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Shaban N, Raevskiy M, Zakharova G, Shipunova V, Deyev S, Suntsova M, Sorokin M, Buzdin A, Kamashev D. Human Blood Serum Counteracts EGFR/HER2-Targeted Drug Lapatinib Impact on Squamous Carcinoma SK-BR-3 Cell Growth and Gene Expression. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:487-506. [PMID: 38648768 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792403009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Lapatinib is a targeted therapeutic inhibiting HER2 and EGFR proteins. It is used for the therapy of HER2-positive breast cancer, although not all the patients respond to it. Using human blood serum samples from 14 female donors (separately taken or combined), we found that human blood serum dramatically abolishes the lapatinib-mediated inhibition of growth of the human breast squamous carcinoma SK-BR-3 cell line. This antagonism between lapatinib and human serum was associated with cancelation of the drug induced G1/S cell cycle transition arrest. RNA sequencing revealed 308 differentially expressed genes in the presence of lapatinib. Remarkably, when combined with lapatinib, human blood serum showed the capacity of restoring both the rate of cell growth, and the expression of 96.1% of the genes expression of which were altered by the lapatinib treatment alone. Co-administration of EGF with lapatinib also restores the cell growth and cancels alteration of expression of 95.8% of the genes specific to lapatinib treatment of SK-BR-3 cells. Differential gene expression analysis also showed that in the presence of human serum or EGF, lapatinib was unable to inhibit the Toll-Like Receptor signaling pathway and alter expression of genes linked to the Gene Ontology term of Focal adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Shaban
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Russia.
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Moscow, 117036, Russia
| | - Mikhail Raevskiy
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Galina Zakharova
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Victoria Shipunova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Russia.
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Sergey Deyev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- "Biomarker" Research Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008, Russia
| | - Maria Suntsova
- The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Moscow, 117036, Russia.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Maksim Sorokin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Russia.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- PathoBiology Group, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Anton Buzdin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Russia.
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Moscow, 117036, Russia
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitri Kamashev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Moscow, 117036, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Kondo M, Cai Z, Chan C, Forkan N, Reilly RM. [ 225Ac]Ac- and [ 111In]In-DOTA-trastuzumab theranostic pair: cellular dosimetry and cytotoxicity in vitro and tumour and normal tissue uptake in vivo in NRG mice with HER2-positive human breast cancer xenografts. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2023; 8:24. [PMID: 37750937 PMCID: PMC10522541 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-023-00208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trastuzumab (Herceptin) has improved the outcome for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer (BC) but brain metastases (BM) remain a challenge due to poor uptake of trastuzumab into the brain. Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) with trastuzumab labeled with α-particle emitting, 225Ac may overcome this challenge by increasing the cytotoxic potency on HER2-positive BC cells. Our first aim was to synthesize and characterize [111In]In-DOTA-trastuzumab and [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-trastuzumab as a theranostic pair for imaging and RIT of HER2-positive BC, respectively. A second aim was to estimate the cellular dosimetry of [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-trastuzumab and determine its cytotoxicity in vitro on HER2-positive BC cells. A third aim was to study the tumour and normal tissue uptake of [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-trastuzumab using [111In]In-DOTA-trastuzumab as a radiotracer in vivo in NRG mice with s.c. 164/8-1B/H2N.luc+ human BC tumours that metastasize to the brain. RESULTS Trastuzumab was conjugated to 12.7 ± 1.2 DOTA chelators and labeled with 111In or 225Ac. [111In]In-DOTA-trastuzumab exhibited high affinity specific binding to HER2-positive SK-BR-3 human BC cells (KD = 1.2 ± 0.3 × 10-8 mol/L). Treatment with [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-trastuzumab decreased the surviving fraction (SF) of SK-BR-3 cells dependent on the specific activity (SA) with SF < 0.001 at SA = 0.74 kBq/µg. No surviving colonies were noted at SA = 1.10 kBq/µg or 1.665 kBq/µg. Multiple DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) were detected in SK-BR-3 cells exposed to [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-trastuzumab by γ-H2AX immunofluorescence microscopy. The time-integrated activity of [111In]In-DOTA-trastuzumab in SK-BR-3 cells was measured and used to estimate the absorbed doses from [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-trastuzumab by Monte Carlo N-Particle simulation for correlation with the SF. The dose required to decrease the SF of SK-BR-3 cells to 0.10 (D10) was 1.10 Gy. Based on the D10 reported for γ-irradiation of SK-BR-3 cells, we estimate that the relative biological effectiveness of the α-particles emitted by 225Ac is 4.4. Biodistribution studies in NRG mice with s.c. 164/8-1B/H2N.luc+ human BC tumours at 48 h post-coinjection of [111In]In-DOTA-trastuzumab and [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-trastuzumab revealed HER2-specific tumour uptake (10.6 ± 0.6% ID/g) but spleen uptake was high (28.9 ± 7.4% ID/g). Tumours were well-visualized by SPECT/CT imaging using [111In]In-DOTA-trastuzumab. CONCLUSION We conclude that [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-trastuzumab exhibited potent and HER2-specific cytotoxicity on SK-BR-3 cells in vitro and HER2-specific uptake in s.c. 164/8-1B/H2N.luc+ human BC tumours in NRG mice, and these tumours were imaged by SPECT/CT with [111In]In-DOTA-trastuzumab. These results are promising for combining [111In]In-DOTA-trastuzumab and [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-trastuzumab as a theranostic pair for imaging and RIT of HER2-positive BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Kondo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Zhongli Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Conrad Chan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Nubaira Forkan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Raymond M Reilly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Rosenkranz AA, Slastnikova TA, Durymanov MO, Georgiev GP, Sobolev AS. Exploiting active nuclear import for efficient delivery of Auger electron emitters into the cell nucleus. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:28-38. [PMID: 32856963 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1815889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most attractive features of Auger electrons (AEs) in cancer therapy are their extremely short range and sufficiently high linear energy transfer (LET) for a majority of them. The cytotoxic effects of AE emitters can be realized only in close vicinity to sensitive cellular targets and they are negligible if the emitters are located outside the cell. The nucleus is considered the compartment most sensitive to high LET particles. Therefore, the use of AE emitters could be most useful in specific recognition of a cancer cell and delivery of AE emitters into its nucleus. PURPOSE This review describes the studies aimed at developing effective anticancer agents for the delivery of AE emitters to the nuclei of target cancer cells. The use of peptide-based conjugates, nanoparticles, recombinant proteins, and other constructs for AE emitter targeted intranuclear delivery as well as their advantages and limitations are discussed. CONCLUSION Transport from the cytoplasm to the nucleus along with binding to the cancer cell is one of the key stages in the delivery of AE emitters; therefore, several constructs for exploitation of this transport have been developed. The transport is carried out through a nuclear pore complex (NPC) with the use of specific amino acid nuclear localization sequences (NLS) and carrier proteins named importins, which are located in the cytosol. Therefore, the effectiveness of NLS-containing delivery constructs designed to provide energy-dependent transport of AE emitter into the nuclei of cancer cells also depends on their efficient entry into the cytosol of the target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Rosenkranz
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Alexander S Sobolev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Chan C, Prozzo V, Aghevlian S, Reilly RM. Formulation of a kit under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for preparing [ 111In]In-BnDTPA-trastuzumab-NLS injection: a theranostic agent for imaging and Meitner-Auger Electron (MAE) radioimmunotherapy of HER2-positive breast cancer. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2022; 7:33. [PMID: 36542157 PMCID: PMC9772372 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-022-00186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 111In[In]-BnDTPA-trastuzumab-NLS is a radiopharmaceutical with theranostic applications for imaging and Meitner-Auger electron (MAE) radioimmunotherapy (RIT) of HER2-positive breast cancer (BC). Nuclear localization sequence (NLS) peptides route the radiopharmaceutical to the nucleus of HER2-positive BC cells following receptor-mediated internalization for RIT with subcellular range MAEs. The γ-photons emitted by 111In permit tumour imaging by SPECT. Our aim was to formulate a kit under Good Manufacturing Practices conditions to prepare 111In[In]-BnDTPA-trastuzumab-NLS injection for a first-in-human clinical trial. RESULTS Trastuzumab was derivatized with p-SCN-BnDTPA to introduce Bn-DTPA for complexing 111In, then modified with maleimide groups for conjugation to the thiol on cysteine in NLS peptides [CGYGPKKKRKVGG]. BnDTPA-trastuzumab-NLS (5 mg in 1.0 mL of 0.05 M ammonium acetate buffer, pH 5.5) was dispensed into unit dose sterile glass vials to produce kits for labeling with 100-165 MBq of 111In[In]Cl3. The kits met specifications for protein concentration (4.5-5.5 mg/mL), volume (0.95-1.05 mL), pH (5.5-6.0), appearance (clear, pale-yellow, particulate-free), BnDTPA substitution level (2.0-7.0 BnDTPA/trastuzumab), purity and homogeneity (SDS-PAGE and SE-HPLC), 111In labeling efficiency (> 90%), binding to HER2-positive SK-BR-3 human breast cancer cells (Ka = 1-8 × 108 L/mmol; Bmax = 0.5-2 × 106 sites/cell), NLS peptide conjugation (upward band shift on SDS-PAGE), sterility (USP Sterility Test) and endotoxins (USP Bacterial Endotoxins Test). 111In-BnDTPA-trastuzumab-NLS injection met specifications for pH (5.5-6.5), radiochemical purity (≥ 90%), radionuclide purity (≥ 99%), appearance (clear, colourless, particle-free) and sterility (retrospective USP Sterility Test). Kits were stable stored at 2-8 °C for up to 661 days (d) meeting all key specifications. Protein concentration remained within or just slightly greater than the specification for up to 139 d. 111In[In]-BnDTPA-trastuzumab-NLS injection was stable for up to 24 h. An expiry of 180 d was assigned for the kits and 8 h for the final radiopharmaceutical. CONCLUSION A kit was formulated under GMP conditions for preparing 111In[In]-BnDTPA-trastuzumab-NLS injection. This radiopharmaceutical was safely administered to 4 patients with HER2-positive BC to trace the uptake of trastuzumab into brain metastases before and after MRI-guided focused ultrasound (MRIg-FUS) by SPECT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Chan
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Vanessa Prozzo
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Sadaf Aghevlian
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Raymond M. Reilly
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.415224.40000 0001 2150 066XPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
