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Oh SY, Kang EJ, Lim KJ, Lee YH, Shin HS. Evaluation of Oxygen Absorbers Using Food Simulants and Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2023; 12:3686. [PMID: 37835339 PMCID: PMC10572812 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed and validated an analytical method to evaluate the heavy metal elution from an active packaging material's oxygen absorber to a food simulant. Using water, 4% acetic acid, n-heptane, 20% ethanol, and 50% ethanol as food simulants, we quantified cobalt, copper, platinum, and iron with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The method was thoroughly validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD, and LOQ through inter-day and intra-day analysis repetitions. R2 values ranged from 0.9986 to 1.0000, indicating excellent linearity. The LOD values ranged from 0.00002 to 0.2190 mg/kg, and the LOQ values ranged from 0.00007 to 0.6636 mg/kg. The method's accuracy was 95.14% to 101.98%, with the precision ranging from 0.58% to 10.37%. Our results confirmed the method's compliance with CODEX standards. Monitoring the oxygen absorber revealed undissolved platinum, cobalt levels from 0.10 to 19.29 μg/kg, copper levels from 0.30 to 976.14 μg/kg, and iron levels from 0.06 to 53.08 mg/kg. This study established a robust analytical approach for evaluating the heavy metal elution from oxygen absorbers, ensuring safety in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.O.); (E.-J.K.); (K.-J.L.); (Y.-H.L.)
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2
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Migration of Styrene in Yogurt and Dairy Products Packaged in Polystyrene: Results from Market Samples. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142120. [PMID: 35885363 PMCID: PMC9323499 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Food Safety Authority is re-evaluating styrene for assessing the safety of food contact materials (FCM) such as polystyrene (PS) and started a systematic review of the data on migration levels in food. A restriction for styrene is expected in the near future. The main food contact application of PS is dairy packaging, mainly at refrigerated storage. In this study, seventeen dairy products packed in PS taken from the Italian and German markets were investigated. Styrene concentrations in the refrigerated dairy products (yogurt, cream) ranged from 5 to 30 µg/kg at the best before date, while in single serving portions of coffee creamer, which were stored at room temperature until the best before date of approx. 190 days, 401 µg/kg were measured. Among several parameters, the ratio between the surface contact area of the package and the quantity of the food packed, the time/temperature conditions of production/filling and storage of the products were identified as the main factors influencing styrene migration into food under realistic conditions. Yogurts fermented in the pots for approximately 8 h at 40–50 °C showed higher styrene levels than those fermented in an incubator and filled at 20 °C. The fat content might influence the styrene level but the effect, if any, was too small in relation to the variability of other parameters. Levels of styrene migrating into 50% ethanol food simulant under standardized condition (10 days/40 °C) were found to be much higher than levels in refrigerated foods. This raises the question as to whether compliance testing for PS plastics should be adapted taking into consideration the correlation between migration testing by laboratory simulations and migration into real food.
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Morselli D, Cataldi P, Paul UC, Ceseracciu L, Benitez JJ, Scarpellini A, Guzman-Puyol S, Heredia A, Valentini P, Pompa PP, Marrero-López D, Athanassiou A, Heredia-Guerrero JA. Zinc Polyaleuritate Ionomer Coatings as a Sustainable, Alternative Technology for Bisphenol A-Free Metal Packaging. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2021; 9:15484-15495. [PMID: 34840919 PMCID: PMC8611806 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c04815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable coatings for metal food packaging were prepared from ZnO nanoparticles (obtained by the thermal decomposition of zinc acetate) and a naturally occurring polyhydroxylated fatty acid named aleuritic (or 9,10,16-trihydroxyhexadecanoic) acid. Both components reacted, originating under specific conditions zinc polyaleuritate ionomers. The polymerization of aleuritic acid into polyaleuritate by a solvent-free, melt polycondensation reaction was investigated at different times (15, 30, 45, and 60 min), temperatures (140, 160, 180, and 200 °C), and proportions of zinc oxide and aleuritic acid (0:100, 5:95, 10:90, and 50:50, w/w). Kinetic rate constants calculated by infrared spectroscopy decreased with the amount of Zn due to the consumption of reactive carboxyl groups, while the activation energy of the polymerization decreased as a consequence of the catalyst effect of the metal. The adhesion and hardness of coatings were determined from scratch tests, obtaining values similar to robust polymers with high adherence. Water contact angles were typical of hydrophobic materials with values ≥94°. Both mechanical properties and wettability were better than those of bisphenol A (BPA)-based resins and most likely are related to the low migration values determined using a hydrophilic food simulant. The presence of zinc provided a certain degree of antibacterial properties. The performance of the coatings against corrosion was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at different immersion times in an aqueous solution of NaCl. Considering the features of these biobased lacquers, they can be potential materials for bisphenol A-free metal packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Morselli
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), Università di Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pietro Cataldi
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Uttam Chandra Paul
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Ceseracciu
- Materials
Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Jose Jesus Benitez
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro Mixto CSIC-Universidad
de Sevilla, Americo Vespucio
49, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Alice Scarpellini
- Electron
Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di
Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Susana Guzman-Puyol
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Instituto
de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La
Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (IHSM, UMA-CSIC), Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 49, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Departamento
de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea
“La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM, UMA-CSIC), E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Paola Valentini
- Nanobiointeractions
& Nanodiagnostic, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions
& Nanodiagnostic, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - José Alejandro Heredia-Guerrero
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Instituto
de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La
Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (IHSM, UMA-CSIC), Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 49, 29010 Málaga, Spain
