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Nguyen T, Vennatt J, Downs L, Surabhi V, Stanietzky N. Advanced Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review of Current and Novel Techniques. J Gastrointest Cancer 2024:10.1007/s12029-024-01094-8. [PMID: 39158837 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-024-01094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary carcinoma arising from the liver. Although HCC can arise de novo, the vast majority of cases develop in the setting of chronic liver disease. Hepatocarcinogenesis follows a well-studied process during which chronic inflammation and cellular damage precipitate cellular and genetic aberrations, with subsequent propagation of precancerous and cancerous lesions. Surveillance of individuals at high risk of HCC, early diagnosis, and individualized treatment are keys to reducing the mortality associated with this disease. Radiological imaging plays a critical role in the diagnosis and management of these patients. HCC is a unique cancer in that it can be diagnosed with confidence by imaging that meets all radiologic criteria, obviating the risks associated with tissue sampling. This article discusses conventional and emerging imaging techniques for the evaluation of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinh Nguyen
- Department of Abdominal Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jaijo Vennatt
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lincoln Downs
- Department of Abdominal Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Venkateswar Surabhi
- Department of Abdominal Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nir Stanietzky
- Department of Abdominal Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Lamba M, Singh PR, Bandyopadhyay A, Goswami A. Synthetic 18F labeled biomolecules that are selective and promising for PET imaging: major advances and applications. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1899-1920. [PMID: 38911154 PMCID: PMC11187557 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The concept of positron emission tomography (PET) based imaging was developed more than 40 years ago. It has been a widely adopted technique for detecting and staging numerous diseases in clinical settings, particularly cancer, neuro- and cardio-diseases. Here, we reviewed the evolution of PET and its advantages over other imaging modalities in clinical settings. Primarily, this review discusses recent advances in the synthesis of 18F radiolabeled biomolecules in light of the widely accepted performance for effective PET. The discussion particularly emphasizes the 18F-labeling chemistry of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, oligonucleotides, peptides, and protein molecules, which have shown promise for PET imaging in recent decades. In addition, we have deliberated on how 18F-labeled biomolecules enable the detection of metabolic changes at the cellular level and the selective imaging of gross anatomical localization via PET imaging. In the end, the review discusses the future perspective of PET imaging to control disease in clinical settings. We firmly believe that collaborative multidisciplinary research will further widen the comprehensive applications of PET approaches in the clinical management of cancer and other pathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Lamba
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Birla Farms Ropar Punjab-140001 India
| | - Prasoon Raj Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Birla Farms Ropar Punjab-140001 India
| | - Anupam Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Birla Farms Ropar Punjab-140001 India
| | - Avijit Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Birla Farms Ropar Punjab-140001 India
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Pantel AR, Bae SW, Li EJ, O'Brien SR, Manning HC. PET Imaging of Metabolism, Perfusion, and Hypoxia: FDG and Beyond. Cancer J 2024; 30:159-169. [PMID: 38753750 PMCID: PMC11101148 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Imaging glucose metabolism with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography has transformed the diagnostic and treatment algorithms of numerous malignancies in clinical practice. The cancer phenotype, though, extends beyond dysregulation of this single pathway. Reprogramming of other pathways of metabolism, as well as altered perfusion and hypoxia, also typifies malignancy. These features provide other opportunities for imaging that have been developed and advanced into humans. In this review, we discuss imaging metabolism, perfusion, and hypoxia in cancer, focusing on the underlying biology to provide context. We conclude by highlighting the ability to image multiple facets of biology to better characterize cancer and guide targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin R Pantel
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Seong-Woo Bae
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Elizabeth J Li
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sophia R O'Brien
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - H Charles Manning
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Sun S, Yang Q, Jiang D, Zhang Y. Nanobiotechnology augmented cancer stem cell guided management of cancer: liquid-biopsy, imaging, and treatment. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:176. [PMID: 38609981 PMCID: PMC11015566 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent both a key driving force and therapeutic target of tumoral carcinogenesis, tumor evolution, progression, and recurrence. CSC-guided tumor diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance are strategically significant in improving cancer patients' overall survival. Due to the heterogeneity and plasticity of CSCs, high sensitivity, specificity, and outstanding targeting are demanded for CSC detection and targeting. Nanobiotechnologies, including biosensors, nano-probes, contrast enhancers, and drug delivery systems, share identical features required. Implementing these techniques may facilitate the overall performance of CSC detection and targeting. In this review, we focus on some of the most recent advances in how nanobiotechnologies leverage the characteristics of CSC to optimize cancer diagnosis and treatment in liquid biopsy, clinical imaging, and CSC-guided nano-treatment. Specifically, how nanobiotechnologies leverage the attributes of CSC to maximize the detection of circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells, and exosomes, to improve positron emission computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and to enhance the therapeutic effects of cytotoxic therapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy therapy, and radioimmunotherapy are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, the Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Sharkey AR, Koglin N, Mittra ES, Han S, Cook GJR, Witney TH. Clinical [ 18F]FSPG Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Reveals Heterogeneity in Tumor-Associated System x c- Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1437. [PMID: 38611114 PMCID: PMC11011143 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND (4S)-4-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-L-glutamic acid ([18F]FSPG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) provides a readout of system xc- transport activity and has been used for cancer detection in clinical studies of different cancer types. As system xc- provides the rate-limiting precursor for glutathione biosynthesis, an abundant antioxidant, [18F]FSPG imaging may additionally provide important prognostic information. Here, we performed an analysis of [18F]FSPG radiotracer distribution between primary tumors, metastases, and normal organs from cancer patients. We further assessed the heterogeneity of [18F]FSPG retention between cancer types, and between and within individuals. METHODS This retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data compared [18F]FSPG PET/CT in subjects with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC, n = 5) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC, n = 10), scanned at different institutions. Using semi-automated regions of interest drawn around tumors and metastases, the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), SUVmean, SUV standard deviation and SUVpeak were measured. [18F]FSPG time-activity curves (TACs) for normal organs, primary tumors and metastases were subsequently compared to 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) PET/CT at 60 min post injection (p.i.). RESULTS The mean administered activity of [18F]FSPG was 309.3 ± 9.1 MBq in subjects with NSCLC and 285.1 ± 11.3 MBq in those with HNSCC. The biodistribution of [18F]FSPG in both cohorts showed similar TACs in healthy organs from cancer patients. There was no statistically significant overall difference in the average SUVmax of tumor lesions at 60 min p.i. for NSCLC (8.1 ± 7.1) compared to HNSCC (6.0 ± 4.1; p = 0.29) for [18F]FSPG. However, there was heterogeneous retention between and within cancer types; the SUVmax at 60 min p.i. ranged from 1.4 to 23.7 in NSCLC and 3.1-12.1 in HNSCC. CONCLUSION [18F]FSPG PET/CT imaging from both NSCLC and HNSCC cohorts showed the same normal-tissue biodistribution, but marked tumor heterogeneity across subjects and between lesions. Despite rapid elimination through the urinary tract and low normal-background tissue retention, the diagnostic potential of [18F]FSPG was limited by variability in tumor retention. As [18F]FSPG retention is mediated by the tumor's antioxidant capacity and response to oxidative stress, this heterogeneity may provide important insights into an individual tumor's response or resistance to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Sharkey
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; (A.R.S.); (G.J.R.C.)
| | | | - Erik S. Mittra
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Sangwon Han
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
| | - Gary J. R. Cook
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; (A.R.S.); (G.J.R.C.)
- King’s College London and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ PET Center, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Timothy H. Witney
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; (A.R.S.); (G.J.R.C.)
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Sharkey AR, Witney TH, Cook GJR. Is System x c- a Suitable Target for Tumour Detection and Response Assessment with Imaging? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5573. [PMID: 38067277 PMCID: PMC10705217 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15235573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
System xc- is upregulated in cancer cells and can be imaged using novel radiotracers, most commonly with (4S)-4-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-L-glutamic acid (18F-FSPG). The aim of this review was to summarise the use of 18F-FSPG in humans, explore the benefits and limitations of 18F-FSPG, and assess the potential for further use of 18F-FSPG in cancer patients. To date, ten papers have described the use of 18F-FSPG in human cancers. These studies involved small numbers of patients (range 1-26) and assessed the use of 18F-FSPG as a general oncological diagnostic agent across different cancer types. These clinical trials were contrasting in their findings, limiting the scope of 18F-FSPG PET/CT as a purely diagnostic agent, primarily due to heterogeneity of 18F-FSPG retention both between cancer types and patients. Despite these limitations, a potential further application for 18F-FSPG is in the assessment of early treatment response and prediction of treatment resistance. Animal models of cancer have shown that changes in 18F-FSPG retention following effective therapy precede glycolytic changes, as indicated by 18F-FDG, and changes in tumour volume, as measured by CT. If these results could be replicated in human clinical trials, imaging with 18F-FSPG PET/CT would offer an exciting route towards addressing the currently unmet clinical needs of treatment resistance prediction and early imaging assessment of therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Sharkey
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Timothy H. Witney
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Gary J. R. Cook
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
- King’s College London and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ PET Centre, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
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Huang Y, Li C, Li Z, Xie Y, Chen H, Li S, Liang Y, Wu Z. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a Novel [ 18F]-Labeled Arginine Derivative for Tumor Imaging. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1477. [PMID: 37895948 PMCID: PMC10610273 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To better diagnose and treat tumors related to arginine metabolism, (2S,4S)-2-amino-4-(4-(2-(fluoro-18F)ethoxy)benzyl)-5-guanidinopentanoic acid ([18F]7) was designed and prepared by introducing [18F]fluoroethoxy benzyl on carbon-4 of arginine. [18F]7 and 7 were successfully prepared using synthesis methods similar to those used for (2S,4S)-4-[18F]FEBGln and (2S,4S)-4-FEBGln, respectively. In vitro experiments on cell transport mechanisms showed that [18F]7 was similar to (2S,4S)4-[18F]FPArg and was transported into tumor cells by cationic amino acid transporters. However, [18F]7 can also enter MCF-7 cells via ASC and ASC2 amino acid transporters. Further microPET-CT imaging showed that the initial uptake and retention properties of [18F]7 in MCF-7 subcutaneous tumors were good (2.29 ± 0.09%ID/g at 2.5 min and 1.71 ± 0.09%ID/g at 60 min after administration), without significant defluorination in vivo. However, compared to (2S,4S)4-[18F]FPArg (3.06 ± 0.59%ID/g at 60 min after administration), [18F]7 exhibited lower tumor uptake and higher nonspecific uptake. When further applied to U87MG imaging, [18F]7 can quickly visualize brain gliomas (tumor-to-brain, 1.85 at 60 min after administration). Therefore, based on the above results, [18F]7 will likely be applied for the diagnosis of arginine nutrition-deficient tumors and efficacy evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Chengze Li
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Zhongjing Li
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hualong Chen
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shengli Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ying Liang
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Zehui Wu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Brown G, Soloviev D, Lewis DY. Radiosynthesis and Analysis of (S)-4-(3-[ 18F]Fluoropropyl)-L-Glutamic Acid. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:586-595. [PMID: 36525163 PMCID: PMC10172245 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-022-01793-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE (S)-4-(3-[18F]Fluoropropyl)-L-glutamic acid ([18F]FSPG) is an L-glutamate derivative used as a PET biomarker to assess intracellular redox status in vivo through targeting of the cystine/glutamate antiporter protein, xc- transporter. In this report, we describe a radiosynthesis of [18F]FSPG for use in PET studies that address specific challenges in relation to the radiotracer purity, molar activity, and quality control testing methods. PROCEDURES The radiosynthesis of [18F]FSPG was performed using a customised RNPlus Research automated radiosynthesis system (Synthra GmbH, Hamburg, Germany). [18F]FSPG was labelled in the 3-fluoropropylmoiety at the 4-position of the glutamic acid backbone with fluorine-18 via substitution of nucleophilic [18F]fluoride with a protected naphthylsulfonyloxy-propyl-L-glutamate derivative. Radiochemical purity of the final product was determined by radio HPLC using a new method of direct analysis using a Hypercarb C18 column. RESULTS The average radioactivity yield of [18F]FSPG was 4.2 GBq (range, 3.4-4.8 GBq) at the end of synthesis, starting from 16 GBq of [18F]fluoride at the end of bombardment (n = 10) in a synthesis time of 50 min. The average molar activity and radioactivity volumetric concentration at the end of synthesis were 66 GBq µmol-1 (range, 48-73 GBq µmol-1) and 343-400 MBq mL-1, respectively. CONCLUSION Stability tests using a 4.6 GBq dose with a radioactivity volumetric concentration of 369 MBq mL-1 at the end of synthesis showed no observable radiolysis 3 h after production. The formulated product is of high radiochemical purity (> 95%) and higher molar activity compared to previous methods and is safe to inject into mice up to 3 h after production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Brown
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Dmitry Soloviev
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - David Y Lewis
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G611QH, UK.