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Facca VJ, Cai Z, Gopal NEK, Reilly RM. Panitumumab-DOTA- 111In: An Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Targeted Theranostic for SPECT/CT Imaging and Meitner-Auger Electron Radioimmunotherapy of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3652-3663. [PMID: 35926098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) are overexpressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and are an attractive target for the development of theranostic radiopharmaceuticals. We studied anti-EGFR panitumumab labeled with 111In (panitumumab-DOTA-111In) for SPECT/CT imaging and Meitner-Auger electron (MAE) radioimmunotherapy (RIT) of TNBC. Panitumumab-DOTA-111In was bound, internalized, and routed to the nucleus in MCF7, MDA-MB-231/Luc, and MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer (BC) cells dependent on the EGFR expression level (1.5 × 104, 1.7 × 105, or 1.3 × 106 EGFR/cell, respectively). The absorbed dose in the nuclei of MCF7, MDA-MB-231/Luc, and MDA-MB-468 cells incubated with 4.4 MBq of panitumumab-DOTA-111In (20 nM) was 1.20 ± 0.02, 2.2 ± 0.1, and 25 ± 2 Gy, respectively. The surviving fraction (SF) of MDA-MB-231/Luc cells treated with panitumumab-DOTA-111In (10-300 nM; 1.5 MBq/μg) was reduced as the absorbed dose in the cell increased, with clonogenic survival reduced to an SF = 0.12 ± 0.05 at 300 nM corresponding to 12.7 Gy. The SFs of MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231/Luc, and MCF7 cells treated with panitumumab-DOTA-111In (20 nM; 1.7 MBq/μg) were <0.01, 0.56 ± 0.05, and 0.67 ± 0.04, respectively. Unlabeled panitumumab had no effect on SF, and irrelevant IgG-DOTA-111In only modestly reduced the SF of MDA-MB-231/Luc cells but not MCF7 or MDA-MB-468 cells. The cytotoxicity of panitumumab-DOTA-111In was mediated by increased DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), cell cycle arrest at G2/M-phase and apoptosis measured by immunofluorescence detection by flow cytometry. MDA-MB-231/Luc tumors in the mammary fat pad (MFP) of NRG mice were clearly imaged with panitumumab-DOTA-111In by microSPECT/CT at 4 days postinjection (p.i.), and biodistribution studies revealed high tumor uptake [18 ± 2% injected dose/g (% ID/g] and lower normal tissue uptake (<10% ID/g). Administration of up to 24 MBq (15 μg) of panitumumab-DOTA-111In to healthy NRG mice caused no major hematological, renal, or hepatic toxicity with no decrease in body weight. Treatment of NOD SCID mice with MDA-MB-231 tumors with panitumumab-DOTA-111In (22 MBq; 15 μg) slowed tumor growth. The mean time for tumors to reach a volume of ≥500 mm3 was 61 ± 5 days for RIT with panitumumab-DOTA-111In compared to 42 ± 6 days for mice treated with irrelevant IgG2-DOTA-111In (P < 0.0001) and 35 ± 3 days for mice receiving 0.9% NaCl (P < 0.0001). However, tumors regrew at later time points. The median survival of mice treated with panitumumab-DOTA-111In was 70 days versus 46 days for IgG2-DOTA-111In (P < 0.0001) or 40 days for 0.9% NaCl (P < 0.0001). We conclude that panitumumab-DOTA-111In is a promising theranostic agent for TNBC. Increasing the administered amount of panitumumab-DOTA-111In and/or combination with radiosensitizing PARP inhibitors used for treatment of patients with TNBC may provide a more durable response to RIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Facca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Zhongli Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Nakita E K Gopal
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Raymond M Reilly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.,Department of Medical Imaging, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Joint Department of Medical Imaging and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
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Keiko Li H, Hasegawa S. Favorable tumor uptake and nuclear transport of Auger electrons by nuclear targeting with 111In-trastuzumab in an intraperitoneal tumor mouse model. Nucl Med Commun 2022; 43:763-769. [PMID: 35506286 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The 111In-labeled anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab modified with a nuclear-localizing sequence (NLS) peptide (111In-trastuzumab-NLS) is a radiopharmaceutical candidate for Auger electron radioimmunotherapy (AE-RIT). However, in-vivo action of 111In-trastuzumab-NLS is poorly understood in intraperitoneal tumors. We aimed to elucidate the nuclear targeting activity of 111In-trastuzumab-NLS in a mouse model of intraperitoneal tumors. METHODS Trastuzumab, trastuzumab-NLS-S with shorter NLS peptides, and trastuzumab-NLS-L with longer NLS peptides were tested in an intraperitoneal tumor xenograft. The AE-emitting radionuclide 111In was labeled with these antibodies. The cell-binding activity, nuclear importation, and cytotoxicity of those radiolabeled antibodies were examined in human cancer cell lines. Analyses of the biodistribution and in-vivo nuclear importation of 111In were conducted in a mouse model. RESULTS The two111In-trastuzumab-NLS variants delivered the radionuclide into the nucleus more efficiently and had a comparable cytotoxicity to 111In-trastuzumab against human gastric cancer cells, although had a lower cell binding affinity. 111In-trastuzumab-NLS-L exhibited both a superior tumor uptake and in vivo nuclear transportation of the radionuclide than 111In-trastuzumab. CONCLUSION Nuclear targeting using 111In-trastuzumab-NLS promotes a more efficient tumor cell uptake and subsequent nuclear translocation of the 111In AE-emitting radionuclide in vivo. This radio-immunoconjugate will likely be an effective agent for HER2-targeting by AE-RIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizi Keiko Li
- Radiation and Cancer Biology Group, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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Meattini I, Livi L, Lorito N, Becherini C, Bacci M, Visani L, Fozza A, Belgioia L, Loi M, Mangoni M, Lambertini M, Morandi A. Integrating radiation therapy with targeted treatments for breast cancer: from bench to bedside. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 108:102417. [PMID: 35623219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Saha T, Lukong KE. Breast Cancer Stem-Like Cells in Drug Resistance: A Review of Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Strategies to Overcome Drug Resistance. Front Oncol 2022; 12:856974. [PMID: 35392236 PMCID: PMC8979779 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.856974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent type of malignancy in women worldwide, and drug resistance to the available systemic therapies remains a major challenge. At the molecular level, breast cancer is heterogeneous, where the cancer-initiating stem-like cells (bCSCs) comprise a small yet distinct population of cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) that can differentiate into cells of multiple lineages, displaying varying degrees of cellular differentiation, enhanced metastatic potential, invasiveness, and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Based on the expression of estrogen and progesterone hormone receptors, expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and/or BRCA mutations, the breast cancer molecular subtypes are identified as TNBC, HER2 enriched, luminal A, and luminal B. Management of breast cancer primarily involves resection of the tumor, followed by radiotherapy, and systemic therapies including endocrine therapies for hormone-responsive breast cancers; HER2-targeted therapy for HER2-enriched breast cancers; chemotherapy and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors for TNBC, and the recent development of immunotherapy. However, the complex crosstalk between the malignant cells and stromal cells in the breast TME, rewiring of the many different signaling networks, and bCSC-mediated processes, all contribute to overall drug resistance in breast cancer. However, strategically targeting bCSCs to reverse chemoresistance and increase drug sensitivity is an underexplored stream in breast cancer research. The recent identification of dysregulated miRNAs/ncRNAs/mRNAs signatures in bCSCs and their crosstalk with many cellular signaling pathways has uncovered promising molecular leads to be used as potential therapeutic targets in drug-resistant situations. Moreover, therapies that can induce alternate forms of regulated cell death including ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and immunotherapy; drugs targeting bCSC metabolism; and nanoparticle therapy are the upcoming approaches to target the bCSCs overcome drug resistance. Thus, individualizing treatment strategies will eliminate the minimal residual disease, resulting in better pathological and complete response in drug-resistant scenarios. This review summarizes basic understanding of breast cancer subtypes, concept of bCSCs, molecular basis of drug resistance, dysregulated miRNAs/ncRNAs patterns in bCSCs, and future perspective of developing anticancer therapeutics to address breast cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taniya Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kiven Erique Lukong
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Aryanpour N, Farnam G, Behtaj R, H Shirazi F. The Complexity of Response to the Proliferation Agonist and Antagonist Agents, in the Breast Cancer Cell Lines with Various Receptors. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH 2022; 21:e123823. [PMID: 35765511 PMCID: PMC9191223 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr.123823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease in which many factors and receptors are effective in the disease process and response to treatment. Currently, estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors are among the most important factors in choosing a treatment regimen. Other metabolic factors that may affect the treatment outcome include diabetes and hyperinsulinemia. In order to evaluate the role and complexity of cross-talk between different pathways initiating from various receptors, value the most common drugs in the treatment of breast cancer are investigated on different cell lines in this manuscript at the cell culture level. The result of different doses of Tamoxifen and estradiol on the cells with various levels of the estrogenic, progesterone, and HER2 receptors is examined alone, or in combinations, and the presence or absence of insulin. The effects of these variables on the cells' growth pattern and survival in various breast cancer cells are investigated using cell counting, colony counting, and MTT assays. Our results have further confirmed the complexity of deciding on the outcome of treatment for breast cancer with such a wide variability in the kind of receptors and biochemical agents present in the body of a cancer patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Aryanpour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golrokh Farnam
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Behtaj
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad H Shirazi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Verger E, Cheng J, de Santis V, Iafrate M, Jackson JA, Imberti C, Fruhwirth GO, Blower PJ, Ma MT, Burnham DR, Terry SYA. Validation of the plasmid study to relate DNA damaging effects of radionuclides to those from external beam radiotherapy. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 100-101:36-43. [PMID: 34153932 PMCID: PMC7611685 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The biological consequences of absorbed radiation doses are ill-defined for radiopharmaceuticals, unlike for external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). A reliable assay that assesses the biological consequences of any radionuclide is much needed. Here, we evaluated the cell-free plasmid DNA assay to determine the relative biological effects of radionuclides such as Auger electron-emitting [67Ga]GaCl3 or [111In]InCl3 compared to EBRT. METHODS Supercoiled pBR322 plasmid DNA (1.25 or 5 ng/μL) was incubated with 0.5 or 1 MBq [67Ga]GaCl3 or [111In]InCl3 for up to 73 h or was exposed to EBRT (137Cs; 5 Gy/min; 0-40 Gy). The induction of relaxed and linear plasmid DNA, representing single and double strand breaks, respectively, was assessed by gel electrophoresis. Chelated forms of 67Ga were also investigated using DOTA and THP. Topological conversion rates for supercoiled-to-relaxed (ksrx) or relaxed-to-linear (krlx) DNA were obtained by fitting a kinetic model. RESULTS DNA damage increased both with EBRT dose and incubation time for [67Ga]GaCl3 and [111In]InCl3. Damage caused by [67Ga]GaCl3 decreased when chelated. [67Ga]GaCl3 proved more damaging than [111In]InCl3; 1.25 ng/μL DNA incubated with 0.5 MBq [67Ga]GaCl3 for 2 h led to a 70% decrease of intact plasmid DNA as opposed to only a 19% decrease for [111In]InCl3. For both EBRT and radionuclides, conversion rates were slower for 5 ng/μL than 1.25 ng/μL plasmid DNA. DNA damage caused by 1 Gy EBRT was the equivalent to damage caused by 0.5 MBq unchelated [67Ga]GaCl3 and [111In]InCl3 after 2.05 ± 0.36 and 9.3 ± 0.77 h of incubation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This work has highlighted the power of the plasmid DNA assay for a rapid determination of the relative biological effects of radionuclides compared to external beam radiotherapy. It is envisaged this approach will enable the systematic assessment of imaging and therapeutic radionuclides, including Auger electron-emitters, to further inform radiopharmaceutical design and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Verger
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan Cheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Vittorio de Santis
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine Iafrate
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica A Jackson
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Imberti
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Gilbert O Fruhwirth
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom; Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle T Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R Burnham
- Single Molecule Imaging of Genome Duplication and Maintenance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Y A Terry
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom.
