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Precup G, Marini E, Zakidou P, Beneventi E, Consuelo C, Fernández-Fraguas C, Garcia Ruiz E, Laganaro M, Magani M, Mech A, Noriega Fernandez E, Nuin Garciarena I, Rodriguez Fernandez P, Roldan Torres R, Rossi A, Ruggeri L, Suriano F, Ververis E, Liu Y, Smeraldi C, Germini A. Novel foods, food enzymes, and food additives derived from food by-products of plant or animal origin: principles and overview of the EFSA safety assessment. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1390734. [PMID: 38863586 PMCID: PMC11165998 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1390734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Union (EU) is committed to transitioning toward a circular economy model, with food waste being one of the areas to be targeted. To close the loop of food waste generated during food processing and discarded at the retail or consumption phases, research and innovation parties proposed to valorize agro-food by-products to produce novel foods and food improvement agents (food additives, food enzymes, and food flavorings). In the EU, the authorization of such novel foods and food improvement agents is governed by different regulatory frameworks. A centralized safety assessment by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is the prerequisite for their authorization through the so-called Union Lists. Up to December 2023, EFSA published 45 scientific opinions on the safety of novel foods, food enzymes, and food additives derived from by-products of plant and animal origin. The current study illustrates examples of these by-products for the production of novel foods or food improvement agents and the data requirements behind their respective safety assessments conducted by EFSA. In this review, applications on novel foods, food enzymes, and food additives received by EFSA were screened and analyzed to find the common scientific requirements and differences in terms of the safety evaluation of such products. Various by-products (i.e., corncobs, coffee husks, spent grains of barley and rice, grape pomace, pumpkin peels, bovine whey, eggshells, shrimp heads, and animal organs or tissues) were described in the applications as being processed (extraction, physical treatments, and chemical and enzymatic reactions) to obtain novel foods and food improvement agents. The heterogeneity and complexity of these products emphasize the challenge of their safety assessment, depending on the characteristics of each product. However, as this study shows, the scientific requirements underpinning their safety do not differ substantially in the different regulated product areas considered, with similar information needed to assess their safety in terms of identity, production process, compositional characterization, proposed/intended uses and exposure assessment, toxicological information, and allergenicity data. Additional nutritional information and data on the history of use are required in the case of novel foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Precup
- European Food Safety Authority, Nutrition and Food Innovation Unit, Novel Foods Team, Parma, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marini
- European Food Safety Authority, Food Ingredients and Packaging Unit, Food Enzymes Team, Parma, Italy
| | - Panagiota Zakidou
- European Food Safety Authority, Food Ingredients and Packaging Unit, Food Additives and Flavourings Team, Parma, Italy
| | - Elisa Beneventi
- European Food Safety Authority, Nutrition and Food Innovation Unit, Novel Foods Team, Parma, Italy
| | - Civitella Consuelo
- European Food Safety Authority, Food Ingredients and Packaging Unit, Food Additives and Flavourings Team, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Esther Garcia Ruiz
- European Food Safety Authority, Nutrition and Food Innovation Unit, Novel Foods Team, Parma, Italy
| | - Marcello Laganaro
- European Food Safety Authority, Nutrition and Food Innovation Unit, Novel Foods Team, Parma, Italy
| | - Maura Magani
- European Food Safety Authority, Nutrition and Food Innovation Unit, Novel Foods Team, Parma, Italy
| | - Agnieszka Mech
- European Food Safety Authority, Food Ingredients and Packaging Unit, Food Additives and Flavourings Team, Parma, Italy
| | - Estefania Noriega Fernandez
- European Food Safety Authority, Nutrition and Food Innovation Unit, Novel Foods Team, Parma, Italy
- Department of Processing Technology, Nofima, Stavanger, Norway
- Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Food Technology Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Irene Nuin Garciarena
- European Food Safety Authority, Nutrition and Food Innovation Unit, Novel Foods Team, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Ruth Roldan Torres
- European Food Safety Authority, Nutrition and Food Innovation Unit, Novel Foods Team, Parma, Italy
| | - Annamaria Rossi
- European Food Safety Authority, Nutrition and Food Innovation Unit, Novel Foods Team, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Ruggeri