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Colovic M, Yang H, Southcott L, Merkens H, Colpo N, Bénard F, Schaffer P. Comparative Evaluation of [ 18F]5-Fluoroaminosuberic Acid and (4 S)-4-3-[ 18F]fluoropropyl)-l-Glutamate as System xC--Targeting Radiopharmaceuticals. J Nucl Med 2023:jnumed.122.265254. [PMID: 37116917 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.122.265254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
System [Formula: see text] is an appealing biomarker for targeting oxidative stress with oncologic PET imaging and can serve as an alternative PET biomarker to other metabolic indicators. In this paper, we report a direct comparison of 2 18F-labeled amino acid radiopharmaceuticals targeting system [Formula: see text], [18F]5-fluoroaminosuberic acid ([18F]FASu) and (4S)-4-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-l-glutamate ([18F]FSPG), in terms of their uptake specificity and ability to image glioma and lung cancer xenografts in vivo. Methods: Both tracers were synthesized according to previously published procedures. In vitro uptake specificity assays were conducted using prostate (PC-3), glioblastoma (U-87), colorectal (HT-29), ovarian (SKOV3), breast (MDA-MB-231), and lung cancer (A549) cell lines. PET/CT imaging and biodistribution studies were conducted in immunocompromised mice bearing U-87 or A549 xenografts. Results: In vitro cell uptake assays showed that the tracers accumulated in cancer cells in a time-dependent manner and that the uptake of [18F]FASu was blocked by the system [Formula: see text] inhibitor sulfasalazine and rose bengal, but not by system L inhibitor 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid, system [Formula: see text] inhibitor L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, or l-serine, which is a substrate for transporter systems A, ACS, B0, and B0,+ Conversely, [18F]FSPG uptake decreased significantly in the presence of an excess of L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid in 2 of 3 tested cell lines, indicating some reliance on system [Formula: see text] in these cells. In an in vivo setting, [18F]FASu and [18F]FSPG generated good-contrast PET images in U-87 and A549 tumor-bearing mice. Tracer accumulation in A549 tumors was 5.0 ± 0.8 percentage injected dose (%ID)/g ([18F]FASu, n ≥ 5) and 6.3 ± 1.3 %ID/g ([18F]FSPG, n ≥ 6, P = 0.7786), whereas U-87 xenografts demonstrated uptake of 6.1 ± 2.4 %ID/g ([18F]FASu, n ≥ 4) and 11.2 ± 4.1 %ID/g ([18F]FSPG, n ≥ 4, P = 0.0321) at 1 h after injection. Conclusion: [18F]FSPG had greater in vitro uptake than [18F]FASu in all cell lines tested; however, our results indicate that residual uptake differences exist between [18F]FSPG and [18F]FASu, suggesting alternative transporter activity in the cell lines tested. In vivo studies demonstrated the ability of both [18F]FASu and [18F]FSPG to image glioblastoma (U-87) and non-small cell lung cancer (A549) xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Colovic
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hua Yang
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lily Southcott
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Helen Merkens
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nadine Colpo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Francois Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Paul Schaffer
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Hu M, Yang L, Liu N, Long R, Zhou L, Zhao W, Feng Y, Wang C, Li Z, Chen Y, Wang L. Evaluation of sulfone-labeled amino acid derivatives as potential PET agents for cancer imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2023; 116-117:108311. [PMID: 36580767 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.108311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As one of the most important and frequently used molecular imaging techniques in the clinic, positron emission tomography (PET) features high sensitivity and specificity, which generally involves the use of PET contrast agents. Despite the exceptional promise, the availability of novel PET agents could limit its application and there is a clear need to develop new PET agents to improve our understanding of targets of interest and increase the diagnostic specificity. METHODS Based on the fact that amino acid transport and protein anabolism are increased in tumor tissues, a series of 18F-labeled amino acid analog was labeled with 18F by using [18F]fluoro-4-(vinylsulfonyl)benzene as the radionuclide linker. The obtained probes were subjected to in vitro and in vivo evaluation, including stability, cell line transport channel specificity, PET/CT imaging on tumor and inflammation bearing mice, and biodistribution. RESULTS Our data shows that [18F]2a had moderate decay corrected labeling yield (>42 %) and high radiochemical purity (>99 %). When tested in vivo, the uptake of [18F]2a was 1.5 ± 0.2%ID/g in NCI-H1975 tumors and 1.1 ± 0.2%ID/g in inflammatory tissues. In contrast, the values for [18F]FDG were 5.7 ± 0.2%ID/g and 4.8 ± 0.1%ID/g, respectively. The inflammatory lesion-to-muscle contrast is 2.4 for [18F]2a, which is 3.0 for [18F]FDG. CONCLUSION Clearly, [18F]2a hold the great potential for cancer imaging. Its application in distinguishing tumor from inflammatory lesion would still need to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping St, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping St, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping St, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruiling Long
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping St, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Liu Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping St, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Weiling Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yue Feng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping St, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Changjiang Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping St, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping St, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping St, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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Application of Metabolic Reprogramming to Cancer Imaging and Diagnosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415831. [PMID: 36555470 PMCID: PMC9782057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism governs the signaling that supports physiological mechanisms and homeostasis in an individual, including neuronal transmission, wound healing, and circadian clock manipulation. Various factors have been linked to abnormal metabolic reprogramming, including gene mutations, epigenetic modifications, altered protein epitopes, and their involvement in the development of disease, including cancer. The presence of multiple distinct hallmarks and the resulting cellular reprogramming process have gradually revealed that these metabolism-related molecules may be able to be used to track or prevent the progression of cancer. Consequently, translational medicines have been developed using metabolic substrates, precursors, and other products depending on their biochemical mechanism of action. It is important to note that these metabolic analogs can also be used for imaging and therapeutic purposes in addition to competing for metabolic functions. In particular, due to their isotopic labeling, these compounds may also be used to localize and visualize tumor cells after uptake. In this review, the current development status, applicability, and limitations of compounds targeting metabolic reprogramming are described, as well as the imaging platforms that are most suitable for each compound and the types of cancer to which they are most appropriate.
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18F-FSPG PET imaging for the evaluation of indeterminate pulmonary nodules. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265427. [PMID: 35294486 PMCID: PMC8926263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT is recommended for evaluation of intermediate-risk indeterminate pulmonary nodules (IPNs). While highly sensitive, the specificity of FDG remains suboptimal for differentiating malignant from benign nodules, particularly in areas where fungal lung diseases are prevalent. Thus, a cancer-specific imaging probe is greatly needed. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a PET radiotracer (S)-4-(3-[18F]-fluoropropyl)-L-glutamic acid (FSPG) improves the diagnostic accuracy of IPNs compared to 18F-FDG PET/CT. Methods This study was conducted at a major academic medical center and an affiliated VA medical center. Twenty-six patients with newly discovered IPNs 7-30mm diameter or newly diagnosed lung cancer completed serial PET/CT scans utilizing 18F-FDG and 18F-FSPG, without intervening treatment of the lesion. The scans were independently reviewed by two dual-trained diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine physicians. Characteristics evaluated included quantitative SUVmax values of the pulmonary nodules and metastases. Results A total of 17 out of 26 patients had cancer and 9 had benign lesions. 18F-FSPG was negative in 6 of 9 benign lesions compared to 7 of 9 with 18F-FDG. 18F-FSPG and 18F-FDG were positive in 14 of 17 and 12 of 17 malignant lesions, respectively. 18F-FSPG detected brain and intracardiac metastases missed by 18F-FDG PET in one case, while 18F-FDG detected a metastasis to the kidney missed by 18F-FSPG. Conclusion In this pilot study, there was no significant difference in overall diagnostic accuracy between 18F-FSPG and 18F-FDG for the evaluation of IPNs and staging of lung cancer. Additional studies will be needed to determine the clinical utility of this tracer in the management of IPNs and lung cancer.
