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Buytaers FE, Saltykova A, Mattheus W, Verhaegen B, Roosens NHC, Vanneste K, Laisnez V, Hammami N, Pochet B, Cantaert V, Marchal K, Denayer S, De Keersmaecker SC. Application of a strain-level shotgun metagenomics approach on food samples: resolution of the source of a Salmonella food-borne outbreak. Microb Genom 2021; 7:000547. [PMID: 33826490 PMCID: PMC8208685 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-borne outbreak investigation currently relies on the time-consuming and challenging bacterial isolation from food, to be able to link food-derived strains to more easily obtained isolates from infected people. When no food isolate can be obtained, the source of the outbreak cannot be unambiguously determined. Shotgun metagenomics approaches applied to the food samples could circumvent this need for isolation from the suspected source, but require downstream strain-level data analysis to be able to accurately link to the human isolate. Until now, this approach has not yet been applied outside research settings to analyse real food-borne outbreak samples. In September 2019, a Salmonella outbreak occurred in a hotel school in Bruges, Belgium, affecting over 200 students and teachers. Following standard procedures, the Belgian National Reference Center for human salmonellosis and the National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella in food and feed used conventional analysis based on isolation, serotyping and MLVA (multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis) comparison, followed by whole-genome sequencing, to confirm the source of the contamination over 2 weeks after receipt of the sample, which was freshly prepared tartar sauce in a meal cooked at the school. Our team used this outbreak as a case study to deliver a proof of concept for a short-read strain-level shotgun metagenomics approach for source tracking. We received two suspect food samples: the full meal and some freshly made tartar sauce served with this meal, requiring the use of raw eggs. After analysis, we could prove, without isolation, that Salmonella was present in both samples, and we obtained an inferred genome of a Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis that could be linked back to the human isolates of the outbreak in a phylogenetic tree. These metagenomics-derived outbreak strains were separated from sporadic cases as well as from another outbreak circulating in Europe at the same time period. This is, to our knowledge, the first Salmonella food-borne outbreak investigation uniquely linking the food source using a metagenomics approach and this in a fast time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence E. Buytaers
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Assia Saltykova
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wesley Mattheus
- National Reference Center for Salmonella and Shigella spp., Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bavo Verhaegen
- National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella and Food-Borne Infections, Food-Borne Pathogens, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Kevin Vanneste
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Brigitte Pochet
- Federal Agency for the Security of the Food Chain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vera Cantaert
- Federal Agency for the Security of the Food Chain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Marchal
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Information Technology, IDlab, IMEC, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sarah Denayer
- National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella and Food-Borne Infections, Food-Borne Pathogens, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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Ardelean AI, Calistri P, Giovannini A, Garofolo G, Di Pasquale A, Conte A, MorelliD D. Development of food safety risk assessment tools based on molecular typing and WGS of Campylobacter jejuni genome. EFSA J 2019; 17:e170903. [PMID: 32626461 PMCID: PMC7015486 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.e170903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ‘learning‐by‐doing’ EU‐FORA fellowship programme in the development of risk assessment tools based on molecular typing and WGS of Campylobacter jejuni genome was structured into two main activities: the primary one focused on training on risk assessment methodology and the secondary one in starting and enhancing the cooperation between the hosting and home organisations, or other joint activities. The primary activities had three subsequent work packages (WPs): WP1 data organisation, WP2 cluster and association analyses, and WP3 development of risk assessment models. The secondary activities have branched into one workshop and the initiation of a cooperation programme between the hosting and home organisations. In the last quarter, the fellow had contributed to the characterisation of some pathogens in possible response to a changing climate, part of the CLEFSA project. The fellow attended various forms of training: online and on‐site courses, and also participated at several conferences and meetings for improving his knowledge and skills, contributing to performing the Campylobacter risk assessment and source attribution.