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11
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Manoharan D, Chang LC, Wang LC, Shan YS, Lin FC, Wu LC, Sheu HS, Su WP, Yeh CS. Synchronization of Nanoparticle Sensitization and Radiosensitizing Chemotherapy through Cell Cycle Arrest Achieving Ultralow X-ray Dose Delivery to Pancreatic Tumors. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9084-9100. [PMID: 33974409 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is among the leading causes of cancer-related death and remains a formidable therapeutic challenge. To date, surgical resection and chemotherapy have been the standards of care. Methotrexate (MTX), which is recognized as a refractory drug for pancreatic cells, was conjugated to the surface of LiYF4:Ce3+ nanoparticles (NP-MTX) through a photocleavable linker molecule. When LiYF4:Ce3+ NPs are stimulated by X-rays, they emit light, which induces the photocleavage of the photolabile linker molecule to release MTX. MTX can target pancreatic tumors, which overexpress folic acid (FA) receptors and are internalized into the cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. The synergistic effect of the NP-MTX treatment initiated by X-ray irradiation occurs due to the combination of nanoparticle sensitization and the radiosensitizing chemotherapy of the photocleaved MTX molecule. This dual sensitization effect mediated by NP-MTX enabled 40% dose enhancement, which corresponded with an increase in the generation of cytotoxic cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhanced S phase arrest within the cell cycle. The delivery of an ultralow radiation dose of 0.1 Gy resulted in the photocleavage of MTX from NP-MTX, and this strategy demonstrated in vivo efficacy against AsPC-1 and PANC-1 xenografted pancreatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divinah Manoharan
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chan Chang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Liu-Chun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Forn-Chia Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Lai-Chin Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Hwo-Shuenn Sheu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Pin Su
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Sheng Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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12
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Altunay B, Morgenroth A, Beheshti M, Vogg A, Wong NCL, Ting HH, Biersack HJ, Stickeler E, Mottaghy FM. HER2-directed antibodies, affibodies and nanobodies as drug-delivery vehicles in breast cancer with a specific focus on radioimmunotherapy and radioimmunoimaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:1371-1389. [PMID: 33179151 PMCID: PMC8113197 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-05094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present paper is to review the role of HER2 antibodies, affibodies and nanobodies as vehicles for imaging and therapy approaches in breast cancer, including a detailed look at recent clinical data from antibody drug conjugates and nanobodies as well as affibodies that are currently under development. RESULTS Clinical and preclinical studies have shown that the use of monoclonal antibodies in molecular imaging is impaired by slow blood clearance, associated with slow and low tumor uptake and with limited tumor penetration potential. Antibody fragments, such as nanobodies, on the other hand, can be radiolabelled with short-lived radioisotopes and provide high-contrast images within a few hours after injection, allowing early diagnosis and reduced radiation exposure of patients. Even in therapy, the small radioactively labeled nanobodies prove to be superior to radioactively labeled monoclonal antibodies due to their higher specificity and their ability to penetrate the tumor. CONCLUSION While monoclonal antibodies are well established drug delivery vehicles, the current literature on molecular imaging supports the notion that antibody fragments, such as affibodies or nanobodies, might be superior in this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Altunay
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Morgenroth
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohsen Beheshti
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Center of Integrated Oncology (CIO), Universities of Aachen, Bonn, Cologne and Düsseldorf, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Division of Molecular PET-Imaging and Theranostics , Paracelsus Medical University , Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Andreas Vogg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Hong Hoi Ting
- Nanomab Technology Limited, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Elmar Stickeler
- Center of Integrated Oncology (CIO), Universities of Aachen, Bonn, Cologne and Düsseldorf, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Center of Integrated Oncology (CIO), Universities of Aachen, Bonn, Cologne and Düsseldorf, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), 6202, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Quinn Z, Mao W, Xia Y, John R, Wan Y. Conferring receptors on recipient cells with extracellular vesicles for targeted drug delivery. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:749-756. [PMID: 33024896 PMCID: PMC7522541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous subset of breast cancer characterized by its lack of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), which altogether prevents TNBC from being treated effectively. For many years, the treatment paradigms and overall survival of patients with TNBC have remained largely stagnant. Recent attempts to convert cold tumors to hot tumors by promoting antigen presentation have shown increased T cell infiltration and significantly induced immune responses for tumor killing. Inspired by this concept, the expression of specific targetable antigens on TNBC cells may further benefit relevant targeted drug delivery. In this study, we successfully conferred sufficient HER2 on the surface of TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells via simple EV-plasma membrane fusion with HER2+ extracellular vesicles (EV) derived from HER2 overexpressing BT-474 cells. Subsequently, anti-HER2 antibody conjugated paclitaxel-loaded liposomes were used for HER2-targeted drug delivery. Our findings demonstrated this HER2 grafting, in conjunction with targeted drug delivery, can improve the treatment efficacy in vitro and in vivo. This novel approach represents a facile method of altering cell membrane antigen presentation via convenient EVs uptake and may pave the way for the burgeoning wave of targeted therapy and/or immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Quinn
- The Pq Laboratory of Micro/Nano BiomeDx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, 13902, United States
| | - Wenjun Mao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, PR China
| | - Yiqiu Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States
| | - Rhea John
- The Pq Laboratory of Micro/Nano BiomeDx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, 13902, United States
| | - Yuan Wan
- The Pq Laboratory of Micro/Nano BiomeDx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, 13902, United States
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Ong YS, Bañobre-López M, Costa Lima SA, Reis S. A multifunctional nanomedicine platform for co-delivery of methotrexate and mild hyperthermia towards breast cancer therapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 116:111255. [PMID: 32806240 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX), an anti-neoplastic agent used for breast cancer treatment, has restricted clinical applications due to poor water solubility, non-specific targeting and adverse side effects. To overcome these limitations, MTX was co-encapsulated with an active-targeting platform known as superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in a lipid-based homing system, nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC). This multi-modal therapeutic regime was successfully formulated with good colloidal stability, bio- and hemo-compatibility. MTX-SPIONs co-loaded NLC was time-dependent cytotoxic towards MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line with IC50 values of 137 μg/mL and 12 μg/mL at 48 and 72 h, respectively. The MTX-SPIONs co-loaded NLC was internalized in the MDA-MB-231 cells via caveolae-mediated endocytosis in a time-dependent manner, and the superparamagnetic properties were sufficient to induce, under a magnetic field, a localized temperature increase at cellular level resulting in apoptotic cell death. In conclusion, MTX-SPIONs co-loaded NLC is a potential magnetic guiding multi-modal therapeutic system for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sze Ong
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Manuel Bañobre-López
- Advanced (magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, Department of Life Sciences, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sofia A Costa Lima
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Othman MFB, Verger E, Costa I, Tanapirakgul M, Cooper MS, Imberti C, Lewington VJ, Blower PJ, Terry SYA. In vitro cytotoxicity of Auger electron-emitting [ 67Ga]Ga-trastuzumab. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 80-81:57-64. [PMID: 31889612 PMCID: PMC7099941 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Molecular radiotherapy exploiting short-range Auger electron-emitting radionuclides has potential for targeted cancer treatment and, in particular, is an attractive option for managing micrometastatic disease. Here, an approach using chelator-trastuzumab conjugates to target radioactivity to breast cancer cells was evaluated as a proof-of-concept to assess the suitability of 67Ga as a therapeutic radionuclide. Methods THP-trastuzumab and DOTA-trastuzumab were synthesised and radiolabelled with Auger electron-emitters 67Ga and 111In, respectively. Radiopharmaceuticals were tested for HER2-specific binding and internalisation, and their effects on viability (dye exclusion) and clonogenicity of HER2-positive HCC1954 and HER2–negative MDA-MB-231 cell lines was measured. Labelled cell populations were studied by microautoradiography. Results Labelling efficiencies for [67Ga]Ga-THP-trastuzumab and [111In]In-DOTA-trastuzumab were 90% and 98%, respectively, giving specific activities 0.52 ± 0.16 and 0.61 ± 0.11 MBq/μg (78–92 GBq/μmol). At 4 nM total antibody concentration and 200 × 103 cells/mL, [67Ga]Ga-THP-trastuzumab showed higher percentage of cell association (10.7 ± 1.3%) than [111In]In-DOTA-trastuzumab (6.2 ± 1.6%; p = 0.01). The proportion of bound activity that was internalised did not differ significantly for the two tracers (62.1 ± 1.4% and 60.8 ± 15.5%, respectively). At 100 nM, percentage cell binding of both radiopharmaceuticals was greatly reduced compared to 4 nM and did not differ significantly between the two (1.2 ± 1.0% [67Ga]Ga-THP-trastuzumab and 0.8 ± 0.9% for [111In]In-DOTA-trastuzumab). Viability and clonogenicity of HER2-positive cells decreased when each radionuclide was incorporated into cells by conjugation with trastuzumab, but not when the same level of radioactivity was confined to the medium by omitting the antibody conjugation, suggesting that 67Ga needs to be cell-bound or internalised for a therapeutic effect. Microautoradiography showed that radioactivity bound to individual cells varied considerably within the population. Conclusions [67Ga]Ga-THP-trastuzumab reduced cell viability and clonogenicity only when cell-bound, suggesting 67Ga holds promise as a therapeutic radionuclide as part of a targeted radiopharmaceutical. The causes and consequences of non-homogeneous uptake among the cell population should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Faiz Bin Othman
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Elise Verger
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Ines Costa
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Meena Tanapirakgul
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret S Cooper
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Imberti
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie J Lewington
- Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Kings College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Philip J Blower
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Y A Terry
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom.
