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj8100, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | | | | | | | - João Marcelo de Castro E Sousa
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis of the Federal University of Piauí, Picos, Brazil
- Cytogenetic and Mutagenesis Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
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Pliuta K, Snigur D. Determination of Allura Red AC with a β‐Cyclodextrin‐Modified Carbon Paste Electrode. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Pliuta
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy Odessa I.I. Mechnikov National University Odessa 65082 Ukraine
| | - Denys Snigur
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy Odessa I.I. Mechnikov National University Odessa 65082 Ukraine
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Xu YX, Zhang SH, Zhang SZ, Yang MY, Zhao X, Sun MZ, Feng XZ. Exposure of zebrafish embryos to sodium propionate disrupts circadian behavior and glucose metabolism-related development. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113791. [PMID: 35753272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sodium propionate is widely used as a preservative in food. The widespread use of preservatives is known to cause both environmental and public health problems. This study aimed to investigate the effects of sodium propionate on the developmental behavior and glucose metabolism of zebrafish. Our results showed that sodium propionate had no significant effect on the embryonic morphological development of zebrafish embryos but changed the head eye area. Then we found sodium propionate disturbed the thigmotaxis behavior, impaired neural development. Moreover, changes in clock gene expression disrupted the circadian rhythm of zebrafish. Circadian genes regulated insulin sensitivity and secretion in various tissues. Then our results showed that the disorder of circadian rhythm in zebrafish affected glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, which damaged the development of retina. Therefore, the safety of propionate should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shu-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shao-Zhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Meng-Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- The Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information Systems, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Sun
- The Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information Systems, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Xi-Zeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Commercial Red Food Dyes Preparations Modulate the Oxidative State in Three Model Organisms (Cucumis sativus, Artemia salina, and Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/environments9050063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The growing environmental spreading of food synthetic dyes and bio-colors have the potential for altering organisms’ redox states. Here, three model species for aquatic pollution trials, Cucumis sativus seeds, Artemia salina cysts, and Danio rerio embryos, were short-term exposed to a fixed concentration of the artificial red E124, and two red bio-colors, cochineal E120, and vegan red (VEGR). In the animal models, we evaluated the total reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the susceptibility to in vitro oxidative stress, and in C. sativus, H2O2 production and antioxidant capacity. We also measured organismal performance indices (routine oxygen consumption in the animal models, dark oxygen consumption, and photosynthetic efficiency in C. sativus). In C. sativus, only E124 increased ROS and affected dark oxygen consumption and photosynthetic efficiency, while all dyes enhanced the antioxidant defenses. In the A. salina nauplii, all dyes increased ROS, while E120 and E124 reduced the susceptibility to oxidative stress. In D. rerio, treatments did not affect ROS content, and reduced oxidative stress susceptibility. Our data show that red food dyes affect the redox state of the developing organisms, in which ROS plays a significant role. We suggest a potentially toxic role for red food dyes with environmentally relevant consequences.
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Fašmon Durjava M, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Stevensen K, Benigni R, Brozzi R, Galobart J, Holczknecht O, Innocenti ML, Pizzo F, Vettori MV. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of Sunset Yellow FCF for cats and dogs, ornamental fish, grain-eating ornamental birds and small rodents (Sensient Colours Europe GmbH). EFSA J 2022; 20:e07266. [PMID: 35540796 PMCID: PMC9069543 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Sunset Yellow FCF for cats, dogs, ornamental fish, grain-eating ornamental birds and small rodents when used as an additive that adds or restores colour in feedingstuffs. Sunset Yellow FCF is considered safe for the target species at the following concentrations in complete feed: 165 mg/kg for cats, 198 mg/kg for dogs, 733 mg/kg for ornamental fish, 24 mg/kg for grain-eating ornamental birds and 750 mg/kg for small rodents. In the absence of adequate information, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude neither on the eyes and skin irritation potential of Sunset yellow FCF, nor on its skin sensitisation potential. Exposure by inhalation is considered to be unlikely. The FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the efficacy of the additive.