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Pijnacker R, Dallman TJ, Tijsma ASL, Hawkins G, Larkin L, Kotila SM, Amore G, Amato E, Suzuki PM, Denayer S, Klamer S, Pászti J, McCormick J, Hartman H, Hughes GJ, Brandal LCT, Brown D, Mossong J, Jernberg C, Müller L, Palm D, Severi E, Gołębiowska J, Hunjak B, Owczarek S, Le Hello S, Garvey P, Mooijman K, Friesema IHM, van der Weijden C, van der Voort M, Rizzi V, Franz E. An international outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis linked to eggs from Poland: a microbiological and epidemiological study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 19:778-786. [PMID: 31133519 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella spp are a major cause of food-borne outbreaks in Europe. We investigated a large multi-country outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis in the EU and European Economic Area (EEA). METHODS A confirmed case was defined as a laboratory-confirmed infection with the outbreak strains of S Enteritidis based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS), occurring between May 1, 2015, and Oct 31, 2018. A probable case was defined as laboratory-confirmed infection with S Enteritidis with the multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis outbreak profile. Multi-country epidemiological, trace-back, trace-forward, and environmental investigations were done. We did a case-control study including confirmed and probable cases and controls randomly sampled from the population registry (frequency matched by age, sex, and postal code). Odds ratios (ORs) for exposure rates between cases and controls were calculated with unmatched univariable and multivariable logistic regression. FINDINGS 18 EU and EEA countries reported 838 confirmed and 371 probable cases. 509 (42%) cases were reported in 2016, after which the number of cases steadily increased. The case-control study results showed that cases more often ate in food establishments than did controls (OR 3·4 [95% CI 1·6-7·3]), but no specific food item was identified. Recipe-based food trace-back investigations among cases who ate in food establishments identified eggs from Poland as the vehicle of infection in October, 2016. Phylogenetic analysis identified two strains of S Enteritidis in human cases that were subsequently identified in salmonella-positive eggs and primary production premises in Poland, confirming the source of the outbreak. After control measures were implemented, the number of cases decreased, but increased again in March, 2017, and the increase continued into 2018. INTERPRETATION This outbreak highlights the public health value of multi-country sharing of epidemiological, trace-back, and microbiological data. The re-emergence of cases suggests that outbreak strains have continued to enter the food chain, although changes in strain population dynamics and fewer cases indicate that control measures had some effect. Routine use of WGS in salmonella surveillance and outbreak response promises to identify and stop outbreaks in the future. FUNDING European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; Directorate General for Health and Food Safety, European Commission; and National Public Health and Food Safety Institutes of the authors' countries (see Acknowledgments for full list).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roan Pijnacker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, Netherlands.
| | | | - Aloys S L Tijsma
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Saara M Kotila
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Giusi Amore
- European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
| | - Ettore Amato
- Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pamina M Suzuki
- Crisis Management in Food, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Denayer
- National Institute for Public Health (Sciensano), Elsene, Belgium
| | - Sofieke Klamer
- National Institute for Public Health (Sciensano), Elsene, Belgium
| | - Judit Pászti
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | - Derek Brown
- Scottish Salmonella, Shigella, and Clostridium difficile Reference Laboratory, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joël Mossong
- National Health Laboratory, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | | | | | - Daniel Palm
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ettore Severi
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kirsten Mooijman
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid H M Friesema
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Coen van der Weijden
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Menno van der Voort
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Eelco Franz
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, Netherlands
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Sanaa M, Pouillot R, Vega FG, Strain E, Van Doren JM. GenomeGraphR: A user-friendly open-source web application for foodborne pathogen whole genome sequencing data integration, analysis, and visualization. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213039. [PMID: 30818354 PMCID: PMC6394949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Food safety risk assessments and large-scale epidemiological investigations have the potential to provide better and new types of information when whole genome sequence (WGS) data are effectively integrated. Today, the NCBI Pathogen Detection database WGS collections have grown significantly through improvements in technology, coordination, and collaboration, such as the GenomeTrakr and PulseNet networks. However, high-quality genomic data is not often coupled with high-quality epidemiological or food chain metadata. We have created a set of tools for cleaning, curation, integration, analysis and visualization of microbial genome sequencing data. It has been tested using Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes data sets provided by NCBI Pathogen Detection (160,000 sequenced isolates in 2018). GenomeGraphR presents foodborne pathogen WGS data and associated curated metadata in a user-friendly interface that allows a user to query a variety of research questions such as, transmission sources and dynamics, global reach, and persistence of genotypes associated with contamination in the food supply and foodborne illness across time or space. The application is freely available (https://fda-riskmodels.foodrisk.org/genomegraphr/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Moez Sanaa