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Wardak M, Sonni I, Fan AP, Minamimoto R, Jamali M, Hatami N, Zaharchuk G, Fischbein N, Nagpal S, Li G, Koglin N, Berndt M, Bullich S, Stephens AW, Dinkelborg LM, Abel T, Manning HC, Rosenberg J, Chin FT, Sam Gambhir S, Mittra ES. 18F-FSPG PET/CT Imaging of System x C- Transporter Activity in Patients with Primary and Metastatic Brain Tumors. Radiology 2022; 303:620-631. [PMID: 35191738 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.203296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background The PET tracer (4S)-4-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-l-glutamate (18F-FSPG) targets the system xC- cotransporter, which is overexpressed in various tumors. Purpose To assess the role of 18F-FSPG PET/CT in intracranial malignancies. Materials and Methods Twenty-six patients (mean age, 54 years ± 12; 17 men; 48 total lesions) with primary brain tumors (n = 17) or brain metastases (n = 9) were enrolled in this prospective, single-center study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02370563) between November 2014 and March 2016. A 30-minute dynamic brain 18F-FSPG PET/CT scan and a static whole-body (WB) 18F-FSPG PET/CT scan at 60-75 minutes were acquired. Moreover, all participants underwent MRI, and four participants underwent fluorine 18 (18F) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET imaging. PET parameters and their relative changes were obtained for all lesions. Kinetic modeling was used to estimate the 18F-FSPG tumor rate constants using the dynamic and dynamic plus WB PET data. Imaging parameters were correlated to lesion outcomes, as determined with follow-up MRI and/or pathologic examination. The Mann-Whitney U test or Student t test was used for group mean comparisons. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used for performance comparison of different decision measures. Results 18F-FSPG PET/CT helped identify all 48 brain lesions. The mean tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) on the whole-brain PET images at the WB time point was 26.6 ± 24.9 (range: 2.6-150.3). When 18F-FDG PET was performed, 18F-FSPG permitted visualization of non-18F-FDG-avid lesions or allowed better lesion differentiation from surrounding tissues. In participants with primary brain tumors, the predictive accuracy of the relative changes in influx rate constant Ki and maximum standardized uptake value to discriminate between poor and good lesion outcomes were 89% and 81%, respectively. There were significant differences in the 18F-FSPG uptake curves of lesions with good versus poor outcomes in the primary brain tumor group (P < .05) but not in the brain metastases group. Conclusion PET/CT imaging with (4S)-4-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-l-glutamate (18F-FSPG) helped detect primary brain tumors and brain metastases with a high tumor-to-background ratio. Relative changes in 18F-FSPG uptake with multi-time-point PET appear to be helpful in predicting lesion outcomes. Clinical trial registration no. NCT02370563 © RSNA, 2022 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirwais Wardak
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - Ida Sonni
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - Audrey P Fan
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - Ryogo Minamimoto
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - Mehran Jamali
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - Negin Hatami
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - Greg Zaharchuk
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - Nancy Fischbein
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - Seema Nagpal
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - Gordon Li
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - Norman Koglin
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - Mathias Berndt
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - Santiago Bullich
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - Andrew W Stephens
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - Ludger M Dinkelborg
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - Ty Abel
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - H Charles Manning
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - Jarrett Rosenberg
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - Frederick T Chin
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
| | - Erik S Mittra
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (M.W., I.S., A.P.F., R.M., M.J., N.H., G.Z., N.F., J.R., F.T.C., S.S.G., E.S.M.), Department of Neurosurgery (N.F., S.N., G.L.), and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (N.F., S.N., G.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (I.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif (A.P.F.); Stanford Bio-X (M.W., G.Z., G.L., F.T.C., S.S.G.) and Departments of Bioengineering (S.S.G.) and Materials Science & Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany (N.K., M.B., S.B., A.W.S., L.M.D.); Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (T.A.) and Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Center for Molecular Probes (H.C.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; and Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (H.C.M.)
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14
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Wu J, Xue R, Jiang RT, Meng QH. Characterization of metabolic landscape in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:1144-1156. [PMID: 34616519 PMCID: PMC8465443 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i9.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide, accounting for approximately 75%-85% of primary liver cancers. Metabolic alterations have been labeled as an emerging hallmark of tumors. Specially, the last decades have registered a significant improvement in our understanding of the role of metabolism in driving the carcinogenesis and progression of HCC. In this paper, we provide a review of recent studies that investigated the metabolic traits of HCC with a specific focus on three common metabolic alterations involving glycolysis, lipid metabolism, and glutamine addiction which have been gaining much attention in the field of HCC. Next, we describe some representative diagnostic markers or tools, and promising treatment agents that are proposed on the basis of the aforementioned metabolic alterations for HCC. Finally, we present some challenges and directions that may promisingly speed up the process of developing objective diagnostic markers and therapeutic options underlying HCC. Specifically, we recommend future investigations to carefully take into account the influence of heterogeneity, control for study-specific confounds, and invite the validation of existing biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ran Xue
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100036, China
| | - Rong-Tao Jiang
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qing-Hua Meng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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15
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Edwards R, Greenwood HE, McRobbie G, Khan I, Witney TH. Robust and Facile Automated Radiosynthesis of [ 18F]FSPG on the GE FASTlab. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 23:854-864. [PMID: 34013395 PMCID: PMC8578107 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01609-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Purpose (S)-4-(3-18F-Fluoropropyl)-ʟ-Glutamic Acid ([18F]FSPG) is a radiolabeled non-natural amino acid that is used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the glutamate/cystine antiporter, system xC-, whose expression is upregulated in many cancer types. To increase the clinical adoption of this radiotracer, reliable and facile automated procedures for [18F]FSPG production are required. Here, we report a cassette-based method to produce [18F]FSPG at high radioactivity concentrations from low amounts of starting activity. Procedures An automated synthesis and purification of [18F]FSPG was developed using the GE FASTlab. Optimization of the reaction conditions and automated manipulations were performed by measuring the isolated radiochemical yield of [18F]FSPG and by assessing radiochemical purity using radio-HPLC. Purification of [18F]FSPG was conducted by trapping and washing of the radiotracer on Oasis MCX SPE cartridges, followed by a reverse elution of [18F]FSPG in phosphate-buffered saline. Subsequently, the [18F]FSPG obtained from the optimized process was used to image an animal model of non-small cell lung cancer. Results The optimized protocol produced [18F]FSPG in 38.4 ± 2.6 % radiochemical yield and >96 % radiochemical purity with a molar activity of 11.1 ± 7.7 GBq/μmol. Small alterations, including the implementation of a reverse elution and an altered Hypercarb cartridge, led to significant improvements in radiotracer concentration from <10 MBq/ml to >100 MBq/ml. The improved radiotracer concentration allowed for the imaging of up to 20 mice, starting with just 1.5 GBq of [18F]Fluoride. Conclusions We have developed a robust and facile method for [18F]FSPG radiosynthesis in high radiotracer concentration, radiochemical yield, and radiochemical purity. This cassette-based method enabled the production of [18F]FSPG at radioactive concentrations sufficient to facilitate large-scale preclinical experiments with a single prep of starting activity. The use of a cassette-based radiosynthesis on an automated synthesis module routinely used for clinical production makes the method amenable to rapid and widespread clinical translation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11307-021-01609-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Edwards
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Hannah E Greenwood
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Graeme McRobbie
- Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Life Sciences, GE Healthcare, Pollards Wood, Nightingales Lane, Chalfont St. Giles, Buckinghamshire, HP8 4SP, UK
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Life Sciences, GE Healthcare, Pollards Wood, Nightingales Lane, Chalfont St. Giles, Buckinghamshire, HP8 4SP, UK
| | - Timothy H Witney
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
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16
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Lin L, Xiang X, Su S, Liu S, Xiong Y, Ma H, Yuan G, Nie D, Tang G. Biological Evaluation of [ 18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU as a Positron Emission Tomography Tracer for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Chem 2021; 9:630452. [PMID: 33937189 PMCID: PMC8085524 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.630452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: N-(2-[18F]fluoropropionyl)-L-glutamate ([18F]FPGLU) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) imaging has been performed in our previous studies, but its radiosynthesis method and stability in vivo need to be improved. Hence, we evaluated the synthesis and biological properties of a simple [18F]-labeled glutamate analog, [18F]AlF-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic-acid-2-S-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-l-glutamate ([18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU), for HCC imaging. Procedures: [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU was synthesized via a one-step reaction sequence from NOTA-NSC-GLU. In order to investigate the imaging value of [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU in HCC, we conducted positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging and competitive binding of [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU in human Hep3B tumor-bearing mice. The transport mechanism of [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU was determined by competitive inhibition and protein incorporation experiments in vitro. Results: [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU was prepared with an overall radiochemical yield of 29.3 ± 5.6% (n = 10) without decay correction within 20 min. In vitro competitive inhibition experiments demonstrated that the Na+-dependent systems XAG-, B0+, ASC, and minor XC- were involved in the uptake of [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU, with the Na+-dependent system XAG- possibly playing a more dominant role. Protein incorporation studies of the Hep3B human hepatoma cell line showed almost no protein incorporation. Micro-PET/CT imaging with [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU showed good tumor-to-background contrast in Hep3B human hepatoma-bearing mouse models. After [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU injection, the tumor-to-liver uptake ratio of [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU was 2.06 ± 0.17 at 30 min post-injection. In vivo competitive binding experiments showed that the tumor-to-liver uptake ratio decreased with the addition of inhibitors to block the XAG system. Conclusions: We have successfully synthesized [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU as a novel PET tracer with good radiochemical yield and high radiochemical purity. Our findings indicate that [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU may be a potential candidate for HCC imaging. Also, a further biological evaluation is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Lin
- Department of Radiology Intervention and Medical Imaging, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhong Xiang
- Department of Radiology Intervention and Medical Imaging, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Su
- Department of Radiology Intervention and Medical Imaging, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyu Liu
- Department of Radiology Intervention and Medical Imaging, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Radiology Intervention and Medical Imaging, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Department of Radiology Intervention and Medical Imaging, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gongjun Yuan
- Department of Radiology Intervention and Medical Imaging, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dahong Nie
- Department of Radiology Intervention and Medical Imaging, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ganghua Tang
- Department of Radiology Intervention and Medical Imaging, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Nanfang PET Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Shih KT, Huang YY, Yang CY, Cheng MF, Tien YW, Shiue CY, Yen RF, Hsin LW. Synthesis and analysis of 4-(3-fluoropropyl)-glutamic acid stereoisomers to determine the stereochemical purity of (4S)-4-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-L-glutamic acid ([18F]FSPG) for clinical use. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243831. [PMID: 33315962 PMCID: PMC7735610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
