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Wang T, Kanda H, Kusumi K, Mei L, Zhang L, Machida H, Norinaga K, Yamamoto T, Sekikawa H, Yasui K, Zhu L. Environmental-friendly extraction of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from poly(vinyl chloride) using liquefied dimethyl ether. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 183:21-31. [PMID: 38714119 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is one of the most widely used plastics. However, a major challenge in recycling PVC is that there is no economical method to separate and remove its toxic phthalate plasticizers. This research made a breakthrough by extracting PVC with liquefied dimethyl ether (DME) and successfully separating the plasticizer components. Nearly all (97.1 %) of the di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate plasticizer was extracted within 30 min by passing liquefied DME (285 g) through PVC at 25 °C. The compatibility of PVC with organic solvents, including liquefied DME, was derived theoretically from their Hansen solubility parameters (HSP), and actual dissolution experiments were conducted to determine the optimal PVC solvents. A liquefied DME mixture was used to dissolve PVC, and the extract was diluted with ethanol to precipitate the dissolved PVC. We demonstrated that liquefied DME is a promising method for producing high quality recycled products and that the process retains the fundamental properties of plasticizers and PVC without inducing degradation or depolymerization. Because of its low boiling point, DME can be easily separated from the solute after extraction, allowing for efficient reuse of the solvent, extracted plasticizer, and PVC. DME does not require heat and produces little harmful wastewater, which significantly reduces the energy consumption of the plasticizer additive separation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hideki Kanda
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Kaito Kusumi
- Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Li Mei
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Machida
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Koyo Norinaga
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sekikawa
- Central Research Laboratories, DIC Corporation, 631, Sakado, Sakura, Chiba 285-8668, Japan
| | - Kengo Yasui
- Central Research Laboratories, DIC Corporation, 631, Sakado, Sakura, Chiba 285-8668, Japan
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Wongwaiwech D, Kamchonemenukool S, Ho CT, Li S, Majai N, Rungrat T, Sujipuli K, Pan MH, Weerawatanakorn M. Bioactives from Crude Rice Bran Oils Extracted Using Green Technology. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062457. [PMID: 36985429 PMCID: PMC10057060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Crude rice bran oils from different rice cultivars and extraction methods bear different contents of nutraceuticals. The health benefits of lowering cholesterol activity of rice bran oil being confirmed by many reports are partly attributed to non-nutrient nutraceuticals, especially γ-oryzanol, phytosterols, and policosanols. As the world has been facing the global warming crisis, green extraction technology is gaining attention from many sectors. The current study aims to compare the nutraceutical composition with respect to γ-oryzanol, phytosterol, and policosanol content as well as the antioxidant properties of crude rice bran oils extracted from white and red rice bran using three green technologies, comparing with conventional hexane extraction. The data show that the traditional solvent extraction gave the highest oil yield percentage (26%), but it was not significantly different from subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether extraction (24.6%). Subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether extraction gave higher oil yield than supercritical CO2 extraction (15.5–16.2%). The crude rice bran oil extracted using subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether extraction produced the highest total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities. The highest γ-oryzanol content of the crude rice bran oil was found in oil extracted by conventional cold press (1370.43 mg/100 g). The γ-oryzanol content of the oil obtained via subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether extraction was high (1213.64 mg/100 g) compared with supercritical CO2 extraction. The red rice bran yielded the crude rice bran oil with the highest total phytosterol content compared with the white bran, and the oil from red rice bran extracted with subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether generated the highest total phytosterol content (1784.17 mg/100 g). The highest policosanol content (274.40 mg/100 g) was also found in oil obtained via subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donporn Wongwaiwech
- Department of Agro-Industry, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna Tak, 41/1 Moo 7, Mai Ngam, Mueang, Tak 63000, Thailand
| | - Sudthida Kamchonemenukool
- Department of Agro-Industry, Naresuan University, 99 Moo 9, Tha Pho, Mueang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Shiming Li