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Galbiati E, Jacxsens L, De Meulenaer B. Hazard prioritisation of substances in printing inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1608-1626. [PMID: 34372753 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1954701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of intentionally added substances can be used in printing inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging. Some of them can be transferred to foodstuffs through a phenomenon called migration, arising concerns on the potential adverse health effects derived from the exposure to chemicals that have not yet been assessed for their risks to humans. The large number of the substances concerned and the lack of prioritisation strategies hamper the work of control authorities, since it is not clear which substances should be monitored as first priority. In this study, a hazard prioritisation strategy is proposed. An inventory listing more than 6,000 substances used in inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging was compiled and filtered using several exclusion criteria aimed to set apart those substances for which there is no apparent need for further evaluation or because fall into one of the exclusion categories of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach. Additionally, substances with a molecular weight >1,000 Da were removed. Approximately 2,300 substances were retained, for which a comprehensive hazard profiling was conducted based on the general scheme for the application of the TTC approach. First, structural alerts for genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity were investigated. If a substance was neither genotoxic nor belonging to the chemical classes of organophosphates and carbamates, the Cramer classification was used. Furthermore, the substances were searched for their presence in three so-called 'Substances of Concern' lists and RASFF notifications. Groups of high, medium and low priority substances were established, resulting in 1,660 substances classified as high and medium priority. A panel of five experts evaluated these substances with respect to their relevance for further risk evaluations. By applying this hazard prioritisation strategy, 696 substances were identified as 'Very High Priority Substances' (VHPS) for which further assessments should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Galbiati
- NutriFOODchem Research Group, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Jacxsens
- NutriFOODchem Research Group, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- NutriFOODchem Research Group, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Lestido-Cardama A, Sendón R, Bustos J, Lomo ML, Losada PP, de Quirós ARB. Dietary Exposure Estimation to Chemicals Transferred from Milk and Dairy Products Packaging Materials in Spanish Child and Adolescent Population. Foods 2020; 9:E1554. [PMID: 33121003 PMCID: PMC7694080 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Packaging materials are subject to risk assessment since they can transfer their components to the food, and they may constitute a risk for the consumers' health. Therefore, estimating the exposure to chemicals migrating from packaging is required. In this study, a novel approach based on a total diet study (TDS)-like investigation to evaluate the exposure to chemicals transferred from the packaging was presented. The proposed methodology involved a non-targeted gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to identify potential migrants and the determination of the migrants in composite food samples. The method was applied to evaluate the dietary exposure to chemicals from food packaging materials used for milk and dairy products in the Spanish child and adolescent populations. Several migrants identified in packaging materials were selected to determine their concentration in composite food samples. These chemicals included diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), bis(2ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), benzophenone (BP), 1,3-diphenylpropane (1,3-DPP), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT). The method exhibited a good sensitivity (limit of detection, LOD ≤ 0.05 µg/g) and a satisfactory recovery (78.4-124%). Finally, the exposure was estimated using the Spanish national dietary survey ENALIA. Phthalates DBP and DEHP showed the highest mean exposure, ranging from 2.42 (10-17 years)-4.40 (12-35 months) and 1.35 (10-17 years)-4.07 (12-35 months) µg/kg bw/day for DBP and DEHP, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antía Lestido-Cardama
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.S.); (P.P.L.); (A.R.B.d.Q.)
| | - Raquel Sendón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.S.); (P.P.L.); (A.R.B.d.Q.)
| | - Juana Bustos
- National Food Center, Spanish Agency of Food Safety and Nutrition, E-28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (J.B.); (M.L.L.)
| | - Mª Luisa Lomo
- National Food Center, Spanish Agency of Food Safety and Nutrition, E-28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (J.B.); (M.L.L.)
| | - Perfecto Paseiro Losada
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.S.); (P.P.L.); (A.R.B.d.Q.)
| | - Ana Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.S.); (P.P.L.); (A.R.B.d.Q.)
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Silano V, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lambré C, Lampi E, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, Steffensen I, Tlustos C, Van Loveren H, Vernis L, Zorn H, Castle L, Di Consiglio E, Franz R, Hellwig N, Milana MR, Pfaff K, Carfi M, Van Haver E, Rivière G. Assessment of the impact of the IARC Monograph Vol. 121 on the safety of the substance styrene (FCM No 193) for its use in plastic food contact materials. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06247. [PMID: 33133270 PMCID: PMC7586998 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP) was requested by the European Commission to re-evaluate the safety of styrene (FCM No 193) for use in plastic food contact materials (FCM) following the classification by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as 'probably carcinogenic to humans'. The IARC Monograph pertains to hazard identification, based on studies on high-dose occupational exposures by inhalation and animal studies, also mainly by inhalation. The Panel considered that the IARC conclusions cannot be directly applied to the evaluation of risks for consumers from the oral exposure to styrene, but also concluded that, based on the data provided in the IARC Monograph and by the industry, a concern for genotoxicity associated with oral exposure to styrene cannot be excluded. The migration of styrene into foods packed in styrenic plastics is below 10 μg/kg for the majority of the foods, but up to 230 μg/kg was reported. Migration tends to be high for contact with fatty foods, and/or with high surface to volume ratios of the FCM. Dietary exposure of the consumers to styrene migrating from styrenic plastics was estimated in the order of 0.1 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day. It is in the same range as exposure from styrene present in foods as such. The dietary exposure (food component plus migration from styrenic plastics) is similar or lower than that by inhalation in the general population. Taking the human exposure data into account, the Panel concluded that a systematic review of genotoxicity and mechanistic data, comparative toxicokinetics and analysis of species differences is required for assessing the safety of styrene for its use in FCM.
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