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Kos Durjava M, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Aquilina G, Brantom P, Gropp J, Rychen G, Tosti L, Anguita M, Galobart J, Lorenzo Innocenti M, Ortuno Casanova J, Vittoria Vettori M. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of Allura Red AC for small non-food-producing mammals and ornamental birds (Versele-Laga). EFSA J 2021; 19:e06987. [PMID: 34963792 PMCID: PMC8678712 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Allura Red AC for small non-food-producing mammals and ornamental birds when used as an additive that add or restore colour in feedingstuffs. The use of Allura Red AC up to the proposed conditions of use of 500 mg/kg complete feed is considered safe for guinea pig, chinchilla, degu, hamster, gerbil and chipmunk. The following maximum safe levels (mg/kg complete feed) apply to the following species: ferrets 99, rabbits 123, canaries, budgerigars, mynah and toucans 45, lovebirds 51, cockatiels 79, cockatoos 115, amazons 145, parrots 147, yellow breast macaw 150, blue-throated macaw 173 and hyacinth macaw 214. The maximum safe level of Allura Red AC for other small non-food-producing mammal is 99 mg/kg feed and for other ornamental birds is 45 mg/kg feed. Inhalation exposure of Allura Red is regarded as hazardous. In the absence of data, the Panel cannot conclude on the potential of Allura Red to be a skin/eye irritant or a skin sensitiser. The FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the efficacy of the additive.
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Berlina AN, Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB. ELISA and Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Detection of Food Colorants: State of the Art. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 49:209-223. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1503942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna N. Berlina
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly V. Zherdev
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris B. Dzantiev
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Rychen G, Azimonti G, Bampidis V, Bastos MDL, Bories G, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Flachowsky G, Gropp J, Kolar B, Kouba M, López-Alonso M, López Puente S, Mantovani A, Mayo B, Ramos F, Saarela M, Villa RE, Wallace RJ, Wester P, Costa LG, Lundebye AK, Renshaw D, Holczknecht O, Vettori MV, Aquilina G. Safety and efficacy of ponceau 4R for cats, dogs and ornamental fish. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05222. [PMID: 32625852 PMCID: PMC7009515 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of ponceau 4R for cats, dogs and ornamental fish. The following ponceau 4R concentrations in complete feed were considered safe: 31 mg/kg for cats, 37 mg/kg for dogs and 137 mg/kg for ornamental fish. Inhalation exposure of ponceau 4R is regarded as hazardous. In the absence of data, the Panel cannot conclude on the irritancy potential of ponceau 4R to skin or eyes. No conclusion could be made on the skin sensitisation of ponceau 4R. Ponceau 4R is effective in adding colour to feedingstuffs.
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Elbanna K, Sarhan OM, Khider M, Elmogy M, Abulreesh HH, Shaaban MR. Microbiological, histological, and biochemical evidence for the adverse effects of food azo dyes on rats. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 25:667-680. [PMID: 28911652 PMCID: PMC9328831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 120 lactic acid bacterial strains from different fermented dairy products as well as 10 bacterial intestinal isolates were evaluated for in vitro and in vivo degradation of various food azo dyes. Of these isolates, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains 13 and 100 and the intestinal isolates Ent2 and Eco5 exhibited 96–98% degradation of the tested food azo dyes within 5–6 hours. High performance liquid chromatography mass spectra of sunset yellow (E110) and carmoisine (E122) anaerobic degradation products by the intestinal isolates showed that they were structurally related to toxic aromatic amines. For an in vivo study, eight groups of rats were treated for 90 days with either the food azo dyes or their degradation products. All groups were kept for a further 30 days as recovery period and then dissected at 120 days. Hematological, histopathological, and protein markers were assessed. Rats treated with either E110/E122 or their degradation products exhibited highly significant changes in red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and white blood cell count. In addition, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, amylase, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, total protein, and globulins were significantly increased. Furthermore, marked histopathological alterations in the liver, kidney, spleen, and small intestine were observed. Significant decreases in inflammation and a noticeable improvement in the liver, kidney, spleen, and small intestine of rats treated with LAB and food azo dyes simultaneously were observed. Finally, these results provide a reliable basis for not only a better understanding of the histological and biochemical effects of food additives, but also for early diagnostics. In addition, LAB strains 13 and 100 may play an important role as potential probiotics in food and dairy technology as a probiotic lactic acid starter.
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Bastaki M, Farrell T, Bhusari S, Pant K, Kulkarni R. Lack of genotoxicity in vivo for food color additive Allura Red AC. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105:308-314. [PMID: 28458012 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Allura Red AC is an approved food color additive internationally with INS number 129, in the United States as food color subject to batch certification "Food, Drug, and Cosmetic" (FD&C) Red No. 40, and in Europe as food color additive with E number 129. In their evaluation of the color (2013), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) expressed concerns of potential genotoxicity, based primarily on one genotoxicity study that was not conducted according to Guidelines. The present in vivo genotoxicity study was conducted according to OECD Guidelines in response to EFSA's request for additional data. The animal species and strain, and the tissues examined were selected specifically to address the previously reported findings. The results show clear absence of genotoxic activity for Allura Red AC, in the bone marrow micronucleus assay and the Comet assay in the liver, stomach, and colon. These data addressed EFSA's concerns for genotoxicity. The Joint WHO/FAO Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) (2016) also reviewed the study and concluded that there is no genotoxicity concern for Allura Red AC. Negative findings in parallel genotoxicity studies on Tartrazine and Ponceau 4R (published separately) are consistent with lack of genotoxicity for azo dyes used as food colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bastaki
- International Association of Color Manufacturers (IACM), 1101 17th St, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036, United States.