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Delivery systems exploiting natural cell transport processes of macromolecules for intracellular targeting of Auger electron emitters. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 80-81:45-56. [PMID: 31810828 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Auger electrons (AE) among the decay products of a number of radionuclides makes these radionuclides an attractive means for treating cancer because these short-range electrons can cause significant damage in the immediate vicinity of the decomposition site. Moreover, the extreme locality of the effect provides a potential for selective eradication of cancer cells with minimal damage to adjacent normal cells provided that the delivery of the AE emitter to the most vulnerable parts of the cell can be achieved. Few cellular compartments have been regarded as the desired target site for AE emitters, with the cell nucleus generally recognized as the preferred site for AE decay due to the extreme sensitivity of nuclear DNA to direct damage by radiation of high linear energy transfer. Thus, the advantages of AE emitters for cancer therapy are most likely to be realized by their selective delivery into the nucleus of the malignant cells. To achieve this goal, delivery systems must combine a challenging complex of properties that not only provide cancer cell preferential recognition but also cell entry followed by transport into the cell nucleus. A promising strategy for achieving this is the recruitment of natural cell transport processes of macromolecules, involved in each of the aforementioned steps. To date, a number of constructs exploiting intracellular transport systems have been proposed for AE emitter delivery to the nucleus of a targeted cell. An example of such a multifunctional vehicle that provides smart step-by-step delivery is the so-called modular nanotransporter, which accomplishes selective recognition, binding, internalization, and endosomal escape followed by nuclear import of the delivered radionuclide. The current review will focus on delivery systems utilizing various intracellular transport pathways and their combinations in order to provide efficient targeting of AE to the cancer cell nucleus.
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Chan C, Fonge H, Lam K, Reilly RM. Effectiveness and normal tissue toxicity of Auger electron (AE) radioimmunotherapy (RIT) with [ 111In]In-Bn-DTPA-nimotuzumab in mice with triple-negative or trastuzumab-resistant human breast cancer xenografts that overexpress EGFR. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 80-81:37-44. [PMID: 31706737 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness and normal tissue toxicity of nimotuzumab labeled with the Auger electron (AE)-emitter, 111In ([111In]In-Bn-DTPA-nimotuzumab) for radioimmunotherapy (RIT) of human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) or trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive BC tumors overexpressing epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) in athymic mice. METHODS Normal tissue toxicity was studied in non-tumor-bearing Balb/c mice i.v. administered 9.0 or 28.6 MBq (3 mg/kg) of [111In]In-Bn-DTPA-nimotuzumab, unlabeled nimotuzumab (3 mg/kg) or normal saline. A complete blood cell count (CBC) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine (Cr) were measured at 14 days. Body weight was monitored. RIT studies were performed in CD-1 athymic mice engrafted s.c. with MDA-MB-468 human TNBC tumors or TrR1 HER2-positive but trastuzumab-resistant BC tumors. Mice were i.v. administered two amounts (15.5 MBq; 3 mg/kg) of [111In]In-Bn-DTPA-nimotuzumab separated by 14 days. Control mice received unlabeled Bn-DTPA-nimotuzumab (3 mg/kg) or anti-HER2 [111In]In-Bn-DTPA-trastuzumab or normal saline. Tumor growth and body weight were measured for 6 weeks. A tumor growth index (TGI) and body weight index (BWI) were calculated to compare the tumor size and body weight post-treatment with the pre-treatment values. A tumor doubling ratio (TDR) was calculated for each treatment group compared to control mice receiving normal saline. RESULTS There was no loss of body weight or decreased red blood cells (RBC) or platelets (PLT) or increased serum ALT or Cr in Balb/c mice administered 9.0 or 28.6 MBq (3 mg/kg) of [111In]In-Bn-DTPA-nimotuzumab compared to mice treated with unlabeled Bn-DTPA-nimotuzumab (3 mg/kg) or normal saline. There was a significant decrease in white blood cell (WBC) counts in Balb/c mice receiving 28.6 MBq but not 9.0 MBq of [111In]In-Bn-DTPA-nimotuzumab. Based on these results, an administered amount of 15.5 MBq (3 mg/kg) was selected for RIT studies. Administration of two amounts (15.5 MBq; 3 mg/kg) separated by 14 days to CD-1 athymic mice with s.c. MDA-MB-468 xenografts strongly inhibited tumor growth. The TDR for mice treated with [111In]In-Bn-DTPA-nimotuzumab was 2.15 compared to control mice receiving normal saline. In contrast, treatment with unlabeled Bn-DTPA-nimotuzumab or [111In]In-Bn-DTPA-trastuzumab had no significant effect on tumor growth (TDR = 0.96 and 1.08, respectively). RIT with [111In]In-Bn-DTPA-nimotuzumab also strongly inhibited the growth of TrR1 tumors in athymic mice (TDR = 2.13) compared to unlabeled Bn-DTPA-nimotuzumab (TDR = 0.91). There were no losses in body weight over 6 weeks in tumor bearing mice receiving [111In]In-Bn-DTPA-nimotuzumab, unlabeled Bn-DTPA-nimotuzumab, [111In]In-Bn-DTPA-trastuzumab or normal saline. CONCLUSIONS [111In]In-Bn-DTPA-nimotuzumab was effective for treatment of TNBC or trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive human BC tumors in mice that overexpress EGFR at administered amounts that caused no decrease in body weight or normal tissue toxicity in non-tumor-bearing Balb/c mice. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE Our results suggest that Auger electron RIT with [111In]In-Bn-DTPA-nimotuzumab may provide a novel therapeutic option for patients with TNBC or trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive BC that overexpresses EGFR. The low normal tissue toxicity of this approach may allow combination with other targeted therapies such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Chan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Humphrey Fonge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, Royal University Hospital Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Karen Lam
- Department of Medical Imaging, Royal University Hospital Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Raymond M Reilly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Ku A, Facca VJ, Cai Z, Reilly RM. Auger electrons for cancer therapy - a review. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 4:27. [PMID: 31659527 PMCID: PMC6800417 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Auger electrons (AEs) are very low energy electrons that are emitted by radionuclides that decay by electron capture (e.g. 111In, 67Ga, 99mTc, 195mPt, 125I and 123I). This energy is deposited over nanometre-micrometre distances, resulting in high linear energy transfer (LET) that is potent for causing lethal damage in cancer cells. Thus, AE-emitting radiotherapeutic agents have great potential for treatment of cancer. In this review, we describe the radiobiological properties of AEs, their radiation dosimetry, radiolabelling methods, and preclinical and clinical studies that have been performed to investigate AEs for cancer treatment. Results AEs are most lethal to cancer cells when emitted near the cell nucleus and especially when incorporated into DNA (e.g. 125I-IUdR). AEs cause DNA damage both directly and indirectly via water radiolysis. AEs can also kill targeted cancer cells by damaging the cell membrane, and kill non-targeted cells through a cross-dose or bystander effect. The radiation dosimetry of AEs considers both organ doses and cellular doses. The Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) schema may be applied. Radiolabelling methods for complexing AE-emitters to biomolecules (antibodies and peptides) and nanoparticles include radioiodination (125I and 123I) or radiometal chelation (111In, 67Ga, 99mTc). Cancer cells exposed in vitro to AE-emitting radiotherapeutic agents exhibit decreased clonogenic survival correlated at least in part with unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) detected by immunofluorescence for γH2AX, and chromosomal aberrations. Preclinical studies of AE-emitting radiotherapeutic agents have shown strong tumour growth inhibition in vivo in tumour xenograft mouse models. Minimal normal tissue toxicity was found due to the restricted toxicity of AEs mostly on tumour cells targeted by the radiotherapeutic agents. Clinical studies of AEs for cancer treatment have been limited but some encouraging results were obtained in early studies using 111In-DTPA-octreotide and 125I-IUdR, in which tumour remissions were achieved in several patients at administered amounts that caused low normal tissue toxicity, as well as promising improvements in the survival of glioblastoma patients with 125I-mAb 425, with minimal normal tissue toxicity. Conclusions Proof-of-principle for AE radiotherapy of cancer has been shown preclinically, and clinically in a limited number of studies. The recent introduction of many biologically-targeted therapies for cancer creates new opportunities to design novel AE-emitting agents for cancer treatment. Pierre Auger did not conceive of the application of AEs for targeted cancer treatment, but this is a tremendously exciting future that we and many other scientists in this field envision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Valerie J Facca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhongli Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond M Reilly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Joint Department of Medical Imaging and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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19
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Li R, Attari A, Prytyskach M, Garlin MA, Weissleder R, Miller MA. Single-Cell Intravital Microscopy of Trastuzumab Quantifies Heterogeneous in vivo Kinetics. Cytometry A 2019; 97:528-539. [PMID: 31423731 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell heterogeneity can substantially impact drug response, especially for monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies that may exhibit variability in both delivery (pharmacokinetics) and action (pharmacodynamics) within solid tumors. However, it has traditionally been difficult to examine the kinetics of mAb delivery at a single-cell level and in a manner that enables controlled dissection of target-dependent and -independent behaviors. To address this issue, here we developed an in vivo confocal (intravital) microscopy approach to study single-cell mAb pharmacology in a mosaic xenograft comprising a mixture of cancer cells with variable expression of the receptor HER2. As a proof-of-principle, we applied this model to trastuzumab therapy, a HER2-targeted mAb widely used for treating breast and gastric cancer patients. Trastuzumab accumulated to a higher degree in HER2-over expressing tumor cells compared to HER2-low tumor cells (~5:1 ratio at 24 h after administration) but importantly, the majority actually accumulated in tumor-associated phagocytes. For example, 24 h after IV administration over 50% of tumoral trastuzumab was found in phagocytes whereas at 48 h it was >80%. Altogether, these results reveal the dynamics of how phagocytes influence mAb behavior in vivo, and demonstrate an application of intravital microscopy for quantitative single-cell measurement of mAb distribution and retention in tumors with heterogeneous target expression. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adel Attari
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark Prytyskach
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle A Garlin