(4S)-4-(3-[18F]Fluoropropyl)-L-glutamic acid ([18F]FSPG) is a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent for measuring the system xC− transporter activity. It has been used for the detection of various cancers and metastasis in clinical trials. [18F]FSPG is also a promising diagnostic tool for evaluation of multiple sclerosis, drug resistance in chemotherapy, inflammatory brain diseases, and infectious lesions. Due to the very short half-life (110 min) of 18F nuclide, [18F]FSPG needs to be produced on a daily basis; therefore, fast and efficient synthesis and analytical methods for quality control must be established to assure the quality and safety of [18F]FSPG for clinical use. To manufacture cGMP-compliant [18F]FSPG, all four nonradioactive stereoisomers of FSPG were prepared as reference standards for analysis. (2S,4S)-1 and (2R,4R)-1 were synthesized starting from protected L- and D-glutamate derivatives in three steps, whereas (2S,4R)-1 and (2R,4S)-1 were prepared in three steps from protected (S)- and (R)-pyroglutamates. A chiral HPLC method for simultaneous determination of four FSPG stereoisomers was developed by using a 3-cm Chirex 3126 column and a MeCN/CuSO4(aq) mobile phase. In this method, (2R,4S)-1, (2S,4S)-1, (2R,4R)-1, and (2S,4R)-1 were eluted in sequence with sufficient resolution in less than 25 min without derivatization. Scale-up synthesis of intermediates for the production of [18F]FSPG in high optical purity was achieved via stereo-selective synthesis or resolution by recrystallization. The enantiomeric excess of intermediates was determined by HPLC using a Chiralcel OD column and monitored at 220 nm. The nonradioactive precursor with >98% ee can be readily distributed to other facilities for the production of [18F]FSPG. Based on the above accomplishments, cGMP-compliant [18F]FSPG met the acceptance criteria in specifications and was successfully manufactured for human use. It has been routinely prepared and used in several pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma metastasis-related clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ting Shih
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yao Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Molecular Probes Development Core, Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Yang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Fang Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Tien
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chyng-Yann Shiue
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Molecular Probes Development Core, Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rouh-Fang Yen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Molecular Probes Development Core, Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Wei Hsin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Molecular Probes Development Core, Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Innovative Therapeutics Discovery, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Park SY, Mosci C, Kumar M, Wardak M, Koglin N, Bullich S, Mueller A, Berndt M, Stephens AW, Chin FT, Gambhir SS, Mittra ES. Initial evaluation of (4S)-4-(3-[ 18F]fluoropropyl)-L-glutamate (FSPG) PET/CT imaging in patients with head and neck cancer, colorectal cancer, or non-Hodgkin lymphoma. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:100. [PMID: 32857284 PMCID: PMC7455665 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose (4S)-4-(3-[18F]Fluoropropyl)-l-glutamic acid ([18F]FSPG) measures system xC− transporter activity and shows promise for oncologic imaging. We present data on tumor uptake of this radiopharmaceutical in human subjects with head and neck cancer (HNC), colorectal cancer (CRC), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Methods A total of 15 subjects with HNC (n = 5), CRC (n = 5), or NHL (n = 5) were recruited (mean age 66.2 years, range 44–87 years). 301.4 ± 28.1 MBq (8.1 ± 0.8 mCi) of [18F]FSPG was given intravenously to each subject, and 3 PET/CT scans were obtained 0–2 h post-injection. All subjects also had a positive [18F]FDG PET/CT scan within 1 month prior to the [18F]FSPG PET scan. Semi-quantitative and visual comparisons of the [18F]FSPG and [18F]FDG scans were performed. Results [18F]FSPG showed strong uptake in all but one HNC subject. The lack of surrounding brain uptake facilitated tumor delineation in the HNC patients. [18F]FSPG also showed tumor uptake in all CRC subjects, but variable uptake in the NHL subjects. While the absolute [18F]FDG SUV values were comparable or higher than [18F]FSPG, the tumor-to-background SUV ratios were greater with [18F]FSPG than [18F]FDG. Conclusions [18F]FSPG PET/CT showed promising results across 15 subjects with 3 different cancer types. Concordant visualization was mostly observed between [18F]FSPG and [18F]FDG PET/CT images, with some inter- and intra-individual uptake variability potentially reflecting differences in tumor biology. The tumor-to-background ratios were greater with [18F]FSPG than [18F]FDG in the cancer types evaluated. Future studies based on larger numbers of subjects and those with a wider array of primary and recurrent or metastatic tumors are planned to further evaluate the utility of this novel tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Y Park
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Camila Mosci
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Meena Kumar
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mirwais Wardak
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Norman Koglin
- Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany.,Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Andre Mueller
- Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany.,Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Berndt
- Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany.,Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew W Stephens
- Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany.,Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederick T Chin
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erik S Mittra
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Mail Code L340, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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19
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Park SY, Na SJ, Kumar M, Mosci C, Wardak M, Koglin N, Bullich S, Mueller A, Berndt M, Stephens AW, Cho YM, Ahn H, Chae SY, Kim HO, Moon DH, Gambhir SS, Mittra ES. Clinical Evaluation of (4S)-4-(3-[ 18F]Fluoropropyl)-L-glutamate ( 18F-FSPG) for PET/CT Imaging in Patients with Newly Diagnosed and Recurrent Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:5380-5387. [PMID: 32694158 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE (4S)-4-(3-[18F]Fluoropropyl)-L-glutamic acid (18F-FSPG) is a radiopharmaceutical for PET imaging of system xC - activity, which can be upregulated in prostate cancer. We present data on the first evaluation of patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent prostate cancer with this radiopharmaceutical. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Ten patients with primary and 10 patients with recurrent prostate cancer were enrolled in this prospective multicenter study. After injection of 300 MBq of 18F-FSPG, three whole-body PET/CT scans were obtained. Visual analysis was compared with step-section histopathology when available as well as other imaging studies and clinical outcomes. Metabolic parameters were measured semiquantitatively. Expression levels of xCT and CD44 were evaluated by IHC for patients with available tissue samples. RESULTS 18F-FSPG PET showed high tumor-to-background ratios with a relatively high tumor detection rate on a per-patient (89%) and per-lobe (87%) basis. The sensitivity was slightly higher with imaging at 105 minutes in comparison with 60 minutes. The maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) for cancer was significantly higher than both normal (P < 0.005) and benign pathology (P = 0.011), while there was no significant difference between normal and benign pathology (P = 0.120). In the setting of recurrence, agreement with standard imaging was demonstrated in 7 of 9 patients (78%) and 13 of 18 lesions (72%), and revealed true local recurrence in a discordant case. 18F-FSPG accumulation showed moderate correlation with CD44 expression. CONCLUSIONS 18F-FSPG is a promising tumor imaging agent for PET that seems to have favorable biodistribution and high cancer detection rate in patients with prostate cancer. Further studies are warranted to determine the diagnostic value for both initial staging and recurrence, and how it compares with other investigational radiotracers and conventional imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Youngju Park
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South).,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Sae Jung Na
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South).,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Meena Kumar
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Camila Mosci
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Mirwais Wardak
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong Mee Cho
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Hanjong Ahn
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Sun Young Chae
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Hye Ok Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South).,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ewha Woman's University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Dae Hyuk Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Erik S Mittra
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California. .,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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20
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Wen F, Liu S, Ma H, Tang G. Radiosynthesis of novel N- 18 F-labeled 18 F-FHex-α-l-Glu and 18 F-FHex-β-Glu. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 63:222-230. [PMID: 32227528 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
N-18 F-labeled amino acids are important substitutes for new positron emission tomography (PET) imaging tracers complementing the deficiency of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG). In this work, two novel N-6-18 F-alkyl amino acid imaging agents, 18 F-FHex-α-l-Glu and 18 F-FHex-β-Glu, were designed and synthesized as potential probes for PET imaging of tumors. 18 F-FHex-α-l-Glu was synthesized using the precursor 6 from 18 F-F- with the yield of 16 ± 4% (n = 5, uncorrected) within about 50 minutes. The specific activity was 14.5 GBq/μmol, and the radiochemical purity was more than 95%. 18 F-FHex-β-Glu was synthesized using the precursor 12 based on 18 F-F- with the yield of 11 ± 3% (n = 3, uncorrected) in about 60 minutes. The specific activity was 9.1 GBq/μmol, and the radiochemical purity was more than 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhua Wen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translational Application of Medical Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyu Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translational Application of Medical Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translational Application of Medical Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ganghua Tang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translational Application of Medical Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Nanfang PET Center and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Tang C, Pan Q, Gao S, Sun A, Wen F, Tang G. Excitatory glutamate transporter EAAC1 as an important transporter of N-(2-[ 18F]fluoropropionyl)-L-glutamate in oncology PET imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 84-85:55-62. [PMID: 32066035 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We have reported that N-(2-[18F]fluoropropionyl)-L-glutamate ([18F]FPGLU) was a potential amino acid tracer for tumor imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). In this study, the relationship between glutamate transporter excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) expression and [18F]FPGLU uptake in rat C6 glioma cell lines and human SPC-A-1 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines was investigated. METHODS The uptake of [18F]FPGLU was assessed in ATRA-treated and untreated C6 cell lines, and also in EAAC1 knock-down SPC-A-1(shRNA) cells and SPC-A-1(NT) control cells. PET imaging of [18F]FPGLU was performed on the SPC-A-1 and SPC-A-1 (shRNA)-bearing mice models. RESULTS The uptake of [18F]FPGLU in C6 cells increased significantly after induced by ATRA for 24, 48, and 72 h, which was closely related to expression of EAAC1 in C6 cells (R2 = 0.939). Compared with the SPC-A-1(NT) control cells, the uptake of [18F]FPGLU on EAAC1 knock-down SPC-A-1(shRNA) cells significantly decreased to 64.0%. Moreover, the uptake of [18F]FPGLU in EAAC1 knock-down SPC-A-1(shRNA) xenografts was significantly lower than that in SPC-A-1 xenografts, with tumor/muscle ratios of 3.01 vs. 1.67 at 60 min post-injection of [18F]FPGLU. CONCLUSION The transport mechanism of [18F]FPGLU in glioma C6 and lung adenocarcinoma SPC-A-1 cell lines mainly involves in glutamate transporter EAAC1. EAAC1 is an important transporter of N-(2-[18F]fluoropropionyl)-L-glutamate in oncologic PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihua Tang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiyong Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Siyuan Gao
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Aixia Sun
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fuhua Wen
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ganghua Tang
- Nanfang PET Center and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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22
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Alluri SR, Pitman KE, Malinen E, Riss PJ. Synthesis, radiosynthesis, and positron emission tomography neuroimaging using 5-[ 18 F]fluoro-L-amino suberate. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 63:6-14. [PMID: 31697846 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
System xc- (Sxc -) has emerged as a new biological target for PET studies to detect oxidative and excitotoxic stress. Notably, applications have, thus far, been limited to tumour imaging although Sxc- ) may play a major role in neurodegeneration. The synthesis procedures of tosylate precursor and its translation to Sxc - PET tracer 5[18F]fluoro-L-amino suberate by manual and automated radiosyntheses are described. A brain-PET study has been conducted to evaluate the tracer uptake into brain in healthy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh R Alluri
- Realomics Strategic Research Initiative (SRI), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kathinka E Pitman
- Realomics Strategic Research Initiative (SRI), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Realomics Strategic Research Initiative (SRI), Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirik Malinen
- Realomics Strategic Research Initiative (SRI), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Realomics Strategic Research Initiative (SRI), Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Patrick J Riss
- Realomics Strategic Research Initiative (SRI), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Realomics Strategic Research Initiative (SRI), Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Realomics Strategic Research Initiative (SRI), NMS AS, Oslo, Norway
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23