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Régis Pouillot
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Francisco Garcés Vega
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Errol Strain
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jane M. Van Doren
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
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Latronico F, Correia S, Felicio TDS, Hempen M, Messens W, Ortiz-Pelaez A, Stella P, Liebana E, Hugas M. Challenges and prospects of the European Food Safety Authority biological hazards risk assessments for food safety. Curr Opin Food Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hardt MJ, Flett K, Howell CJ. Current Barriers to Large-scale Interoperability of Traceability Technology in the Seafood Sector. J Food Sci 2017; 82:A3-A12. [PMID: 28833156 PMCID: PMC6282720 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interoperability is a critical component of full-chain digital traceability, but is almost nonexistent in the seafood industry. Using both quantitative and qualitative methodology, this study explores the barriers impeding progress toward large-scale interoperability among digital traceability systems in the seafood sector from the perspectives of seafood companies, technology vendors, and supply chains as a whole. We highlight lessons from recent research and field work focused on implementing traceability across full supply chains and make some recommendations for next steps in terms of overcoming challenges and scaling current efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marah J. Hardt
- Future of Fish1201 Alaskan Way, Suite 200SeattleWash.98101U.S.A
| | - Keith Flett
- Future of Fish1201 Alaskan Way, Suite 200SeattleWash.98101U.S.A
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Hill AA, Crotta M, Wall B, Good L, O'Brien SJ, Guitian J. Towards an integrated food safety surveillance system: a simulation study to explore the potential of combining genomic and epidemiological metadata. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:160721. [PMID: 28405360 PMCID: PMC5383817 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne infection is a result of exposure to complex, dynamic food systems. The efficiency of foodborne infection is driven by ongoing shifts in genetic machinery. Next-generation sequencing technologies can provide high-fidelity data about the genetics of a pathogen. However, food safety surveillance systems do not currently provide similar high-fidelity epidemiological metadata to associate with genetic data. As a consequence, it is rarely possible to transform genetic data into actionable knowledge that can be used to genuinely inform risk assessment or prevent outbreaks. Big data approaches are touted as a revolution in decision support, and pose a potentially attractive method for closing the gap between the fidelity of genetic and epidemiological metadata for food safety surveillance. We therefore developed a simple food chain model to investigate the potential benefits of combining 'big' data sources, including both genetic and high-fidelity epidemiological metadata. Our results suggest that, as for any surveillance system, the collected data must be relevant and characterize the important dynamics of a system if we are to properly understand risk: this suggests the need to carefully consider data curation, rather than the more ambitious claims of big data proponents that unstructured and unrelated data sources can be combined to generate consistent insight. Of interest is that the biggest influencers of foodborne infection risk were contamination load and processing temperature, not genotype. This suggests that understanding food chain dynamics would probably more effectively generate insight into foodborne risk than prescribing the hazard in ever more detail in terms of genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Crotta
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - B. Wall
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - L. Good
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - S. J. O'Brien
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, UK
| | - J. Guitian
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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ACCIARI VA, IANNETTI L, GATTUSO A, SONNESSA M, SCAVIA G, MONTAGNA C, ADDANTE N, TORRESI M, ZOCCHI L, SCATTOLINI S, CENTORAME P, MARFOGLIA C, PRENCIPE VA, GIANFRANCESCHI MV. Tracing sources of Listeria contamination in traditional Italian cheese associated with a US outbreak: investigations in Italy. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:2719-27. [PMID: 26522501 PMCID: PMC9150474 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881500254x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2012 a US multistate outbreak of listeriosis was linked to ricotta salata imported from Italy, made from pasteurized sheep's milk. Sampling activities were conducted in Italy to trace the source of Listeria monocytogenes contamination. The cheese that caused the outbreak was produced in a plant in Apulia that processed semi-finished cheeses supplied by five plants in Sardinia. During an 'emergency sampling', 179 (23·6%) out of 758 end-products tested positive for L. monocytogenes, with concentrations from <10 c.f.u./g to 1·1 × 106 c.f.u./g. Positive processing environment samples were found in two out of four processing plants. A 'follow-up sampling' was conducted 8 months later, when environmental samples from three out of six plants tested positive for L. monocytogenes and for Listeria spp. PFGE subtyping showed 100% similarity between US clinical strains and isolates from ricotta salata, confirming the origin of the outbreak. The persistence of strains in environmental niches of processing plants was demonstrated, and is probably the cause of product contamination. Two PFGE profiles from clinical cases of listeriosis in Italy in 2011, stored in the MSS-TESSy database, were found to have 100% similarity to one PFGE profile from a US clinical case associated with the consumption of ricotta salata, according to the US epidemiological investigation (sample C, pulsotype 17). However, they had 87% similarity to the only PFGE profile found both in the US clinical case and in 14 ricotta cheese samples collected during the emergency sampling (sample B, pulsotype 1). Sharing of molecular data and availability of common characterization protocols were key elements that connected the detection of the US outbreak to the investigation of the food source in Italy. Simultaneous surveillance systems at both food and human levels are a necessity for the efficient rapid discovery of the source of an outbreak of L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. A. ACCIARI
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Teramo, Italy
| | - L. IANNETTI
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Teramo, Italy
| | - A. GATTUSO
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | | | - G. SCAVIA
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - C. MONTAGNA
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Struttura Complessa Territoriale di Putignano (BA), Italy
| | - N. ADDANTE
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Struttura Complessa Territoriale di Putignano (BA), Italy
| | - M. TORRESI
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Teramo, Italy
| | - L. ZOCCHI
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Teramo, Italy
| | - S. SCATTOLINI
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Teramo, Italy
| | - P. CENTORAME
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Teramo, Italy
| | - C. MARFOGLIA
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Teramo, Italy
| | - V. A. PRENCIPE
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Teramo, Italy
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Pauletto M, Carraro L, Babbucci M, Lucchini R, Bargelloni L, Cardazzo B. Extending RAD tag analysis to microbial ecology: a comparison between MultiLocus Sequence Typing and 2b-RAD to investigate Listeria monocytogenes genetic structure. Mol Ecol Resour 2015; 16:823-35. [PMID: 26613186 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has dramatically changed bacterial typing technologies, increasing our ability to differentiate bacterial isolates. Despite it is now possible to sequence a bacterial genome in a few days and at reasonable costs, most genetic analyses do not require whole-genome sequencing, which also remains impractical for large population samples due to the cost of individual library preparation and bioinformatics. More traditional sequencing approaches, however, such as MultiLocus Sequence Typing (mlst) are quite laborious and time-consuming, especially for large-scale analyses. In this study, a genotyping approach based on restriction site-associated (RAD) tag sequencing, 2b-RAD, was applied to characterize Listeria monocytogenes strains. To verify the feasibility of the method, an in silico analysis was performed on 30 available complete genomes. For the same set of strains, in silico mlst analysis was conducted as well. Subsequently, 2b-RAD and mlst analyses were experimentally carried out on 58 isolates collected from food samples or food-processing sites. The obtained results demonstrate that 2b-RAD predicts mlst types and often provides more detailed information on population structure than mlst. Moreover, the majority of variants differentiating identical sequence type isolates mapped against accessory fragments, thus providing additional information to characterize strains. Although mlst still represents a reliable typing method, large-scale studies on molecular epidemiology and public health, as well as bacterial phylogenetics, population genetics and biosafety could benefit of a low cost and fast turnaround time approach such as the 2b-RAD analysis proposed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Pauletto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Lisa Carraro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Babbucci
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Rosaria Lucchini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Barbara Cardazzo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
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Muellner P, Stärk KDC, Dufour S, Zadoks RN. ‘Next-Generation’ Surveillance: An Epidemiologists’ Perspective on the Use of Molecular Information in Food Safety and Animal Health Decision-Making. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 63:351-7. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Muellner
- Epi-interactive; Miramar Wellington New Zealand
- Epi-interactive; Eppingen Germany
| | - K. D. C. Stärk
- Royal Veterinary College; North Mymms UK
- SAFOSO AG; Bern Switzerland
| | - S. Dufour
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; St-Hyacinthe QC Canada
- Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network; St-Hyacinthe QC Canada
| | - R. N. Zadoks
- Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
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