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Miles A Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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20
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Sundah NR, Ho NRY, Lim GS, Natalia A, Ding X, Liu Y, Seet JE, Chan CW, Loh TP, Shao H. Barcoded DNA nanostructures for the multiplexed profiling of subcellular protein distribution. Nat Biomed Eng 2019; 3:684-694. [PMID: 31285580 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Massively parallel DNA sequencing is established, yet high-throughput protein profiling remains challenging. Here, we report a barcoding approach that leverages the combinatorial sequence content and the configurational programmability of DNA nanostructures for high-throughput multiplexed profiling of the subcellular expression and distribution of proteins in whole cells. The barcodes are formed by in situ hybridization of tetrahedral DNA nanostructures and short DNA sequences conjugated with protein-targeting antibodies, and by nanostructure-assisted ligation (either enzymatic or chemical) of the nanostructures and exogenous DNA sequences bound to nanoparticles of different sizes (which cause these localization sequences to differentially distribute across subcellular compartments). Compared with linear DNA barcoding, the nanostructured barcodes enhance the signal by more than 100-fold. By implementing the barcoding approach on a microfluidic device for the analysis of rare patient samples, we show that molecular subtypes of breast cancer can be accurately classified and that subcellular spatial markers of disease aggressiveness can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah R Sundah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas R Y Ho
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Geok Soon Lim
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Auginia Natalia
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xianguang Ding
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ju Ee Seet
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching Wan Chan
- Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tze Ping Loh
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huilin Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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21
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Bavelaar BM, Lee BQ, Gill MR, Falzone N, Vallis KA. Subcellular Targeting of Theranostic Radionuclides. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:996. [PMID: 30233374 PMCID: PMC6131480 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has seen rapid growth in the use of theranostic radionuclides for the treatment and imaging of a wide range of cancers. Radionuclide therapy and imaging rely on a radiolabeled vector to specifically target cancer cells. Radionuclides that emit β particles have thus far dominated the field of targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT), mainly because the longer range (μm-mm track length) of these particles offsets the heterogeneous expression of the molecular target. Shorter range (nm-μm track length) α- and Auger electron (AE)-emitting radionuclides on the other hand provide high ionization densities at the site of decay which could overcome much of the toxicity associated with β-emitters. Given that there is a growing body of evidence that other sensitive sites besides the DNA, such as the cell membrane and mitochondria, could be critical targets in TRT, improved techniques in detecting the subcellular distribution of these radionuclides are necessary, especially since many β-emitting radionuclides also emit AE. The successful development of TRT agents capable of homing to targets with subcellular precision demands the parallel development of quantitative assays for evaluation of spatial distribution of radionuclides in the nm-μm range. In this review, the status of research directed at subcellular targeting of radionuclide theranostics and the methods for imaging and quantification of radionuclide localization at the nanoscale are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Katherine A. Vallis
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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22
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Falzone N, Lee BQ, Able S, Malcolm J, Terry S, Alayed Y, Vallis KA. Targeting Micrometastases: The Effect of Heterogeneous Radionuclide Distribution on Tumor Control Probability. J Nucl Med 2018; 60:jnumed.117.207308. [PMID: 29959216 PMCID: PMC6330061 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.207308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial distribution of radiopharmaceuticals that emit short-range high linear-energy-transfer electrons greatly affects the absorbed dose and their biological effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of heterogeneous radionuclide distribution on tumor control probability (TCP) in a micrometastases model. Methods: Cancer cell lines; MDA-MB-468, SQ20B and 231-H2N were grown as spheroids to represent micrometastases. The intracellular distribution of a representative radiopeptide (111In-labelled epidermal growth factor, EGF) and radioimmunotherapeutic (111In-labelled Trastuzumab) was determined in cell internalization experiments. The intratumoral distribution was evaluated by microautoradiography of spheroids. γH2AX staining was performed on spheroid sections to correlate DNA damage with radionuclide distribution. Experimental surviving fractions (SFexp ) were obtained using clonogenic assays. A random closed-packed algorithm, which models the random packing behavior of cells and reflects variation in the radii of cells and nuclei, was used to simulate 3-D spheroids. Calculated survival fractions (SFcal ) were generated using an iterative modelling method based on Monte Carlo determined absorbed dose with the PENELOPE code and were compared to (SFexp ). Radiobiological parameters deduced from experimental results and MC simulations were used to predict the TCP for a 3-D spheroid model. Results: Calculated SFs were in good agreement with experimental data, particularly when an increased value for relative biological effectiveness (RBE) was applied to self-dose deposited by sources located in the nucleus and when radiobiological parameters were adjusted to account for dose protraction. Only in MDA-MB-468 spheroids treated with 111In-EGF was a TCP>0.5 achieved, indicating that for this cell type the radiopeptide would be curative when targeting micrometastases. This is attributed to the relative radiosensitivity of MDA-MB-468 cells, high nuclear uptake of the radiopeptide and uniform distribution of radioactivity throughout the spheroid. Conclusion: It is imperative to include biological endpoints when evaluating the distribution of radionuclides in models emulating micrometastatic disease. The spatial distribution of radioactivity is a clear determinant of biological effect and TCP as demonstrated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Falzone
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Boon Quan Lee
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sarah Able
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Javian Malcolm
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Samantha Terry
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
- Imaging Chemistry and Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yasir Alayed
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Katherine A. Vallis
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
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23
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Molecular imaging in drug development: Update and challenges for radiolabeled antibodies and nanotechnology. Methods 2017; 130:23-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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24
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Gill MR, Falzone N, Du Y, Vallis KA. Targeted radionuclide therapy in combined-modality regimens. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:e414-e423. [PMID: 28677577 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) is a branch of cancer medicine concerned with the use of radioisotopes, radiolabelled molecules, nanoparticles, or microparticles that either naturally accumulate in or are designed to target tumours. TRT combines the specificity of molecular and sometimes physical targeting with the potent cytotoxicity of ionising radiation. Targeting vectors for TRT include antibodies, antibody fragments, proteins, peptides, and small molecules. The diversity of available carrier molecules, together with the large panel of suitable radioisotopes with unique physicochemical properties, allows vector-radionuclide pairings to be matched to the molecular, pathological, and physical characteristics of a tumour. Some pairings are designed for dual therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Use of TRT is increasing with the adoption into practice of radium-223 dichloride for the treatment of bone metastases and with the ongoing clinical development of, among others, 177Lu-dodecanetetraacetic acid tyrosine-3-octreotate (DOTATATE) for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumours and 90Y-microspheres for the treatment of hepatic tumours. The increasing use of TRT raises the question of how best to integrate TRT into multimodality protocols. Achievements in this area and the future prospects of TRT are evaluated in this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Gill
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nadia Falzone
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yong Du
- The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Katherine A Vallis
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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25
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Aghevlian S, Boyle AJ, Reilly RM. Radioimmunotherapy of cancer with high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation delivered by radionuclides emitting α-particles or Auger electrons. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 109:102-118. [PMID: 26705852 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) aims to selectively deliver radionuclides emitting α-particles, β-particles or Auger electrons to tumors by conjugation to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that recognize tumor-associated antigens/receptors. The approach has been most successful for treatment of non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma but challenges have been encountered in extending these promising results to the treatment of solid malignancies. These challenges include the low potency of β-particle emitters such as 131I, 177Lu or 90Y which have been commonly conjugated to the mAbs, due to their low linear energy transfer (LET=0.1-1.0keV/μm). Furthermore, since the β-particles have a 2-10mm range, there has been dose-limiting non-specific toxicity to hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow (BM) due to the cross-fire effect. Conjugation of mAbs to α-particle-emitters (e.g. 225Ac, 213Bi, 212Pb or 211At) or Auger electron-emitters (e.g. 111In, 67Ga, 123I or 125I) would increase the potency of RIT due to their high LET (50-230keV/μm and 4 to 26keV/μm, respectively). In addition, α-particles have a range in tissues of 28-100μm and Auger electrons are nanometer in range which greatly reduces or eliminates the cross-fire effect compared to β-particles, potentially reducing their non-specific toxicity to the BM. In this review, we describe the results of preclinical and clinical studies of RIT of cancer using radioimmunoconjugates emitting α-particles or Auger electrons, and discuss the potential of these high LET forms of radiation to improve the outcome of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Aghevlian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda J Boyle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond M Reilly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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26