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Wu R, Liu S, Liu Y, Sun Y, Cheng X, Huang Y, Yang Z, Wu Z. Synthesis and biological evaluation of [18F](2S,4S)4-(3-fluoropropyl) arginine as a tumor imaging agent. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Lee HS, Pantel AR, Zhou R, Mankoff DA. A PET Glutamate Analogue to Measure Cancer Cell Redox State and Oxidative Stress: Promise and Paradox. Cancer Res 2019; 79:701-703. [PMID: 30770365 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-4034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[18F]FSPG was shown to provide an indirect measure of the cellular redox state and may be used as an early indicator of therapy response to cancer therapies that cause oxidative stress. A somewhat paradoxical finding was that reduced [18F]FSPG cellular uptake was associated with either lower cellular concentrations of cystine or glutamate, despite opposing the transport of these substances in the Xc- antiporter, for which [18F]FSPG is also a substrate. Further studies of the kinetics of [18F]FSPG will help elucidate the factors mediating a decline in [18F]FSPG with oxidative stress.See related article by McCormick et al, p. 853.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiaoju S Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Austin R Pantel
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David A Mankoff
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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25
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Pitman KE, Alluri SR, Kristian A, Aarnes EK, Lyng H, Riss PJ, Malinen E. Influx rate of 18F-fluoroaminosuberic acid reflects cystine/glutamate antiporter expression in tumour xenografts. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 46:2190-2198. [PMID: 31264167 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE 18F-fluoroaminosuberic acid (18F-FASu) is a recently developed amino acid tracer for positron emission tomography (PET) of oxidative stress that may offer improved tumour assessment over the conventional tracer 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG). Our aim was to evaluate and relate dynamic 18F-FASu and 18F-FDG uptake with pharmacokinetic modelling to transporter protein expression levels in a panel of diverse tumour xenograft lines. METHODS Four different tumour xenograft lines were implanted in female athymic nude mice: MAS98.12 and HBCx3 (breast), TPMX (osteosarcoma) and A549 (lung). Dynamic PET over 60 min was performed on a small animal unit. The time-activity curves (TACs) for 18F-FASu and 18F-FDG in individual tumours were used to extract early (SUVE; 2 min p.i.) and late (SUVL; 55 min p.i.) standardised uptake values. Pharmacokinetic two-tissue compartment models were applied to the TACs to estimate rate constants K1-k4 and blood volume fraction vB. Relative levels of cystine/glutamate antiporter subunit xCT were assessed by western blotting, and expression of GLUT1 and CD31 by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS 18F-FASu showed higher SUVE, whilst 18F-FDG exhibited higher SUVL. Influx rate K1 for 18F-FASu was significantly correlated with xCT levels (p = 0.001) and was significantly higher than K1 for 18F-FDG (p < 0.001). K1 for 18F-FDG was significantly correlated with GLUT1 levels (p = 0.002). vB estimated from 18F-FASu and 18F-FDG TACs was highly consistent and significantly correlated (r = 0.85, p < 0.001). Two qualitatively different 18F-FASu uptake profiles were identified: type α with low xCT expression and low K1 (A549 and HBCx3), and type β with high xCT expression and high K1 (MAS98.12 and TPMX). CONCLUSION The influx rate of 18F-FASu reflects xCT activity in tumour xenografts. Dynamic PET with pharmacokinetic modelling is needed to fully appraise 18F-FASu distribution routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathinka E Pitman
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Physics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Santosh R Alluri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Heidi Lyng
- Department of Radiation Biology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Patrick J Riss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirik Malinen
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Medical Physics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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26
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Beinat C, Gowrishankar G, Shen B, Alam IS, Robinson E, Haywood T, Patel CB, Azevedo EC, Castillo JB, Ilovich O, Koglin N, Schmitt-Willich H, Berndt M, Mueller A, Zerna M, Srinivasan A, Gambhir SS. The Characterization of 18F-hGTS13 for Molecular Imaging of xC− Transporter Activity with PET. J Nucl Med 2019; 60:1812-1817. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.225870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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27
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Sergeeva O, Zhang Y, Kenyon JD, Miller-Atkins GA, Wu C, Iyer R, Sexton S, Wojtylak P, Awadallah A, Xin W, Chan ER, O’Donnel JK, Lee Z. PET imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma with anti-1-amino-3-[ 18F]fluorocyclobutanecarboxylic acid in comparison with L-[S-methyl- 11C]methionine. EJNMMI Res 2019; 9:47. [PMID: 31119488 PMCID: PMC6531569 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-019-0519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE [11C]methionine ([11C]Met) was used for cancer imaging based on upregulated amino acid transport and protein synthesis in different tumor types. However, the short half-life of 11C decay limited further clinical development of [11C]Met. Synthetic amino acid analog anti-1-amino-3-[18F]fluoro-cyclobutyl-1-carboxylic acid ([18F]FCABC) was developed and FDA-approved for PET imaging of recurrent prostate cancer. This study investigated "repurposed" [18F]FACBC for PET imaging of primary liver cancer such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in comparison with [11C]Met. METHODS [11C]Met was synthesized in the lab, and [18F]FACBC was purchased from a commercial outlet. A clinically relevant animal model of spontaneously developed HCC in the woodchucks was used for PET imaging. Bioinformatics analysis was performed for the expression of amino acid transporters responsible for radiotracer uptake and validated by PCR. Dynamic PET scans of [11C]Met and [18F]FACBC were acquired within 1 week. Standardized uptake value (SUV) was calculated for regions of interest (ROIs) defined over HCC and a liver background region. H&E staining and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining were performed with harvested tissues post-imaging. RESULTS Higher expression of ACST2 and LAT1 was found in HCC than in the surrounding liver tissues. PCR validated this differential expression. [11C]Met and [18F]FACBC displayed some differences in their uptake and retention in HCC. Both peaked in HCC with an SUV of 3.5 after 10 min post-injection. Met maintained a plateaued contrast uptake in HCC to that in the liver while [18F]FCABC declined in HCC and liver after peak uptake. The pathological assessment revealed the liver tumor as moderately differentiated similar to the human HCC and proliferative. CONCLUSION Both [18F]FACBC and [11C]Met showed uptake in HCC through the use of a clinically relevant animal model of woodchuck HCC. The uptake and retention of [18F]FACBC and [11C]Met depend on their metabolism and also rely on the distribution of their principal amino acid transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sergeeva
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | | | | | - Chunying Wu
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Renuka Iyer
- Medical Oncology, Rowell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Sandra Sexton
- Medical Oncology, Rowell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Patrick Wojtylak
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Wei Xin
- Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - E. Ricky Chan
- Institute for Computational Biology, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - James K. O’Donnel
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Zhenghong Lee
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
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28
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McCormick PN, Greenwood HE, Glaser M, Maddocks ODK, Gendron T, Sander K, Gowrishankar G, Hoehne A, Zhang T, Shuhendler AJ, Lewis DY, Berndt M, Koglin N, Lythgoe MF, Gambhir SS, Årstad E, Witney TH. Assessment of Tumor Redox Status through ( S)-4-(3-[ 18F]fluoropropyl)-L-Glutamic Acid PET Imaging of System x c - Activity. Cancer Res 2019; 79:853-863. [PMID: 30401715 PMCID: PMC6379064 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The cell's endogenous antioxidant system is vital to maintenance of redox homeostasis. Despite its central role in normal and pathophysiology, no noninvasive tools exist to measure this system in patients. The cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc - maintains the balance between intracellular reactive oxygen species and antioxidant production through the provision of cystine, a key precursor in glutathione biosynthesis. Here, we show that tumor cell retention of a system xc --specific PET radiotracer, (S)-4-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-L-glutamic acid ([18F]FSPG), decreases in proportion to levels of oxidative stress following treatment with a range of redox-active compounds. The decrease in [18F]FSPG retention correlated with a depletion of intracellular cystine resulting from increased de novo glutathione biosynthesis, shown through [U-13C6, U-15N2]cystine isotopic tracing. In vivo, treatment with the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin decreased [18F]FSPG tumor uptake in a mouse model of ovarian cancer, coinciding with markers of oxidative stress but preceding tumor shrinkage and decreased glucose utilization. Having already been used in pilot clinical trials, [18F]FSPG PET could be rapidly translated to the clinic as an early redox indicator of tumor response to treatment. SIGNIFICANCE: [18F]FSPG PET imaging provides a sensitive noninvasive measure of tumor redox status and provides an early marker of tumor response to therapy.See related commentary by Lee et al., p. 701.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N McCormick
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah E Greenwood
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Glaser
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver D K Maddocks
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Thibault Gendron
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Sander
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gayatri Gowrishankar
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Stanford, California
| | - Aileen Hoehne
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Stanford, California
| | - Tong Zhang
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J Shuhendler
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Stanford, California
| | - David Y Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Stanford, California
| | | | | | - Mark F Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Stanford, California
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Bio-X, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Stanford, California
| | - Erik Årstad
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy H Witney
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Hoerner CR, Chen VJ, Fan AC. The 'Achilles Heel' of Metabolism in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Glutaminase Inhibition as a Rational Treatment Strategy. KIDNEY CANCER 2019; 3:15-29. [PMID: 30854496 PMCID: PMC6400133 DOI: 10.3233/kca-180043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An important hallmark of cancer is 'metabolic reprogramming' or the rewiring of cellular metabolism to support rapid cell proliferation [1-5]. Metabolic reprogramming through oncometabolite-mediated transformation or activation of oncogenes in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) globally impacts energy production as well as glucose and glutamine utilization in RCC cells, which can promote dependence on glutamine supply to support cell growth and proliferation [6, 7]. Novel inhibitors of glutaminase, a key enzyme in glutamine metabolism, target glutamine addiction as a viable treatment strategy in metastatic RCC (mRCC). Here, we review glutamine metabolic pathways and how changes in cellular glutamine utilization enable the progression of RCC. This overview provides scientific rationale for targeting this pathway in patients with mRCC. We will summarize the current understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying anti-tumor efficacy of glutaminase inhibitors in RCC, provide an overview of clinical efforts targeting glutaminase in mRCC, and review approaches for identifying biomarkers for patient stratification and detecting therapeutic response early on in patients treated with this novel class of anti-cancer drug. Ultimately, results of ongoing clinical trials will demonstrate whether glutaminase inhibition can be a worthy addition to the current armamentarium of drugs used for patients with mRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Hoerner
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Viola J Chen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Alice C Fan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
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Prospective comparison of (4S)-4-(3- 18F-fluoropropyl)-L-glutamate versus 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT for detecting metastases from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a proof-of-concept study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 46:810-820. [PMID: 30635754 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-018-4251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE (4S)-4-(3-18F-Fluoropropyl)-L-glutamate (FSPG) positron emission tomography (PET) reflects system xC- transporter (xCT) expression. FSPG PET has been used to detect brain, lung, breast and liver cancer with only modest success. There is no report on the use of FSPG PET in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), presumably because of normal xCT expression in the pancreas. Nonetheless, the tissue-specific expression of xCT in the pancreas suggests that FSPG PET may be ideal for identifying metastasized PDAC. METHODS The performance of FSPG in detecting PDAC metastases was compared with that of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in small-animal PET studies in seven PDAC tumour-bearing mice and in prospective PET/computed tomography (CT) studies in 23 patients with tissue-confirmed PDAC of stage III or stage IV. All PET/CT results were correlated with the results of histopathology or contrast-enhanced CT (ceCT) performed 3 and 6 months later. RESULTS In the rodent model, FSPG PET consistently found more PDAC metastases earlier than FDG PET. FSPG PET showed a trend for a higher sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy than FDG PET in detecting PDAC metastases in a patient-based analysis: 95.0%, 100.0% and 95.7%, and 90.0%, 66.7% and 90.0%, respectively. In a lesion-based analysis, FSPG PET identified significantly more PDAC metastases, especially in the liver, than FDG PET (109 vs. 95; P = 0.0001, 95% CI 4.9-14.6). The tumour-to-background ratios for FSPG and FDG uptake on positive scans were similar (FSPG 4.2 ± 4.3, FDG 3.6 ± 3.0; P = 0.44, 95% CI -1.11 to 0.48), despite a lower tumour maximum standardized uptake value in FSPG-avid lesions (FSPG 4.2 + 2.3, FDG 7.7 + 5.7; P = 0.002, 95% CI 0.70-4.10). Because of the lower physiological activity of FSPG in the liver, FSPG PET images of the liver are more easy to interpret than FDG PET images, and therefore the use of FSPG improves the detection of liver metastasis. CONCLUSION FSPG PET is superior to FDG PET in detecting metastasized PDAC, especially in the liver.