- European Food Safety Authority, Food Ingredients and Packaging Unit, Food Additives and Flavourings Team, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Suriano
- European Food Safety Authority, Nutrition and Food Innovation Unit, Novel Foods Team, Parma, Italy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ermolaos Ververis
- European Food Safety Authority, Nutrition and Food Innovation Unit, Novel Foods Team, Parma, Italy
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Yi Liu
- European Food Safety Authority, Food Ingredients and Packaging Unit, Food Enzymes Team, Parma, Italy
| | - Camilla Smeraldi
- European Food Safety Authority, Food Ingredients and Packaging Unit, Food Additives and Flavourings Team, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Germini
- European Food Safety Authority, Nutrition and Food Innovation Unit, Novel Foods Team, Parma, Italy
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Lambré C, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lampi E, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, Rivière G, Steffensen IL, Tlustos C, Van Loveren H, Vernis L, Zorn H, Gundert-Remy U, Herman L, Turck D, Engel KH, Aguilera-Gómez M, Andryszkiewicz M, Kovalkovicova N, Liu Y, Maia J, Rainieri S, Chesson A. Safety evaluation of food enzyme trypsin from porcine pancreas. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06637. [PMID: 34178156 PMCID: PMC8207983 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The food enzyme trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) is extracted from porcine pancreas by Novozymes A/S. The food enzyme is intended to be used for hydrolysis of whey proteins employed as ingredients in infant formulae, follow‐on formulae and in food for special medical purposes. Based on maximum use levels and the maximum permitted protein content in infant formula, dietary exposure to the food enzyme–total organic solids (TOS) was estimated to be 32 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day for infants. The Panel considered that this value covers all population groups consuming these formulae. In the toxicological evaluation, clinical studies with pancreatic enzymes were considered. Hypersensitivity to the pharmaceuticals was identified as the major side effect. However, allergic reactions to porcine pancreatic enzymes in hydrolysed foods have not been reported. The Panel considered that a risk of allergic sensitisation to this food enzyme after consumption of products prepared by hydrolysis of milk could not be excluded in infants but considered the likelihood to be low. Based on the origin of the food enzyme from edible parts of animals, the data provided by the applicant and supported by the evaluation of clinical studies based on pancreatic enzymes and the estimated dietary exposure, the Panel concluded that the trypsin from porcine pancreas does not give rise to safety concern under the intended conditions of use.
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Lambré C, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lampi E, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, Rivière G, Steffensen IL, Tlustos C, Van Loveren H, Vernis L, Zorn H, Gundert-Remy U, Herman L, Turck D, Engel KH, Aguilera-Gómez M, Andryszkiewicz M, Kovalkovicova N, Liu Y, Maia J, Rainieri S, Chesson A. Safety evaluation of a food enzyme containing trypsin and chymotrypsin from porcine pancreas. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06640. [PMID: 34140999 PMCID: PMC8207344 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The food enzyme is a serine protease complex containing trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) and chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) obtained from porcine pancreas by Paninkret Chem.‐Pharm. Werk GmbH. The food enzyme is currently only used in protein processing to hydrolyse milk proteins. Milk protein hydrolysates and peptides are mainly used in formulae intended to have reduced allergenicity. Based on the recommended use level and the high consumption of formulae in very young babies, dietary exposure to the food enzyme–total organic solids (TOS) was estimated to be 180 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day for infants and toddlers. Toxicological evaluation was based on the available clinical studies with pancreatic enzymes. Hypersensitivity to the product was identified as the major side effect. However, the intact enzymes are inactivated during preparation of food products; therefore, the Panel considered that the likelihood of adverse effects of the intact enzyme to occur is low. The Panel considered that a risk of allergic sensitisation to these protein hydrolysates after consumption cannot be excluded, but the likelihood of occurrence was considered to be low. Based on the origin of the food enzyme from edible parts of animals, the data provided and the evaluation of clinical studies with pancreatic enzymes and the estimated dietary exposure, the Panel concluded that the food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns when used in the production of infant formulae based on milk protein hydrolysates.
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