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Cao ZW, Zeng Q, Pei HJ, Ren LD, Bai HZ, Na RN. HSP90 expression and its association with wighteone metabolite response in HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:3719-3722. [PMID: 27313682 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) overexpression is correlated with poor prognosis and chemo-resistance in human malignant cancers. At the same time, wighteone, or 6-prenyl-5,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone, a major isoflavone component of the ornamental tall tree Erythrina suberosa, has been demonstrated to exhibit a potent anti-proliferative effect on human leukemia HL-60 cancer cell lines. In this study, the effects of wighteone on the proliferation of HER2-positive breast cancer cells were investigated, and the action mechanism was explored. MCF-7 HER2-positive breast cancer cells were treated with various concentrations of wighteone. The growth inhibitory rate of the cells was calculated by MTT assay, apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, and the expression level of HSP90 was assessed by western blot analysis. The addition of wighteone at concentrations ranging from 1-10 g/ml in the medium for 48 h had a marked inhibition on the proliferation of HER2-positive cancer cell lines. The growth inhibitory rates with 0.5, 2 or 8 mM wighteone were significantly higher compared with the control group. Apoptosis in the wighteone-treated cells was also significantly higher compared with the control group. The expression level of HSP90 in the wighteone group was significantly lower than that in the control group. Our findings demonstrated that wighteone effectively inhibited the proliferation of HER2-positive cancer cell lines, and this is considered to be the result of downregulating HSP90 receptor and downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Cao
- Department of Thyroid, Breast, Hernia and Vascular Surgery, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010017, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010017, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Jiang Pei
- Department of Thyroid, Breast, Hernia and Vascular Surgery, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010017, P.R. China
| | - Li-Dong Ren
- Department of Thyroid, Breast, Hernia and Vascular Surgery, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010017, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Zhen Bai
- Department of Thyroid, Breast, Hernia and Vascular Surgery, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010017, P.R. China
| | - Ri-Na Na
- Department of Thyroid, Breast, Hernia and Vascular Surgery, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010017, P.R. China
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27
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Razumienko EJ, Chen JC, Cai Z, Chan C, Reilly RM. Dual-Receptor–Targeted Radioimmunotherapy of Human Breast Cancer Xenografts in Athymic Mice Coexpressing HER2 and EGFR Using 177Lu- or 111In-Labeled Bispecific Radioimmunoconjugates. J Nucl Med 2015; 57:444-52. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.162339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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28
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Kiess AP, Minn I, Chen Y, Hobbs R, Sgouros G, Mease RC, Pullambhatla M, Shen CJ, Foss CA, Pomper MG. Auger Radiopharmaceutical Therapy Targeting Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1401-1407. [PMID: 26182968 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.155929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Auger electron emitters such as (125)I have a high linear energy transfer and short range of emission (<10 μm), making them suitable for treating micrometastases while sparing normal tissues. We used a highly specific small molecule targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) to deliver (125)I to prostate cancer cells. METHODS The PSMA-targeting Auger emitter 2-[3-[1-carboxy-5-(4-(125)I-iodo-benzoylamino)-pentyl]-ureido]-pentanedioic acid ((125)I-DCIBzL) was synthesized. DNA damage (via phosphorylated H2A histone family member X staining) and clonogenic survival were tested in PSMA-positive (PSMA+) PC3 PIP and PSMA-negative (PSMA-) PC3 flu human prostate cancer cells after treatment with (125)I-DCIBzL. Subcellular drug distribution was assessed with confocal microscopy using a related fluorescent PSMA-targeting compound YC-36. In vivo antitumor efficacy was tested in nude mice bearing PSMA+ PC3 PIP or PSMA- PC3 flu flank xenografts. Animals were administered (intravenously) 111 MBq (3 mCi) of (125)I-DCIBzL, 111 MBq (3 mCi) of (125)I-NaI, an equivalent amount of nonradiolabeled DCIBzL, or saline. RESULTS After treatment with (125)I-DCIBzL, PSMA+ PC3 PIP cells exhibited increased DNA damage and decreased clonogenic survival when compared with PSMA- PC3 flu cells. Confocal microscopy of YC-36 showed drug distribution in the perinuclear area and plasma membrane. Animals bearing PSMA+ PC3 PIP tumors had significant tumor growth delay after treatment with (125)I-DCIBzL, with only 1 mouse reaching 5 times the initial tumor volume by 60 d after treatment, compared with a median time to 5 times volume of less than 15 d for PSMA- PC3 flu tumors and all other treatment groups (P = 0.002 by log-rank test). CONCLUSION PSMA-targeted radiopharmaceutical therapy with the Auger emitter (125)I-DCIBzL yielded highly specific antitumor efficacy in vivo, suggesting promise for treatment of prostate cancer micrometastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Kiess
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Il Minn
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ying Chen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert Hobbs
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - George Sgouros
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ronnie C Mease
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mrudula Pullambhatla
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Colette J Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Catherine A Foss
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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29
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Ngo Ndjock Mbong G, Lu Y, Chan C, Cai Z, Liu P, Boyle AJ, Winnik MA, Reilly RM. Trastuzumab Labeled to High Specific Activity with 111In by Site-Specific Conjugation to a Metal-Chelating Polymer Exhibits Amplified Auger Electron-Mediated Cytotoxicity on HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Cells. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1951-60. [DOI: 10.1021/mp5007618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghislaine Ngo Ndjock Mbong
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Yijie Lu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S
3H6, Canada
| | - Conrad Chan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Zhongli Cai
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Peng Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S
3H6, Canada
| | - Amanda J. Boyle
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S
3H6, Canada
| | - Raymond M. Reilly
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
- Department
of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, 263 McCaul Street, Toronto, ON M5T
1W7, Canada
- Toronto
General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth
Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
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Knight JC, Mosley M, Stratford MRL, Uyeda HT, Benink HA, Cong M, Fan F, Faulkner S, Cornelissen B. Development of an enzymatic pretargeting strategy for dual-modality imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4055-8. [PMID: 25660394 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10265g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
A pretargeted imaging strategy based on the HaloTag dehalogenase enzyme is described. Here, a HaloTag-Trastuzumab conjugate has been used as the primary agent targeting HER2 expression, and three new radiolabelled HaloTag ligands have been used as secondary agents, two of which offer dual-modality (SPECT/optical) imaging capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Knight
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Ward MD, Leahy DJ. Kinase activator-receiver preference in ErbB heterodimers is determined by intracellular regions and is not coupled to extracellular asymmetry. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:1570-9. [PMID: 25468910 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The EGF receptor (EGFR) family comprises four homologs in humans collectively known as the ErbB or HER proteins. ErbB proteins are receptor tyrosine kinases that become activated when ligands bind to their extracellular regions and promote formation of specific homo- and heterodimers with enhanced tyrosine kinase activity. An essential feature of ErbB activation is formation of an asymmetric kinase dimer in which the C-terminal lobe of one kinase serves as the activator or donor kinase by binding the N-terminal lobe of a receiver or acceptor kinase and stabilizing its active conformation. ErbB extracellular regions are also thought to form active asymmetric dimers in which only one subunit binds ligand. The observation that the unliganded ErbB2 kinase preferentially serves as the activator kinase when paired with EGFR/ErbB1 implied that extracellular asymmetry in ErbB proteins might be coupled to intracellular asymmetry with unliganded partners favoring the activator kinase position. Using cell-based stimulation assays and chimeric ErbB proteins, we show that extracellular asymmetry is not coupled to intracellular asymmetry and that ErbB intracellular regions are sufficient to determine relative kinase activator-receiver orientation. We further show a hierarchy of activator-receiver preferences among ErbB proteins, with EGFR/ErbB1 being the strongest receiver, followed by ErbB2 and then ErbB4, and that cis-phosphorylation of EGFR and ErbB2 appears to be negligible. This hierarchy shapes the nature of signaling responses to different ligands in cells expressing multiple ErbB proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Ward
- From the Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Daniel J Leahy
- From the Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Radioimmunotherapy: a specific treatment protocol for cancer by cytotoxic radioisotopes conjugated to antibodies. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:492061. [PMID: 25379535 PMCID: PMC4213411 DOI: 10.1155/2014/492061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) represents a selective internal radiation therapy, that is, the use of radionuclides conjugated to tumor-directed monoclonal antibodies (including those fragments) or peptides. In a clinical field, two successful examples of this treatment protocol are currently extended by 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin) and 131I-tositumomab (Bexxar), both of which are anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies coupled to cytotoxic radioisotopes and are approved for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients. In addition, some beneficial observations are obtained in preclinical studies targeting solid tumors. To date, in order to reduce the unnecessary exposure and to enhance the therapeutic efficacy, various biological, chemical, and treatment procedural improvements have been investigated in RIT. This review outlines the fundamentals of RIT and current knowledge of the preclinical/clinical trials for cancer treatment.