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Synthesis and evaluation of an 18F-labeled boramino acid analog of aminosuberic acid for PET imaging of the antiporter system xC−. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3579-3584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Mari Aparici C, Behr SC, Seo Y, Kelley RK, Corvera C, Gao KT, Aggarwal R, Evans MJ. Imaging Hepatocellular Carcinoma With 68Ga-Citrate PET: First Clinical Experience. Mol Imaging 2018; 16:1536012117723256. [PMID: 28893116 PMCID: PMC5598799 DOI: 10.1177/1536012117723256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While cross-sectional imaging with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging is the primary method for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), they provide little biological insight into this molecularly heterogeneous disease. Nuclear imaging tools that can detect molecular subsets of tumors could greatly improve diagnosis and management of HCC. To this end, we conducted a patient study to determine whether HCC can be resolved using 68Ga-citrate positron emission tomography (PET). One patient with recurrent HCC was injected with 300 MBq of 68Ga-citrate and imaged with PET/CT 249 minutes post injection. Four (28%) of 14 hepatic lesions were avid for 68Ga-citrate. One extrahepatic lesion was not PET avid. The average maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) for the lesions was 7.2 (range: 6.2-8.4), while the SUVmax of the normal liver parenchyma was 4.7 and blood pool was 5.7. The avid lesions were not significantly larger than the quiescent lesions, and a prior contrast CT showed uniform enhancement among the lesions, suggesting that tumor signals are due to specific binding of the radiotracer to the transferrin receptor, rather than enhanced vascularity in the tumor microenvironment. Further studies are required in a larger patient cohort to verify the molecular basis of radiotracer uptake and the clinical utility of this tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Mari Aparici
- 1 Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Spencer C Behr
- 1 Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Youngho Seo
- 1 Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,2 Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R Kate Kelley
- 2 Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Corvera
- 3 Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth T Gao
- 1 Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rahul Aggarwal
- 2 Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Evans
- 1 Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,2 Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,4 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Zhong W, Weiss HL, Jayswal RD, Hensley PJ, Downes LM, St Clair DK, Chaiswing L. Extracellular redox state shift: A novel approach to target prostate cancer invasion. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 117:99-109. [PMID: 29421238 PMCID: PMC5845758 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ECSOD) and the cysteine/glutamate transporter (Cys)/(xCT) are tumor microenvironment (TME) redox state homeostasis regulators. Altered expression of ECSOD and xCT can lead to imbalance of the TME redox state and likely have a profound effect on cancer invasion. In the present study, we investigated whether ECSOD and xCT could be therapeutic targets for prostate cancer (PCa) invasion. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry of tumor microarray PCa tissues (N = 165) with high Gleason scores indicated that xCT protein expression is significantly increased while ECSOD protein expression is significantly decreased. Metastatic PCa indicated ECSOD protein expression is significantly decreased in epithelial area whereas xCT protein expression is significantly increased in stromal area. Furthermore, inhibition of extracellular O2•- by overexpression of ECSOD or alteration of the extracellular Cys/CySS ratio by knockdown of xCT protein inhibited PCa cell invasion. Simultaneous overexpression of ECSOD and knockdown xCT inhibited PCa cell invasion more than overexpression of ECSOD or knockdown of xCT alone. In the co-culturing system, simultaneous overexpression of ECSOD and knockdown of xCT in prostate stromal WPMY-1 cells inhibited PCa cell invasiveness more than overexpression of ECSOD alone. The decrease in PCa invasion correlated with increased of extracellular H2O2 levels. Notably, overexpression of catalase in TME reversed the inhibitory effect of ECSOD on cancer cell invasion. CONCLUSION Impaired ECSOD activity and an upregulated of xCT protein expression may be clinical features of an aggressive PCa, particularly metastatic cancers and/or those with a high Gleason score. Therefore, shifting the extracellular redox state toward an oxidizing status by targeted modulation of ECSOD and xCT, in both cancer and stromal cells, may provide a greater strategy for potential therapeutic interventions of aggressive PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiong Zhong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Heidi L Weiss
- The Markey Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource Facility, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Rani D Jayswal
- The Markey Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource Facility, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | | | - Laura M Downes
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Daret K St Clair
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Luksana Chaiswing
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA.
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Tang C, Tang G, Gao S, Liu S, Wen F, Yao B, Nie D. Radiosynthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of N-(2-[18F]fluoropropionyl)-L-glutamine as a PET tracer for tumor imaging. Oncotarget 2018; 7:34100-11. [PMID: 27153544 PMCID: PMC5085140 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, radiosynthesis and biological evaluation of a new [18F]labeled glutamine analogue, N-(2-[18F]fluoropropionyl)-L-glutamine ([18F]FPGLN) for tumor PET imaging are performed. [18F]FPGLN was synthesized via a two-step reaction sequence from 4-nitrophenyl-2-[18F]fluoropropionate ([18F]NFP) with a decay-corrected yield of 30 ± 5% (n=10) and a specific activity of 48 ± 10 GBq/μmol after 125 ± 5 min of radiosynthesis. The biodistribution of [18F]FPGLN was determined in normal Kunming mice and high uptake of [18F]FPGLN was observed within the kidneys and quickly excreted through the urinary bladder. In vitro cell experiments showed that [18F]FPGLN was primarily transported by Na+-dependent system XAG− and was not incorporated into proteins. [18F]FPGLN displayed better stability in vitro than that in vivo. PET/CT studies revealed that intense accumulation of [18F]FPGLN were shown in human SPC-A-1 lung adenocarcinoma and PC-3 prostate cancer xenografts. The results support that [18F]FPGLN seems to be a possible PET tracer for tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihua Tang
- PET-CT Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, P.R. China
| | - Ganghua Tang
- PET-CT Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Gao
- PET-CT Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shaoyu Liu
- PET-CT Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Fuhua Wen
- PET-CT Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Baoguo Yao
- PET-CT Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dahong Nie
- PET-CT Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Sun A, Liu X, Tang G. Carbon-11 and Fluorine-18 Labeled Amino Acid Tracers for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Tumors. Front Chem 2018; 5:124. [PMID: 29379780 PMCID: PMC5775220 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells have an increased nutritional demand for amino acids (AAs) to satisfy their rapid proliferation. Positron-emitting nuclide labeled AAs are interesting probes and are of great importance for imaging tumors using positron emission tomography (PET). Carbon-11 and fluorine-18 labeled AAs include the [1-11C] AAs, labeling alpha-C- AAs, the branched-chain of AAs and N-substituted carbon-11 labeled AAs. These tracers target protein synthesis or amino acid (AA) transport, and their uptake mechanism mainly involves AA transport. AA PET tracers have been widely used in clinical settings to image brain tumors, neuroendocrine tumors, prostate cancer, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review focuses on the fundamental concepts and the uptake mechanism of AAs, AA PET tracers and their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixia Sun
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translational Application of Medical Radiopharmaceuticals and Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ganghua Tang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translational Application of Medical Radiopharmaceuticals and Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Cohen AS, Khalil FK, Welsh EA, Schabath MB, Enkemann SA, Davis A, Zhou JM, Boulware DC, Kim J, Haura EB, Morse DL. Cell-surface marker discovery for lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113373-113402. [PMID: 29371917 PMCID: PMC5768334 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Novel lung cancer targeted therapeutic and molecular imaging agents are needed to improve outcomes and enable personalized care. Since these agents typically cannot cross the plasma membrane while carrying cytotoxic payload or imaging contrast, discovery of cell-surface targets is a necessary initial step. Herein, we report the discovery and characterization of lung cancer cell-surface markers for use in development of targeted agents. To identify putative cell-surface markers, existing microarray gene expression data from patient specimens were analyzed to select markers with differential expression in lung cancer compared to normal lung. Greater than 200 putative cell-surface markers were identified as being overexpressed in lung cancers. Ten cell-surface markers (CA9, CA12, CXorf61, DSG3, FAT2, GPR87, KISS1R, LYPD3, SLC7A11 and TMPRSS4) were selected based on differential mRNA expression in lung tumors vs. non-neoplastic lung samples and other normal tissues, and other considerations involving known biology and targeting moieties. Protein expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining and scoring of patient tumor and normal tissue samples. As further validation, marker expression was determined in lung cancer cell lines using microarray data and Kaplan–Meier survival analyses were performed for each of the markers using patient clinical data. High expression for six of the markers (CA9, CA12, CXorf61, GPR87, LYPD3, and SLC7A11) was significantly associated with worse survival. These markers should be useful for the development of novel targeted imaging probes or therapeutics for use in personalized care of lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison S Cohen
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Farah K Khalil
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Eric A Welsh
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Matthew B Schabath
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Steven A Enkemann
- Molecular Genomics Shared Resource, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Andrea Davis
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jun-Min Zhou
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - David C Boulware
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jongphil Kim
- Department of Biostatistics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Oncologic Sciences, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Eric B Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - David L Morse
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Oncologic Sciences, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Utility of [ 18F]FSPG PET to Image Hepatocellular Carcinoma: First Clinical Evaluation in a US Population. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 18:924-934. [PMID: 27677886 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-1007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-invasive imaging is central to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis; however, conventional modalities are limited by smaller tumors and other chronic diseases that are often present in patients with HCC, such as cirrhosis. This pilot study evaluated the feasibility of (4S)-4-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-L-glutamic acid ([18F]FSPG) positron emission tomography (PET)/X-ray computed tomography (CT) to image HCC. [18F]FSPG PET/CT was compared to standard-of-care (SOC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT, and [11C]acetate PET/CT, commonly used in this setting. We report the largest cohort of HCC patients imaged to date with [18F]FSPG PET/CT and present the first comparison to [11C]acetate PET/CT and SOC imaging. This study represents the first in a US HCC population, which is distinguished by different underlying comorbidities than non-US populations. PROCEDURES xC- transporter RNA and protein levels were evaluated in HCC and matched liver samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (n = 16) and a tissue microarray (n = 83). Eleven HCC patients who underwent prior MRI or CT scans were imaged by [18F]FSPG PET/CT, with seven patients also imaged with [11C]acetate PET/CT. RESULTS xC- transporter RNA and protein levels were elevated in HCC samples compared to background liver. Over 50 % of low-grade HCCs and ~70 % of high-grade tumors exceeded background liver protein expression. [18F]FSPG PET/CT demonstrated a detection rate of 75 %. [18F]FSPG PET/CT also identified an HCC devoid of typical MRI enhancement pattern. Patients scanned with [18F]FSPG and [11C]acetate PET/CT exhibited a 90 and 70 % detection rate, respectively. In dually positive tumors, [18F]FSPG accumulation consistently resulted in significantly greater tumor-to-liver background ratios compared with [11C]acetate PET/CT. CONCLUSIONS [18F]FSPG PET/CT is a promising modality for HCC imaging, and larger studies are warranted to examine [18F]FSPG PET/CT impact on diagnosis and management of HCC. [18F]FSPG PET/CT may also be useful for phenotyping HCC tumor metabolism as part of precision cancer medicine.