- Department of Food Science, College of Life Sciences, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China
| | - Nutthaporn Majai
- Department of Agro-Industry, Naresuan University, 99 Moo 9, Tha Pho, Mueang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Tepsuda Rungrat
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, 99 Moo 9, Tha Pho, Mueang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Kawee Sujipuli
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, 99 Moo 9, Tha Pho, Mueang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Monthana Weerawatanakorn
- Department of Agro-Industry, Naresuan University, 99 Moo 9, Tha Pho, Mueang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-0629514194
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High Levels of Policosanols and Phytosterols from Sugar Mill Waste by Subcritical Liquefied Dimethyl Ether. Foods 2022; 11:foods11192937. [PMID: 36230017 PMCID: PMC9564350 DOI: 10.3390/foods11192937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracting nutraceuticals with high value from bagasse, filter mud, and sugarcane leaves discarded as sugar mill by-products, is crucial for the development of a sustainable bio-economy. These by-products are important sources of policosanols and phytosterols, which have a cholesterol-lowering effect. This research focused on using a promising green technology, subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether extraction, with a low pressure of 0.8 MPa, to extract policosanols and phytosterols and on application of pretreatments to increase their contents. For direct extraction by subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether without sample pretreatment, the highest extraction yield (7.4%) and policosanol content were found in sugarcane leaves at 2888 mg/100 g, while the highest and lowest phytosterol contents were found in filter mud at 20,878.75 mg/100 g and sugarcane leaves at 10,147.75 mg/100 g, respectively. Pretreatment of filter mud by ultrasonication in hexane solution together with transesterification before the second subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether extraction successfully increased the policosanol content, with an extract purity of 60%, but failed to increase the phytosterol content.
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Comparison of extraction methods for active biomolecules using sub-critical dimethyl ether and n-butane. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSeveral extraction methods are used to isolate natural compounds, and recent approaches utilize subcritical or supercritical extraction media. In this paper we compare extraction methods based on subcritical eluents, dimethyl ether (sC-DME) and n-butane (sC-nB), under mild conditions, using coffee beans and powder as an exemplary raw material. The parameters to be controlled to improve the extraction are considered, and the resulting data discussed. The results obtained display higher selectivity of sC-DME for caffeine (1.9%w/w sC-DME vs. 1.7%w/w sC-nB, on dry extract) and a good yield (0.479 mg/g of caffeine from green coffee beans) compared to, e.g., supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), which shows 0.32 mg/g of caffeine at higher pressure and temperature (25 MPa, 40 °C). We also discuss some technical implementations for optimizing the use of sub-critical eluents through proper combinations of pressure and temperature. We show that extraction processes based on sub-critical eluents are easy to operate and efficient, and can be easily automated.
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Kanda H, Katsube T, Wahyudiono, Goto M. Preparation of Liposomes from Soy Lecithin Using Liquefied Dimethyl Ether. Foods 2021; 10:1789. [PMID: 34441566 PMCID: PMC8393803 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated a method to prepare liposomes; soy lecithin was dissolved in liquefied dimethyl ether (DME) at 0.56 MPa, which was then injected into warm water. Liposomes can be successfully prepared at warm water temperatures above 45 °C. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the obtained liposomes, size distribution, ζ-potential measurements by dynamic light scattering and the amount of residual medium were compared by gas chromatography using the conventional medium, diethyl ether. The size of the obtained liposomes was approximately 60-300 nm and the ζ-potential was approximately -57 mV, which was almost the same as that of the conventional medium. Additionally, for the conventional media, a large amount remained in the liposome dispersion even after removal by depressurization and dialysis membrane treatment; however, liquefied DME, owing to its considerably low boiling point, was completely removed by depressurization. Liquefied DME is a very attractive medium for the preparation of liposomes because it does not have the toxicity and residue problems of conventional solvents or the hazards of ethanol addition and high pressure of supercritical carbon dioxide; it is also environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kanda
- Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; (T.K.); (W.); (M.G.)