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Luo TY, Cheng PC, Chiang PF, Chuang TW, Yeh CH, Lin WJ. 188Re-HYNIC-trastuzumab enhances the effect of apoptosis induced by trastuzumab in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Ann Nucl Med 2014; 29:52-62. [PMID: 25238789 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-014-0908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The development of radioimmunotherapy has provided an impressive alternative approach in improving trastuzumab therapy. However, the mechanisms of trastuzumab and radiation treatment combined to increase therapeutic efficacy are poorly understood. Here, we try to examine the efficacy of cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction for (188)Re-HYNIC-trastuzumab in cancer cell lines with various levels of Her2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fluorescence flow cytometry was used to detect the alterations of apoptosis induction after (188)Re-HYNIC-trastuzumab treatment in two breast cancer cell lines with different levels of HER2 (BT-474 and MCF-7) and a colorectal carcinoma cell line (HT-29) for control. RESULTS Our results indicated that (188)Re-HYNIC-trastuzumab led to cell death of breast cancer cells specifically in HER2 level-dependent and radioactivity dose-dependent fashions. In BT-474 cells, 370 kBq/ml of (188)Re-HYNIC-trastuzumab enhanced the cytotoxicity to a level nearly 100-fold that of trastuzumab-alone treatment. The results also revealed that the mitochondria-dependent pathway attenuated irradiation-induced apoptosis in HER2-expressing breast cancer cells after (188)Re-HYNIC-trastuzumab treatment. In contrast, only after 48 h of (188)Re-HYNIC-trastuzumab treatment, BT-474 cells exhibited typical apoptotic changes, including exposure of phospholipid phosphatidylserine on the cell surface, or fragmented DNA formation, in a radioactivity dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Briefly, our study demonstrates that (188)Re-labeled HYNIC-trastuzumab not only enhances cell death in a radioactivity dose-dependent fashion, but may also prolong the effects of apoptosis involved with the mitochondria-dependent pathway in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. It is possible that the (188)Re-HYNIC-trastuzumab treatment induced a second round of apoptosis to prolong the effects of cell kill in these cancer cells. These data revealed that (188)Re-HYNIC-trastuzumab has the potential for use as a therapeutic radiopharmaceutical agent in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cell treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Yueh Luo
- Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, P.O. BOX 3-27, No. 1000, Wenhua Rd., Jiaan Village, Longtan Township, Taoyuan, 32546, Taiwan,
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Lu Y, Ngo Ndjock Mbong G, Liu P, Chan C, Cai Z, Weinrich D, Boyle AJ, Reilly RM, Winnik MA. Synthesis of Polyglutamide-Based Metal-Chelating Polymers and Their Site-Specific Conjugation to Trastuzumab for Auger Electron Radioimmunotherapy. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2027-37. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500174p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Lu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ghislaine Ngo Ndjock Mbong
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Peng Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Conrad Chan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Zhongli Cai
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Dirk Weinrich
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Amanda J. Boyle
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Raymond M. Reilly
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Department
of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, 263 McCaul Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1W7, Canada
- Toronto
General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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He Z, Wang Q, Sun Y, Shen M, Zhu M, Gu M, Wang Y, Duan Y. The biocompatibility evaluation of mPEG-PLGA-PLL copolymer and different LA/GA ratio effects for biocompatibility. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2014; 25:943-64. [PMID: 24811211 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2014.914705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), a FDA-approved material for clinical application, showed broad prospects in the past, but gradually can no longer meet present clinical developments and requirements, which we synthesized monomethoxy(polyethylene glycol)-poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-poly(L-lysine) (mPEG-PLGA-PLL) (PEAL) and have had some relevant reports. But studies on biocompatibility and the impacts of LA and GA ratio (LA/GA=60/40, 70/30, and 80/20) in main material have not yet been reported. Hemolysis experiment indicates that the hemolysis rate of PEAL extraction medium is less than 5%. Whole blood clotting time (CT), plasma recalcification time, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time evaluations, and dynamic CT assay show that the anticoagulant time of PEAL copolymer for blood is longer than that under negative and positive control. Protein adsorption assay indicates that PEAL films adsorb less protein than PLGA films (p<0.01); but comparing with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, the aforementioned difference is not significant (p>0.05). Complement activation test shows that PEAL surface does not induce complement activation. CCK8 measurement shows that the relative growth rates of Huh7, L02, and L929 cells co-incubated with PEAL nanoparticles (NPs) are more than 90%. PEAL NPs co-incubated with 5% foetal bovine serum or 2% bovine serum albumin, through dynamic light scattering assay, remain stable. Different concentrations of PEAL NPs co-incubated with zebrafish embryos at 6-72 h post fertilization show that comparing with negative control, 10, 100, or 500 μM of NPs for embryos development has no significant effects (p>0.05), only 1000 or 2000 μM of NPs has some effects (p<0.05). It is concluded that the PEAL copolymer, with excellent biocompatibility, proves to be a high-safety dose as drug carrier and implant candidate in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelai He
- a State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes , Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200032 , China
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Abstract
Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) is an antibody-drug conjugate that is effective and generally well tolerated when administered as a single agent to treat advanced breast cancer. Efficacy has now been demonstrated in randomized trials as first line, second line, and later than the second line treatment of advanced breast cancer. T-DM1 is currently being evaluated as adjuvant treatment for early breast cancer. It has several mechanisms of action consisting of the anti-tumor effects of trastuzumab and those of DM1, a cytotoxic anti-microtubule agent released within the target cells upon degradation of the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-T-DM1 complex in lysosomes. The cytotoxic effect of T-DM1 likely varies depending on the intracellular concentration of DM1 accumulated in cancer cells, high intracellular levels resulting in rapid apoptosis, somewhat lower levels in impaired cellular trafficking and mitotic catastrophe, while the lowest levels lead to poor response to T-DM1. Primary resistance of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer to T-DM1 appears to be relatively infrequent, but most patients treated with T-DM1 develop acquired drug resistance. The mechanisms of resistance are incompletely understood, but mechanisms limiting the binding of trastuzumab to cancer cells may be involved. The cytotoxic effect of T-DM1 may be impaired by inefficient internalization or enhanced recycling of the HER2-T-DM1 complex in cancer cells, or impaired lysosomal degradation of trastuzumab or intracellular trafficking of HER2. The effect of T-DM1 may also be compromised by multidrug resistance proteins that pump DM1 out of cancer cells. In this review we discuss the mechanism of action of T-DM1 and the key clinical results obtained with it, the combinations of T-DM1 with other cytotoxic agents and anti-HER drugs, and the potential resistance mechanisms and the strategies to overcome resistance to T-DM1.
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Hillyar CRT, Cornelissen B, Vallis KA. Uptake, internalization and nuclear translocation of radioimmunotherapeutic agents. Ther Deliv 2014; 5:319-35. [PMID: 24592956 DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) agents that incorporate short-range particle-emitting radionuclides exploit the high linear energy transfer of α-particles and Auger electrons. Both are densely ionizing, generate complex DNA double-strand breaks and so are profoundly cytotoxic. Internalizing RIT agents enter tumor cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis and by incorporation of cell-penetrating peptides. Once internalized, some RIT agents mediate escape from endosomes and/or translocate to the nucleus. In the classical nuclear import pathway, α/β-importins recognize nuclear localization sequences in RIT agents. Translocation through nuclear pores enables RIT agents to bind to nuclear targets induced by, for example, cellular stress, growth factors or anticancer therapy, such as γH2AX or p27(KIP-1). This review discusses RIT agents designed to exploit the mechanisms underlying these complex processes and compares them with noninternalizing RIT agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R T Hillyar
- Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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Zereshkian A, Leyton JV, Cai Z, Bergstrom D, Weinfeld M, Reilly RM. The human polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase (hPNKP) inhibitor A12B4C3 radiosensitizes human myeloid leukemia cells to Auger electron-emitting anti-CD123 ¹¹¹In-NLS-7G3 radioimmunoconjugates. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:377-83. [PMID: 24637100 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are believed to be responsible for initiating and propagating acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and for causing relapse after treatment. Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) targeting these cells may improve the treatment of AML, but is limited by the low density of target epitopes. Our objective was to study a human polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase (hPNKP) inhibitor that interferes with DNA repair as a radiosensitizer for the Auger electron RIT agent, ¹¹¹In-NLS-7G3, which recognizes the CD123⁺/CD131⁻ phenotype uniquely displayed by LSCs. METHODS The surviving fraction (SF) of CD123⁺/CD131⁻ AML-5 cells exposed to ¹¹¹In-NLS-7G3 (33-266 nmols/L; 0.74MBq/μg) or to γ-radiation (0.25-5Gy) was determined by clonogenic assays. The effect of A12B4C3 (25 μmols/L) combined with ¹¹¹In-NLS-7G3 (16-66 nmols/L) or with γ-radiation (0.25-2Gy) on the SF of AML-5 cells was assessed. The density of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the nucleus was measured using the γ-H2AX assay. Cellular dosimetry was estimated based on the subcellular distribution of ¹¹¹In-NLS-7G3 measured by cell fractionation. RESULTS Binding of (111)In-NLS-7G3 to AML-5 cells was reduced by 2.2-fold in the presence of an excess (1μM) of unlabeled NLS-7G3, demonstrating specific binding to the CD123⁺/CD131⁻ epitope. ¹¹¹In-NLS-7G3 reduced the SF of AML-5 cells from 86.1 ± 11.0% at 33 nmols/L to 10.5 ± 3.6% at 266 nmols/L. Unlabeled NLS-7G3 had no significant effect on the SF. Treatment of AML-5 cells with γ-radiation reduced the SF from 98.9 ± 14.9% at 0.25Gy to 0.03 ± 0.1% at 5 Gy. A12B4C3 combined with ¹¹¹In-NLS-7G3 (16-66 nmols/L) enhanced the cytotoxicity up to 1.7-fold compared to treatment with radioimmunoconjugates alone and was associated with a 1.6-fold increase in DNA DSBs in the nucleus. A12B4C3 enhanced the cytotoxicity of γ-radiation (0.25-0.5Gy) on AML-5 cells by up to 1.5-fold, and DNA DSBs were increased by 1.7-fold. Exposure to ¹¹¹In-NLS-7G3 (66 nmols/L) delivered up to 0.6Gy to AML-5 cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that A12B4C3 radiosensitized AML cells to the DNA damaging effects of ¹¹¹In-NLS-7G3. Combination treatment may increase the effectiveness for Auger electron RIT of AML targeting the LSC subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Zereshkian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey V Leyton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Zhongli Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dane Bergstrom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Raymond M Reilly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Zhang JM, Zhao XM, Wang SJ, Ren XC, Wang N, Han JY, Jia LZ. Evaluation of 99mTc-peptide-ZHER2:342 Affibody® molecule for in vivo molecular imaging. Br J Radiol 2013; 87:20130484. [PMID: 24273251 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20130484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop an improved method for labelling ZHER2:342 with Technetium-99m ((99m)Tc) using Gly-(d) Ala-Gly-Gly as a chelator and to evaluate the feasibility of its use for visualization of HER2 expression in vivo. METHODS The Affibody® molecule ZHER2:342 was synthesized by Fmoc/tBu solid phase synthesis. The chelator, Gly-(d) Ala-Gly-Gly, was introduced by manual synthesis as the N-terminal extensions of ZHER2:342. ZHER2:342 was labelled with (99m)Tc. The labelling efficiency, radiochemical purity and in vitro stability of the labelled molecular probe were analysed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Biodistribution and molecular imaging using (99m)Tc-peptide-ZHER2:342 were performed. RESULTS The molecular probe was successfully synthesized and labelled with (99m)Tc with the labelling efficiency of 98.10 ± 1.73% (n=5). The radiolabelled molecular probe remained highly stable in vitro. The molecular imaging showed high uptake in HER2-expressing SKOV-3 xenografts, whereas the MDA-MB-231 xenografts with low HER2 expression were not clearly imaged at any time after the injection of (99m)Tc-peptide-ZHER2:342. The predominant clearance pathway for (99m)Tc-peptide-ZHER2:342 was through the kidneys. Conculsion: (99m)Tc-peptide-ZHER2:342 using Gly-(d) Ala-Gly-Gly as a chelator is a promising tracer agent with favourable biodistribution and imaging properties that may be developed as a radiopharmaceutical for the detection of HER2-positive malignant tumours. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE The (99m)Tc-peptide-ZHER2:342 molecular probe is a promising tracer agent, and the results in this study provide a foundation for future development of protocols for earlier visual detection of cancer in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Radioimmunoconjugate based on metal-chelating polymers and herceptin fragment for in (111) delivery into breast cancer cells. J Control Release 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hong BJ, Swindell EP, MacRenaris KW, Hankins PL, Chipre AJ, Mastarone DJ, Ahn RW, Meade TJ, O’Halloran TV, Nguyen ST. pH-Responsive Theranostic Polymer-Caged Nanobins (PCNs): Enhanced Cytotoxicity and T1 MRI Contrast by Her2-Targeting. PARTICLE & PARTICLE SYSTEMS CHARACTERIZATION : MEASUREMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR IN POWDERS AND OTHER DISPERSE SYSTEMS 2013; 30:770-774. [PMID: 24516291 PMCID: PMC3916701 DOI: 10.1002/ppsc.201300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A PCN theranostic platform comprises a doxorubicin (DXR)-loaded liposomal core and an acid-sensitive polymer shell that is functionalized with Herceptin and GdIII-based MRI contrast agents. In vitro testing reveals a 14-fold increase in DXR-based cytotoxicity versus a non-targeted analogue and an 120-fold improvement in cellular GdIII-uptake in comparison with clinically approved DOTA-GdIII, leading to significant T1 MRI contrast enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Jin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Elden P. Swindell
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Keith W. MacRenaris
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Patrick L. Hankins
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Anthony J. Chipre
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Daniel J. Mastarone
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Richard W. Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Thomas J. Meade
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Thomas V. O’Halloran
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - SonBinh T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
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MicroSPECT/CT imaging of co-expressed HER2 and EGFR on subcutaneous human tumor xenografts in athymic mice using ¹¹¹In-labeled bispecific radioimmunoconjugates. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 138:709-18. [PMID: 23525982 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) form heterodimers with HER2 in breast cancer, and increased EGFR expression has been found in HER2-positive tumors resistant to trastuzumab (Herceptin). Our objective was to synthesize bispecific radioimmunoconjugates (bsRICs) that recognize HER2 and EGFR and evaluate their ability to image tumors in athymic mice that express one or both receptors by microSPECT/CT. Bispecific radioimmunoconjugates were constructed by conjugating maleimide-derivatized trastuzumab Fab fragments that bind HER2 to a thiolated form of EGF with an intervening 24 mer polyethylene glycol (PEG24) spacer. Bispecific radioimmunoconjugates were derivatized with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid for labeling with (111)In. The ability of (111)In-bsRICs to bind HER2 or EGFR was determined in competition assays using cells expressing one or both receptors. Tumor and normal tissue uptake were examined in CD1 athymic mice bearing subcutaneous tumor xenografts that expressed HER2, EGFR, or both receptors, with or without pre-administration of Fab or EGF to determine specificity. HER2 and EGFR binding and displacement of binding by competitors were found for (111)In-bsICs. The highest uptake of (111)In-bsRICs [7.3 ± 3.5 %ID/g] in 231-H2N human breast cancer xenografts (HER2+/EGFR+) occurred at 48 h post-injection. Pre-administration of trastuzumab Fab decreased uptake in SK-OV-3 (HER2+/EGFR-) human ovarian cancer xenografts from 7.1 ± 1.2 to 2.4 ± 1.5 %ID/g. Pre-administration of excess EGF decreased uptake in MDA-MB-231 (HER2-/EGFR+) human breast cancer xenografts from 5.9 ± 0.5 to 2.0 ± 0.1 %ID/g. All tumors were imaged by microSPECT/CT. We conclude that (111)In-bsRICs composed of trastuzumab Fab and EGF exhibited specific binding in vitro to tumor cells displaying HER2 or EGFR, and were taken up specifically in vivo in tumors expressing one or both receptors, permitting tumor visualization by microSPECT/CT. These agents may ultimately be useful for imaging heterodimerized HER2-EGFR complexes since their bivalent properties permit more avid binding to these complexes.
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Slastnikova TA, Koumarianou E, Rosenkranz AA, Vaidyanathan G, Lupanova TN, Sobolev AS, Zalutsky MR. Modular nanotransporters: a versatile approach for enhancing nuclear delivery and cytotoxicity of Auger electron-emitting 125I. EJNMMI Res 2012; 2:59. [PMID: 23107475 PMCID: PMC3511205 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-2-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study evaluates the potential utility of a modular nanotransporter (MNT) for enhancing the nuclear delivery and cytotoxicity of the Auger electron emitter 125I in cancer cells that overexpress the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Methods MNTs are recombinant multifunctional polypeptides that we have developed for achieving selective delivery of short-range therapeutics into cancer cells. MNTs contain functional modules for receptor binding, internalization, endosomal escape and nuclear translocation, thereby facilitating the transport of drugs from the cell surface to the nucleus. The MNT described herein utilized EGF as the targeting ligand and was labeled with 125I using N-succinimidyl-4-guanidinomethyl-3-[125I]iodobenzoate (SGMIB). Membrane binding, intracellular and nuclear accumulation kinetics, and clonogenic survival assays were performed using the EGFR-expressing A431 epidermoid carcinoma and D247 MG glioma cell lines. Results [125I]SGMIB-MNT bound to A431 and D247 MG cells with an affinity comparable to that of native EGF. More than 60% of internalized [125I]SGMIB-MNT radioactivity accumulated in the cell nuclei after a 1-h incubation. The cytotoxic effectiveness of [125I]SGMIB-MNT compared with 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin control was enhanced by a factor of 60 for D247 MG cells and more than 1,000-fold for A431 cells, which express higher levels of EGFR. Conclusions MNT can be utilized to deliver 125I into the nuclei of cancer cells overexpressing EGFR, significantly enhancing cytotoxicity. Further evaluation of [125I]SGMIB-MNT as a targeted radiotherapeutic for EGFR-expressing cancer cells appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Slastnikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Intracellular Transport, Institute of Gene Biology, Vavilov St, 34/5, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
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The Effect of Metal-Chelating Polymers (MCPs) for 111In Complexed via the Streptavidin-Biotin System to Trastuzumab Fab Fragments on Tumor and Normal Tissue Distribution in Mice. Pharm Res 2012; 30:104-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0853-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Liu P, Boyle AJ, Lu Y, Reilly RM, Winnik MA. Biotinylated Polyacrylamide-Based Metal-Chelating Polymers and Their Influence on Antigen Recognition Following Conjugation to a Trastuzumab Fab Fragment. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:2831-42. [DOI: 10.1021/bm300843u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Amanda J. Boyle
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2
| | - Yijie Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Raymond M. Reilly
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M5G 2M9
| | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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111In-Bn-DTPA-nimotuzumab with/without modification with nuclear translocation sequence (NLS) peptides: an Auger electron-emitting radioimmunotherapeutic agent for EGFR-positive and trastuzumab (Herceptin)-resistant breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 135:189-200. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Abstract
Targeting of radionuclides with antibodies, or radioimmunotherapy, has been an active field of research spanning nearly 50 years, evolving with advancing technologies in molecular biology and chemistry, and with many important preclinical and clinical studies illustrating the benefits, but also the challenges, which all forms of targeted therapies face. There are currently two radiolabeled antibodies approved for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but radioimmunotherapy of solid tumors remains a challenge. Novel antibody constructs, focusing on treatment of localized and minimal disease, and pretargeting are all promising new approaches that are currently under investigation.
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Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors combined with external beam and radioimmunotherapy to treat aggressive lymphoma. Nucl Med Commun 2012; 32:1046-51. [PMID: 21956491 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e32834a369b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the possible radiosensitizing capabilities of two different poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in combination with external beam and I-tositumomab in a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cell line. METHODS AND MATERIALS Epstein-Barr virus-infected human Raji lymphoma cells with lentivirally transfected green fluorescent protein and luciferase in log-phase growth were incubated with various doses of AZD-2281 and ABT-888 24 h before external beam radiation exposure. A 500 nmol/l concentration of AZD-2281 and ABT-888 was used to assess the growth curve of Raji lymphoma cells over 5 days. The number of double-stranded breaks was visually assessed using a H2AX antibody and confocal microscopy. Intracellular PARP activity was measured 2 h after incubation with AZD-2281 (500 nmol/l) and ABT-888 using a colorimetric PARP assay kit. The radiosensitizing effect of AZD-2281 (500 nmol/l) with various doses of I-tositumomab was assessed after 24 h. RESULTS A volume of 500 nmol/l of AZD-2281 and 500 nmol/l of ABT-888, in combination with 0, 4, 8, and 12 Gy external beam radiation, showed a 5.2, 7.1, 10.1, and 33.1% radiosensitization. A measure of 500 nmol/l AZD-2281 and ABT-888 significantly reduced the percentage of viable cells on days 3-5 compared with controls. The maximal relative reduction in viable cells was 78.5%, and this occurred with AZD-2281 (500 nmol/l) on day 5. AZD-2281 revealed a higher number of double-stranded breaks with confocal microscopy than did ABT-888. Two hours after incubation of Raji cells with 500 nmol/l of AZD-2281 or ABT-888, the colorimetric PARP activity assay showed a reduction of 30.36% with ABT-888 and of 47.8% with AZD-2281. Combining AZD-2281 (500 nmol/l) with 0, 5 μCi (0.185 MBq), 10 μCi (0.37 MBq) and 20 μCi (0.74 MBq) ¹³¹I-tositumomab revealed a significant reduction in cell viability after 24 h with 5 μCi (0.185 MBq) (P<0.01) and 10 μCi (0.37 MBq) (P<0.01) radiation dose. CONCLUSION PARP inhibitors AZD-2281 and ABT-888 are highly radiosensitizing agents when used before external beam radiation and ¹³¹I-tositumomab.
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Hoang B, Reilly RM, Allen C. Block copolymer micelles target Auger electron radiotherapy to the nucleus of HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:455-65. [PMID: 22191486 DOI: 10.1021/bm201479t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking of Auger electron emitting radionuclides to perinuclear and nuclear regions of cells is critical to realizing their full therapeutic potential. In the present study, block copolymer micelles (BCMs) were labeled with the Auger electron emitter indium-111 ((111)In) and loaded with the radiosensitizer methotrexate. HER2 specific antibodies (trastuzumab fab) and nuclear localization signal (NLS; CGYGPKKKRKVGG) peptides were conjugated to the surface of the BCMs to direct uptake in HER2 expressing cells and subsequent localization in the cell nucleus. Cell uptake and intracellular distribution of the multifunctional BCMs were evaluated in a panel of breast cancer cell lines with different levels of HER2 expression. Indeed cell uptake was found to be HER2 density dependent, confirming receptor-mediated internalization of the BCMs. Importantly, conjugation of NLS peptides to the surface of BCMs was found to result in a significant increase in nuclear uptake of the radionuclide (111)In. Successful nuclear targeting was shown to improve the antipoliferative effect of the Auger electrons as measured by clonogenic assays. In addition, a significant radiation enhancement effect was observed by concurrent delivery of low-dose MTX and (111)In in all breast cancer cell lines evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Hoang
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2
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