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Simple and rapid radiosynthesis of N- 18F-labeled glutamic acid as a hepatocellular carcinoma PET tracer. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 49:38-43. [PMID: 28301817 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We have reported that N-(2-18F-fluoropropionyl)-L-glutamate (18F-FPGLU) showed good tumor-to-background contrast and 18F-FPGLU was prepared via complex multi-step reaction sequence; here, it is synthesized by a facile two-step reaction sequence. The objectives of this study are to synthesize 18F-FPGLU via a two-step reaction sequence and to evaluate the value of 18F-FPGLU in nude mice bearing human hepatocellular carcinoma SMCC-7721 (HCC SMCC-7721). METHODS 18F-FPGLU was synthetized from the precursor (2S)-dimethyl 2-(2-bromopropanamido)pentanedioate via the two-step on-column hydrolysis using a modified commercial FDG synthesizer. To investigate the transport mechanism of 18F-FPGLU, we conducted a series of competitive inhibition experiments on HCC SMCC-7721 cells in the absence or presence of Na+ and various types of inhibitors. Small-animal PET-CT imaging was performed on tumor-bearing nude mice using 18F-FPGLU and 2-18F-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG). RESULTS The radiochemical yield of 18F-FPGLU was up to 15±5% (EOS, n=10) in 35min with the two-step procedure and the radiochemical purity was higher than 95% with a specific activity of 30-40GBq/μmol. In vitro cell experiments show that 18F-FPGLU is primarily transported through the Na+-dependent system XAG- and Na+-independent system XC-. PET imaging in a tumor model indicates that 18F-FPGLU may be superior to 18F-FDG for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) imaging. CONCLUSION An optimized route to prepare 18F-FPGLU was developed and 18F-FPGLU was synthetized from the precursor ((2S)-dimethyl 2-(2-bromopropanamido)pentanedioate) via the two-step on-column hydrolysis. 18F-FPGLU was a potential novel PET tracer for HCC imaging.
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He L, Tian DA, Li PY, He XX. Mouse models of liver cancer: Progress and recommendations. Oncotarget 2016; 6:23306-22. [PMID: 26259234 PMCID: PMC4695120 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To clarify the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and investigate the effects of potential therapies, a number of mouse models have been developed. Subcutaneous xenograft models are widely used in the past decades. Yet, with the advent of in vivo imaging technology, investigators are more and more concerned with the orthotopic models nowadays. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEM) have greatly facilitated studies of gene function in HCC development. Recently, GEM of miR-122 and miR-221 provided new approaches for better understanding of the in vivo functions of microRNA in hepatocarcinogenesis. Chemically induced liver tumors in animals share many of the morphological, histogenic, and biochemical features of human HCC. Yet, the complicated and obscure genomic alternation restricts their applications. In this review, we highlight both the frequently used mouse models and some emerging ones with emphasis on their merits or defects, and give advises for investigators to chose a “best-fit” animal model in HCC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - De-An Tian
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Li
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing-Xing He
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Domercq M, Szczupak B, Gejo J, Gómez-Vallejo V, Padro D, Gona KB, Dollé F, Higuchi M, Matute C, Llop J, Martín A. PET Imaging with [(18)F]FSPG Evidences the Role of System xc(-) on Brain Inflammation Following Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:1753-67. [PMID: 27570548 PMCID: PMC4997234 DOI: 10.7150/thno.15616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of the cystine-glutamate antiporter (system xc-) activity with [18F]FSPG is meant to be an attractive tool for the diagnosis and therapy evaluation of brain diseases. However, the role of system xc- in cerebral ischemia and its involvement in inflammatory reaction has been scarcely explored. In this work, we report the longitudinal investigation of the neuroinflammatory process following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats using PET with [18F]FSPG and the translocator protein (TSPO) ligand [18F]DPA-714. In the ischemic territory, [18F]FSPG showed a progressive binding increase that peaked at days 3 to 7 and was followed by a progressive decrease from days 14 to 28 after reperfusion. In contrast, [18F]DPA-714 evidenced maximum binding uptake values over day 7 after reperfusion. Ex vivo immnunohistochemistry confirmed the up-regulation of system xc- in microglial cells and marginally in astrocytes. Inhibition of system xc- with sulfasalazine and S-4-CPG resulted in increased arginase (anti-inflammatory M2 marker) expression at day 7 after ischemia, together with a decrease in TSPO and microglial M1 proinflammatory markers (CCL2, TNF and iNOS) expression. Taken together, these results suggest that system xc- plays a key role in the inflammatory reaction underlying experimental stroke.
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Hudson CD, Savadelis A, Nagaraj AB, Joseph P, Avril S, DiFeo A, Avril N. Altered glutamine metabolism in platinum resistant ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:41637-41649. [PMID: 27191653 PMCID: PMC5173084 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is characterized by an increase in cellular energy metabolism, which is predominantly satisfied by glucose and glutamine. Targeting metabolic pathways is an attractive approach to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness and to potentially overcome drug resistance in ovarian cancer. In platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer cell lines the metabolism of both, glucose and glutamine was initially up-regulated in response to platinum treatment. In contrast, platinum-resistant cells revealed a significant dependency on the presence of glutamine, with an upregulated expression of glutamine transporter ASCT2 and glutaminase. This resulted in a higher oxygen consumption rate compared to platinum-sensitive cell lines reflecting the increased dependency of glutamine utilization through the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The important role of glutamine metabolism was confirmed by stable overexpression of glutaminase, which conferred platinum resistance. Conversely, shRNA knockdown of glutaminase in platinum resistant cells resulted in re-sensitization to platinum treatment. Importantly, combining the glutaminase inhibitor BPTES with platinum synergistically inhibited platinum sensitive and resistant ovarian cancers in vitro. Apoptotic induction was significantly increased using platinum together with BPTES compared to either treatment alone. Our findings suggest that targeting glutamine metabolism together with platinum based chemotherapy offers a potential treatment strategy particularly in drug resistant ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle D. Hudson
- Department of Radiology, Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alyssa Savadelis
- Department of Radiology, Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Anil Belur Nagaraj
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Peronne Joseph
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stefanie Avril
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Analisa DiFeo
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Norbert Avril
- Department of Radiology, Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Pantel AR, Mankoff DA. Molecular imaging to guide systemic cancer therapy: Illustrative examples of PET imaging cancer biomarkers. Cancer Lett 2016; 387:25-31. [PMID: 27195912 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging agents have the ability to non-invasively visualize, characterize, and quantify the molecular biology of disease. Recent advances in nuclear probe development, particularly in PET radiotracers, have generated many new imaging agents with precise molecular targets. With such specificity, PET probes may be utilized as biomarkers to objectively interrogate and evaluate pathology. Whereas the current indications for PET imaging are predominately confined to staging and restaging of malignancy, the utility of PET greatly expands when utilized as a biomarker, the topic of this review. As an imaging biomarker, PET may be used to (1) measure target expression to select subsets of patients who would most benefit from targeted therapy; (2) measure early treatment response to predict therapeutic efficacy; and (3) relate tumor response to survival. This review will discuss the application of radiotracers to targeted cancer therapy. Particular attention is given to new radiotracers evaluated in recently completed clinical trials and those with current or potential clinical utility. The diverse roles of PET in clinical trails for drug development are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin R Pantel
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 116 Donner Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
| | - David A Mankoff
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 116 Donner Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA.
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Pilot Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of (4S)-4-(3-[18F]Fluoropropyl)-L-Glutamate (18F-FSPG) for PET/CT Imaging of Intracranial Malignancies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148628. [PMID: 26890637 PMCID: PMC4758607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose (S)-4-(3-[18F]Fluoropropyl)-L-glutamic acid (18F-FSPG) is a novel radiopharmaceutical for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging. It is a glutamate analogue that can be used to measure xC- transporter activity. This study was performed to assess the feasibility of 18F-FSPG for imaging orthotopic brain tumors in small animals and the translation of this approach in human subjects with intracranial malignancies. Experimental Design For the small animal study, GS9L glioblastoma cells were implanted into brains of Fischer rats and studied with 18F-FSPG, the 18F-labeled glucose derivative 18F-FDG and with the 18F-labeled amino acid derivative 18F-FET. For the human study, five subjects with either primary or metastatic brain cancer were recruited (mean age 50.4 years). After injection of 300 MBq of 18F-FSPG, 3 whole-body PET/Computed Tomography (CT) scans were obtained and safety parameters were measured. The three subjects with brain metastases also had an 18F-FDG PET/CT scan. Quantitative and qualitative comparison of the scans was performed to assess kinetics, biodistribution, and relative efficacy of the tracers. Results In the small animals, the orthotopic brain tumors were visualized well with 18F-FSPG. The high tumor uptake of 18F-FSPG in the GS9L model and the absence of background signal led to good tumor visualization with high contrast (tumor/brain ratio: 32.7). 18F-FDG and 18F-FET showed T/B ratios of 1.7 and 2.8, respectively. In the human pilot study, 18F-FSPG was well tolerated and there was similar distribution in all patients. All malignant lesions were positive with 18F-FSPG except for one low-grade primary brain tumor. In the 18F-FSPG-PET-positive tumors a similar T/B ratio was observed as in the animal model. Conclusions 18F-FSPG is a novel PET radiopharmaceutical that demonstrates good uptake in both small animal and human studies of intracranial malignancies. Future studies on larger numbers of subjects and a wider array of brain tumors are planned. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01186601
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Venneti S, Dunphy MP, Zhang H, Pitter KL, Zanzonico P, Campos C, Carlin SD, La Rocca G, Lyashchenko S, Ploessl K, Rohle D, Omuro AM, Cross JR, Brennan CW, Weber WA, Holland EC, Mellinghoff IK, Kung HF, Lewis JS, Thompson CB. Glutamine-based PET imaging facilitates enhanced metabolic evaluation of gliomas in vivo. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:274ra17. [PMID: 25673762 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucose and glutamine are the two principal nutrients that cancer cells use to proliferate and survive. Many cancers show altered glucose metabolism, which constitutes the basis for in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG). However, (18)F-FDG is ineffective in evaluating gliomas because of high background uptake in the brain. Glutamine metabolism is also altered in many cancers, and we demonstrate that PET imaging in vivo with the glutamine analog 4-(18)F-(2S,4R)-fluoroglutamine ((18)F-FGln) shows high uptake in gliomas but low background brain uptake, facilitating clear tumor delineation. Chemo/radiation therapy reduced (18)F-FGln tumor avidity, corresponding with decreased tumor burden. (18)F-FGln uptake was not observed in animals with a permeable blood-brain barrier or neuroinflammation. We translated these findings to human subjects, where (18)F-FGln showed high tumor/background ratios with minimal uptake in the surrounding brain in human glioma patients with progressive disease. These data suggest that (18)F-FGln is avidly taken up by gliomas, can be used to assess metabolic nutrient uptake in gliomas in vivo, and may serve as a valuable tool in the clinical management of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Venneti
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 41809, USA.