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Enhancement of Lipid Extraction from Soya Bean by Addition of Dimethyl Ether as Entrainer into Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061223. [PMID: 34071290 PMCID: PMC8229543 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Soya beans contain a variety of lipids, and it is important to selectively separate neutral lipids from other lipids. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction has been used as an alternative to the selective separation of neutral lipids from soya beans, usually using non-polar hexane. However, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction has a high operating pressure of over 40 MPa. On the other hand, liquefied dimethyl ether extraction, which has attracted attention in recent years, requires an operating pressure of only 0.5 MPa, but there is concern about the possibility of an explosion during operation because it is a flammable liquefied gas. Therefore, this study aims to reduce the operating pressure by using a non-flammable solvent, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction mixed with liquefied dimethyl ether as an entrainer. The extraction rate and the amount of neutral lipids extracted increased with increasing amounts of added liquefied dimethyl ether. In the mixed solvent, the amount of neutral lipids extracted was higher at an operating pressure of 20 MPa than in pure supercritical carbon dioxide extraction at 40 MPa. The mixing of liquefied dimethyl ether with supercritical carbon dioxide allowed an improvement in the extraction of neutral lipids while remaining non-flammable.
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Kanda H, Ando D, Hoshino R, Yamamoto T, Wahyudiono, Suzuki S, Shinohara S, Goto M. Surfactant-Free Decellularization of Porcine Aortic Tissue by Subcritical Dimethyl Ether. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:13417-13425. [PMID: 34056489 PMCID: PMC8158793 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Porcine aortic tissue was decellularized by subcritical dimethyl ether (DME) used as an alternative to the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate. The process included three steps. For the first step, lipids were extracted from the porcine aorta using subcritical DME at 23 °C with a DME pressure of 0.56 MPa. Next, DME was evaporated from the aorta under atmospheric pressure and temperature. The second step involved DNA fragmentation by DNase, which was primarily identical to the common method. For the third step, similar to the common method, DNA fragments were removed by washing with water and ethanol. After 3 days of DNase treatment, the amount of DNA remaining in the porcine aorta was 40 ng/dry-mg, which was lower than the standard value of 50 ng/mg-dry. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that most cell nuclei were removed from the aorta. These results demonstrate that subcritical DME eliminates the need to utilize surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kanda
- Department
of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Daigo Ando
- Department
of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Rintaro Hoshino
- Department
of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Department
of Chemical Systems Engineering, Nagoya
University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Wahyudiono
- Department
of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shogo Suzuki
- Eco
Business Development Center, Ricoh, 1-10 Komakado, Gotemba 412-0038, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shinohara
- Eco
Business Development Center, Ricoh, 1-10 Komakado, Gotemba 412-0038, Japan
| | - Motonobu Goto
- Department
of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Kanda H, Wahyudiono, Machmudah S, Goto M. Direct Extraction of Lutein from Wet Macroalgae by Liquefied Dimethyl Ether without Any Pretreatment. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:24005-24010. [PMID: 32984722 PMCID: PMC7513331 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Extraction of lutein from raw macroalgae Monostroma nitidum was conducted using a simple method employing dimethyl ether (DME) as a solvent. DME extraction enabled omission of conventional drying and cell wall disruption steps, yielding 0.30 mg/g dry lutein from wet M. nitidum. The yield of extracted lutein was higher than that by chloroform-methanol extraction from freeze-dried and cell-disrupted M. nitidum. DME extraction provides a safe, eco-friendly approach that combines high yields of lutein with unheated drying of wet macroalgae in a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kanda
- Department of Materials
Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- SATREPS, Japan
Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Wahyudiono
- Department of Materials
Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Siti Machmudah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
| | - Motonobu Goto
- Department of Materials
Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Murakami K, Honda M, Wahyudiono, Kanda H, Goto M. Thermal isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene and separation of the Z-isomers by using a low boiling solvent: Dimethyl ether. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1374412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Murakami
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaki Honda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Wahyudiono
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Kanda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Motonobu Goto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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