| | - Thomas Farrell
- Global Regulatory Affairs, Colorcon Inc., 275 Ruth Rd, Harleysville, PA 19438, United States.
| | - Sachin Bhusari
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, The Coca-Cola Company, 1 Coca Cola Plaza, NW, Atlanta, GA 30313, United States.
| | - Kamala Pant
- Genetic Toxicology, BioReliance/Sigma-Aldrich Corp., 14920 Broschart Road, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
| | - Rohan Kulkarni
- Toxicology, Study Management, BioReliance/Sigma-Aldrich Corp., 14920 Broschart Road, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
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Bastaki M, Farrell T, Bhusari S, Pant K, Kulkarni R. Lack of genotoxicity in vivo for food color additive Tartrazine. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105:278-284. [PMID: 28454783 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tartrazine is approved as a food color additive internationally with INS number 102, in the United States as food color subject to batch certification "Food, Drug, and Cosmetic" (FD&C) Yellow No. 5, and in Europe as food color additive with E number 102. In their evaluation of the color (2013), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) expressed concerns of potential genotoxicity, based primarily on one genotoxicity study that was not conducted according to Guidelines. The present in vivo genotoxicity study was conducted according to OECD Guidelines in response to EFSA's request for additional data. The animal species and strain, and the tissues examined were selected specifically to address the previously reported findings. The results of this study show clear absence of genotoxic activity for Tartrazine, in the bone marrow micronucleus assay and the Comet assay in the liver, stomach, and colon. These data addressed EFSA's concerns for genotoxicity. The Joint WHO/FAO Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) (2016) also reviewed these data and concluded that there is no genotoxicity concern for Tartrazine. Negative findings in parallel genotoxicity studies on Allura Red AC and Ponceau 4R (published separately) are consistent with lack of genotoxicity for azo dyes used as food colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bastaki
- International Association of Color Manufacturers (IACM), 1101 17th St, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036, United States.
| | - Thomas Farrell
- Global Regulatory Affairs, Colorcon Inc., 275 Ruth Rd, Harleysville, PA 19438, United States.
| | - Sachin Bhusari
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, The Coca-Cola Company, 1 Coca Cola Plaza, NW, Atlanta, GA 30313, United States.
| | - Kamala Pant
- Genetic Toxicology, BioReliance/Sigma-Aldrich Corp., 14920 Broschart Road, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
| | - Rohan Kulkarni
- Toxicology, Study Management, BioReliance/Sigma-Aldrich Corp., 14920 Broschart Road, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
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Rychen G, Azimonti G, Bampidis V, de Lourdes Bastos M, Bories G, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Flachowsky G, Gropp J, Kolar B, Kouba M, López Puente S, López‐Alonso M, Mantovani A, Mayo B, Ramos F, Saarela M, Villa RE, Wallace RJ, Wester P, Costa LG, Lundebye A, Renshaw D, Holczknecht O, Vettori MV, Aquilina G. Safety and efficacy of tartrazine (E 102) for cats and dogs, ornamental fish, grain‐eating ornamental birds and small rodents. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Kregiel D. Health safety of soft drinks: contents, containers, and microorganisms. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:128697. [PMID: 25695045 PMCID: PMC4324883 DOI: 10.1155/2015/128697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Soft drinks consumption is still a controversial issue for public health and public policy. Over the years, numerous studies have been conducted into the possible links between soft drink intake and medical problems, the results of which, however, remain highly contested. Nevertheless, as a result, increasing emphasis is being placed on the health properties of soft drinks, by both the industry and the consumers, for example, in the expanding area of functional drinks. Extensive legislation has been put in place to ensure that soft drinks manufacturers conform to established national and international standards. Consumers trust that the soft drinks they buy are safe and their quality is guaranteed. They also expect to be provided with information that can help them to make informed decisions about the purchase of products and that the information on product labels is not false or misleading. This paper provides a broad overview of available scientific knowledge and cites numerous studies on various aspects of soft drinks and their implications for health safety. Particular attention is given to ingredients, including artificial flavorings, colorings, and preservatives and to the lesser known risks of microbiological and chemical contamination during processing and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kregiel
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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