| | - Mark P Dunphy
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kenneth L Pitter
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Carl Campos
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sean D Carlin
- Radiochemistry and Imaging Sciences Service, Department of Radiology, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gaspare La Rocca
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Serge Lyashchenko
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probe Core, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Karl Ploessl
- Departments of Radiology and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Rohle
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA. Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Justin R Cross
- Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cameron W Brennan
- Medical Physics, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA. Department of Neurosurgery, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wolfgang A Weber
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA. Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eric C Holland
- Director, Solid Tumor Translational Research, Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Alvord Brain Tumor Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ingo K Mellinghoff
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA. Department of Neurology, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hank F Kung
- Departments of Radiology and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA. Radiochemistry and Imaging Sciences Service, Department of Radiology, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA. Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probe Core, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Craig B Thompson
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA. Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Mosci C, Kumar M, Smolarz K, Koglin N, Stephens AW, Schwaiger M, Gambhir SS, Mittra ES. Characterization of Physiologic (18)F FSPG Uptake in Healthy Volunteers. Radiology 2016; 279:898-905. [PMID: 26785040 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2015142000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the normal biodistribution and kinetics of (S)-4-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-l-glutamic acid ((18)F FSPG) in healthy volunteers and to compare (18)F FSPG mean and maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmean and SUVmax, respectively) with those of (18)F fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) across a variety of organs. Materials and Methods This protocol was reviewed and approved by all appropriate regulatory authorities. An 8-mCi (±10%) dose of (18)F FSPG was given to five subjects (three women, two men), and seven whole-body positron emission tomography (PET) scans were performed 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 150, and 240 minutes after injection. Regions of interest were analyzed on the resultant (18)F FSPG images to evaluate the kinetics of this radiotracer. The images obtained 45 minutes after injection were used to measure SUVmean and SUVmax in additional regions of the body. These values were compared with similar values obtained with (18)F FDG PET published previously. Descriptive statistics, including average and standard deviation across the five subjects, were used. (18)F FSPG SUVmean and SUVmax were compared. Results On the (18)F FSPG images obtained 45 minutes after injection, there was only low-grade background activity in the majority of analyzed regions. Prominent activity was seen throughout the pancreas. Clearance of the radiotracer through the kidneys and collection in the bladder also were seen. SUV quantification shows notable differences between (18)F FSPG and (18)F FDG in the pancreas ((18)F FSPG SUVmean, 8.2; (18)F FDG SUVmean, 1.3), stomach ((18)F FSPG SUVmax, 3.6; (18)F FDG SUVmax, 1.6), and brain ((18)F FSPG SUVmean, 0.08; (18)F FDG SUVmean, 7.8). The kinetic data showed rapid clearance of the radiotracer from the blood pool and most organs, except the pancreas. Conclusion (18)F FSPG is a PET radiopharmaceutical characterized by rapid clearance from most healthy tissues, except the pancreas and kidneys. A consistent biodistribution pattern was observed with low background uptake. The physiologic uptake of this new radiotracer throughout the body is described in more detail, which is important for improved interpretative accuracy and understanding potential clinical applications. (©) RSNA, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Mosci
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology (C.M., M.K., S.S.G., E.M.), and Bio-X Program, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5227; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (K.S., M.S.); and Piramal Imaging, Berlin, Germany (N.K., A.S.)
| | - Meena Kumar
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology (C.M., M.K., S.S.G., E.M.), and Bio-X Program, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5227; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (K.S., M.S.); and Piramal Imaging, Berlin, Germany (N.K., A.S.)
| | - Kamilla Smolarz
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology (C.M., M.K., S.S.G., E.M.), and Bio-X Program, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5227; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (K.S., M.S.); and Piramal Imaging, Berlin, Germany (N.K., A.S.)
| | - Norman Koglin
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology (C.M., M.K., S.S.G., E.M.), and Bio-X Program, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5227; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (K.S., M.S.); and Piramal Imaging, Berlin, Germany (N.K., A.S.)
| | - Andrew W Stephens
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology (C.M., M.K., S.S.G., E.M.), and Bio-X Program, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5227; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (K.S., M.S.); and Piramal Imaging, Berlin, Germany (N.K., A.S.)
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology (C.M., M.K., S.S.G., E.M.), and Bio-X Program, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5227; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (K.S., M.S.); and Piramal Imaging, Berlin, Germany (N.K., A.S.)
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology (C.M., M.K., S.S.G., E.M.), and Bio-X Program, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5227; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (K.S., M.S.); and Piramal Imaging, Berlin, Germany (N.K., A.S.)
| | - Erik S Mittra
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology (C.M., M.K., S.S.G., E.M.), and Bio-X Program, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering (S.S.G.), Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5227; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (K.S., M.S.); and Piramal Imaging, Berlin, Germany (N.K., A.S.)
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Martín A, Vázquez-Villoldo N, Gómez-Vallejo V, Padro D, Soria FN, Szczupak B, Plaza-García S, Arrieta A, Reese T, Llop J, Domercq M, Matute C. In vivo imaging of system xc- as a novel approach to monitor multiple sclerosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 43:1124-38. [PMID: 26659901 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glutamate excitotoxicity contributes to oligodendroglial and axonal damage in multiple sclerosis pathology. Extracellular glutamate concentration in the brain is controlled by cystine/glutamate antiporter (system xc-), a membrane antiporter that imports cystine and releases glutamate. Despite this, the system xc(-) activity and its connection to the inflammatory reaction in multiple sclerosis (MS) is largely unknown. METHODS Longitudinal in vivo magnetic resonance (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies with 2-[(18)F]Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([(18)F]FDG), [(11)C]-(R)-(1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-1(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide ([(11)C]PK11195) and (4S)-4-(3-(18)F-fluoropropyl)-L-glutamate ([(18)F]FSPG) were carried out during the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induction in rats. RESULTS [(18)F]FSPG showed a significant increase of system xc(-) function in the lumbar section of the spinal cord at 14 days post immunization (dpi) that stands in agreement with the neurological symptoms and ventricle edema formation at this time point. Likewise, [(18)F]FDG did not show significant changes in glucose metabolism throughout central nervous system and [(11)C]PK11195 evidenced a significant increase of microglial/macrophage activation in spinal cord and cerebellum 2 weeks after EAE induction. Therefore, [(18)F]FSPG showed a major capacity to discriminate regions of the central nervous system affected by the MS in comparison to [(18)F]FDG and [(11)C]PK11195. Additionally, clodronate-treated rats showed a depletion in microglial population and [(18)F]FSPG PET signal in spinal cord confirming a link between neuroinflammatory reaction and cystine/glutamate antiporter activity in EAE rats. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results suggest that in vivo PET imaging of system xc(-) could become a valuable tool for the diagnosis and treatment evaluation of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Martín
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Nuria Vázquez-Villoldo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, UPV/EHU, 48170, Zamudio, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Vanessa Gómez-Vallejo
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain.,Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Daniel Padro
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain.,Magnetic Resonance Imaging, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Federico N Soria
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, UPV/EHU, 48170, Zamudio, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Boguslaw Szczupak
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Sandra Plaza-García
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain.,Magnetic Resonance Imaging, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Arrieta
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Torsten Reese
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain.,Magnetic Resonance Imaging, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jordi Llop
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain.,Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Maria Domercq
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, UPV/EHU, 48170, Zamudio, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain. .,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, UPV/EHU, 48170, Zamudio, Spain. .,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 48940, Leioa, Spain.
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Burkemper JL, Huang C, Li A, Yuan L, Rich K, McConathy J, Lapi SE. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of (S)-Amino-2-methyl-4-[(76)Br]bromo-3-(E)-butenoic Acid (BrVAIB) for Brain Tumor Imaging. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8542-52. [PMID: 26444035 PMCID: PMC4764504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The novel compound, (S)-amino-2-methyl-4-[(76)Br]bromo-3-(E)-butenoic acid (BrVAIB, [(76)Br]5), was characterized against the known system A tracer, IVAIB ([(123)I]8). [(76)Br]5 was prepared in a 51% ± 19% radiochemical yield with high radiochemical purity (≥98%). The biological properties of [(76)Br]5 were compared with those of [(123)I]8. Results showed that [(76)Br]5 undergoes mixed amino acid transport by system A and system L transport, while [(123)I]8 had less uptake by system L. [(76)Br]5 demonstrated higher uptake than [(123)I]8 in DBT tumors 1 h after injection (3.7 ± 0.4% ID/g vs 1.5 ± 0.3% ID/g) and also showed higher uptake vs [(123)I]8 in normal brain. Small animal PET studies with [(76)Br]5 demonstrated good tumor visualization of intracranial DBTs up to 24 h with clearance from normal tissues. These results indicate that [(76)Br]5 is a promising PET tracer for brain tumor imaging and lead compound for a mixed system A and system L transport substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Burkemper
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Chaofeng Huang
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Aixiao Li
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Liya Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Keith Rich
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Jonathan McConathy
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Suzanne E. Lapi
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Silverman L, Barenholz Y. In vitro experiments showing enhanced release of doxorubicin from Doxil® in the presence of ammonia may explain drug release at tumor site. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1841-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Bouhlel A, Zhou D, Li A, Yuan L, Rich KM, McConathy J. Synthesis, Radiolabeling, and Biological Evaluation of (R)- and (S)-2-Amino-5-[(18)F]fluoro-2-methylpentanoic Acid ((R)-, (S)-[(18)F]FAMPe) as Potential Positron Emission Tomography Tracers for Brain Tumors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3817-29. [PMID: 25843369 DOI: 10.1021/jm502023y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel (18)F-labeled α,α-disubstituted amino acid-based tracer, 2-amino-5-[(18)F]fluoro-2-methylpentanoic acid ([(18)F]FAMPe), has been developed for brain tumor imaging with a longer alkyl side chain than previously reported compounds to increase brain availability via system L amino acid transport. Both enantiomers of [(18)F]FAMPe were obtained in good radiochemical yield (24-52% n = 8) and high radiochemical purity (>99%). In vitro uptake assays in mouse DBT gliomas cells revealed that (S)-[(18)F]FAMPe enters cells partly via sodium-independent system L transporters and also via other nonsystem A transport systems including transporters that recognize glutamine. Biodistribution and small animal PET/CT studies in the mouse DBT model of glioblastoma showed that both (R)- and (S)-[(18)F]FAMPe have good tumor imaging properties with the (S)-enantiomer providing higher tumor uptake and tumor to brain ratios. Comparison of the SUVs showed that (S)-[(18)F]FAMPe had higher tumor to brain ratios compared to (S)-[(18)F]FET, a well-established system L substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlem Bouhlel
- †Department of Radiology, and ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Dong Zhou
- †Department of Radiology, and ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Aixiao Li
- †Department of Radiology, and ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Liya Yuan
- †Department of Radiology, and ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Keith M Rich
- †Department of Radiology, and ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Jonathan McConathy
- †Department of Radiology, and ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Dubash SR, Idowu OA, Sharma R. The emerging role of positron emission tomography in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepat Oncol 2015; 2:191-200. [PMID: 30190998 DOI: 10.2217/hep.15.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. HCC a heterogeneous disease occurring on the background of cirrhosis. The presence of cirrhosis limits the sensitivity of conventional imaging modalities in differentiating HCC from surrounding cirrhotic parenchyma. Positron emission tomography (PET) using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) is widely used for assessing a variety of malignancies, however, has poor sensitivity in the evaluation of HCC. This has led to the investigation of other radiotracers such as 11C-acetate and 11C-choline, with improved sensitivity in terms of detection and therapeutic response. In this review, we discuss the emerging field of PET imaging for the detection, staging and assessment of treatment response in HCC. In particular we discuss the role of 18F-FDG-PET in imaging hepatocellular cancer, the limitations of this PET tracer and emerging novel PET tracers being investigated that exploit key metabolic processes including fatty acid and lipid synthesis, choline kinase activity and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraiya R Dubash
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK.,Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK
| | - Oluwagbemiga A Idowu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Medical Oncology, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rohini Sharma
- Division of Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK.,Medical Oncology & Clinical Pharmacology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK.,Division of Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK.,Medical Oncology & Clinical Pharmacology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK
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