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Baun C, Dam JH, Hildebrandt MG, Ewald JD, Kristensen BW, Gammelsrød VS, Olsen BB, Thisgaard H. Preclinical evaluation of [ 58mCo]Co-DOTA-PSMA-617 for Auger electron therapy of prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18837. [PMID: 37914790 PMCID: PMC10620164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), highly expressed in prostate cancer, is a promising target for radionuclide therapy. Auger electron-emitting radionuclides are well suited for targeted radionuclide therapy if they can be delivered close to the DNA of the targeted cells. This preclinical study evaluated the theranostic pair [55/58mCo]Co-DOTA-PSMA-617 for PET imaging and Auger electron therapy of prostate cancer. [58mCo]Co-DOTA-PSMA-617 was successfully prepared with > 99% radiochemical yield and purity. In vitro, uptake and subcellular distribution assays in PSMA-positive prostate cancer cells showed PSMA-specific uptake with high cell-associated activity in the nucleus. Incubation with [58mCo]Co-DOTA-PSMA-617 reduced cell viability and clonogenic survival in a significant dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Biodistribution of xenografted mice showed high specific tumor uptake of the cobalt-labeled PSMA ligand for all time points with rapid clearance from normal tissues, which PET imaging confirmed. In vivo, therapy with [58mCo]Co-DOTA-PSMA-617 in tumor-bearing mice demonstrated significantly increased median survival for treated mice compared to control animals (p = 0.0014). In conclusion, [55/58mCo]Co-DOTA-PSMA-617 displayed excellent in vitro and in vivo properties, offering significant survival benefits in mice with no observed toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Baun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 47, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Center for Personalized Response Monitoring in Oncology (PREMIO), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Johan Hygum Dam
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 47, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Malene Grubbe Hildebrandt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 47, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Center for Personalized Response Monitoring in Oncology (PREMIO), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Centre for Innovative Medical Technology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Dupont Ewald
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Winther Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vigga Sand Gammelsrød
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 47, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Brinkmann Olsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 47, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Helge Thisgaard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 47, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Lin W, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Barrett KE, Barnhart TE, Mixdorf JC, DeLuca MC, Engle JW. Separation of cyclotron-produced cobalt-55/58m from iron targets using cation exchange chromatography with non-aqueous solvents and extraction chromatography. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 200:110980. [PMID: 37591186 PMCID: PMC10529958 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt-55 and -58m form a theranostic pair that has relevant properties for cancer research. We report a cation exchange chromatography/extraction chromatography method that separates cyclotron-produced 55/58mCo from 54/57Fe in <1.5 h, recovers >85% Co and achieves [55Co]Co-NOTA and -DOTA AMA 89 ± 48 and 35 ± 7 MBq/nmol (EOB), respectively. Cobalt-55 and -58m were quantitatively labeled to functionalized NOTA at 106 and 50 MBq/nmol (EOB), respectively, corroborating measured AMA. This method is faster than previously published methods and achieves better [55/58mCo]Co-NOTA and -DOTA AMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Lin
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, United States.
| | - Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Kendall E Barrett
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Jason C Mixdorf
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Molly C DeLuca
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53792, United States
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Lin W, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Houson HA, Barnhart TE, Tekin V, Jeffery JJ, Weichmann AM, Barrett KE, Lapi SE, Engle JW. Theranostic cobalt-55/58m for neurotensin receptor-mediated radiotherapy in vivo: A pilot study with dosimetry. Nucl Med Biol 2023; 118-119:108329. [PMID: 36805869 PMCID: PMC10121947 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2023.108329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1) can stimulate tumor proliferation through neurotensin (NTS) activation and are overexpressed by a variety of cancers. The high binding affinity of NTS/NTSR1 makes radiolabeled NTS derivatives interesting for cancer diagnosis and staging. Internalization of NTS/NTSR1 also suggests therapeutic application with high LET alpha particles and low energy electrons. We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of [58mCo]Co-NOTA-NT-20.3 in vivo using murine models xenografted with NTSR1-positive HT29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, and utilized [55Co]Co-NOTA-NT-20.3 for dosimetry. METHODS Targeting properties and cytotoxicity of [55/58mCo]Co-NOTA-NT-20.3 were assessed with HT29 cells. Female nude mice were xenografted with HT29 tumors and administered [55Co or 58mCo]Co-NOTA-NT-20.3 to evaluate pharmacokinetics or for therapy, respectively. Dosimetry calculations followed the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) formalism and human absorbed dose rate per unit activity were obtained from OpenDose. The pilot therapy study consisted of two groups (each N = 3) receiving 110 ± 15 MBq and 26 ± 6 MBq [58mCo]Co-NOTA-NT-20.3 one week after tumor inoculation, and control (N = 3). Tumor sizes and masses were measured twice a week after therapy. Complete blood count and kidney histology were also performed to assess toxicity. RESULTS HPLC measured radiochemical purity of [55,58mCo]Co-NOTA-NT-20.3 > 99 %. Labeled compounds retained NTS targeting properties. [58mCo]Co-NOTA-NT-20.3 exhibited cytotoxicity for HT29 cells and was >15× more potent than [58mCo]CoCl2. Xenografted tumors responded modestly to administered doses, but mice showed no signs of radiotoxicity. Absorbed dose to tumor and kidney with 110 MBq [58mCo]Co-NOTA-NT-20.3 were 0.6 Gy and 0.8 Gy, respectively, and other organs received less than half of the absorbed dose to tumor. Off-target radiation dose from cobalt-58g was small but reduces the therapeutic window. CONCLUSION The enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity and high tumor-to-background led us to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of [58mCo]Co-NOTA-NT-20.3 in vivo. Although we were unable to induce tumor response commensurate with [177Lu]Lu-NT127 (NLys-Lys-Pro-Tyr-Tle-Leu) studies involving similar time-integrated activity, the absence of observed toxicity may constitute an opportunity for targeting vectors with improved uptake and/or retention to avoid the aftereffects of other high-LET radioactive emissions. Future studies with higher uptake, activity and/or multiple dosing regimens are warranted. The theranostic approach employed in this work was crucial for dosimetry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Lin
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, United States.
| | - Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Hailey A Houson
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Volkan Tekin
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Justin J Jeffery
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Ashley M Weichmann
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Kendall E Barrett
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Suzanne E Lapi
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53792, United States
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Houson HA, Tekin V, Lin W, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Engle JW, Lapi SE. PET Imaging of the Neurotensin Targeting Peptide NOTA-NT-20.3 Using Cobalt-55, Copper-64 and Gallium-68. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122724. [PMID: 36559218 PMCID: PMC9781609 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1) is an emerging target for imaging and therapy of many types of cancer. Nuclear imaging of NTSR1 allows for noninvasive assessment of the receptor levels of NTSR1 on the primary tumor, as well as potential metastases. This work focuses on a the neurotensin peptide analogue NT-20.3 conjugated to the chelator NOTA for radiolabeling for use in noninvasive positron emission tomography (PET). NOTA-NT-20.3 was radiolabeled with gallium-68, copper-64, and cobalt-55 to determine the effect that modification of the radiometal has on imaging and potential therapeutic properties of NOTA-NT-20.3. Methods: In vitro assays investigating cell uptake and subcellular localization of the radiolabeled peptides were performed using human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT29 cells. In vivo PET/CT imaging was used to determine the distribution and clearance of the peptide in mice bearing NTSR1 expressing HT29 tumors. Results: Cell uptake studies showed that the highest uptake was obtained with [55Co] Co-NOTA-NT-20.3 (18.70 ± 1.30%ID/mg), followed by [64Cu] Cu-NOTA-NT-20.3 (15.46 ± 0.91%ID/mg), and lastly [68Ga] Ga-NOTA-NT-20.3 (10.94 ± 0.46%ID/mg) (p < 0.001). Subcellular distribution was similar across the three constructs, with the membranous fraction containing the highest amount of radioactivity. In vivo PET/CT imaging of the three constructs revealed similar distribution and tumor uptake at the 1 h imaging timepoint. Tumor uptake was receptor-specific and blockable by co-injection of non-radiolabeled NOTA-NT-20.3. SUV ratios of tumor to heart at the 24 h imaging timepoint show that [55Co] Co-NOTA-NT-20.3 (20.28 ± 3.04) outperformed [64Cu] Cu-NOTA-NT-20.3 (6.52 ± 1.97). In conclusion, our studies show that enhanced cell uptake and increasing tumor to blood ratios over time displayed the superiority of [55Co] Co-NOTA-NT-20.3 over [68Ga] Ga-NOTA-NT-20.3 and [64Cu] Cu-NOTA-NT-20.3 for the targeting of NTSR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey A. Houson
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Volkan Tekin
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Wilson Lin
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Suzanne E. Lapi
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence:
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Dam JH, Langkjær N, Baun C, Olsen BB, Nielsen AY, Thisgaard H. Preparation and Evaluation of [18F]AlF-NOTA-NOC for PET Imaging of Neuroendocrine Tumors: Comparison to [68Ga]Ga-DOTA/NOTA-NOC. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206818. [PMID: 36296411 PMCID: PMC9609173 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The somatostatin receptors 1–5 are overexpressed on neuroendocrine neoplasms and, as such, represent a favorable target for molecular imaging. This study investigates the potential of [18F]AlF-NOTA-[1-Nal3]-Octreotide and compares it in vivo to DOTA- and NOTA-[1-Nal3]-Octreotide radiolabeled with gallium-68. Methods: DOTA- and NOTA-NOC were radiolabeled with gallium-68 and NOTA-NOC with [18F]AlF. Biodistributions of the three radioligands were evaluated in AR42J xenografted mice at 1 h p.i and for [18F]AlF at 3 h p.i. Preclinical PET/CT was applied to confirm the general uptake pattern. Results: Gallium-68 was incorporated into DOTA- and NOTA-NOC in yields and radiochemical purities greater than 96.5%. NOTA-NOC was radiolabeled with [18F]AlF in yields of 38 ± 8% and radiochemical purity above 99% after purification. The biodistribution in tumor-bearing mice showed a high uptake in tumors of 26.4 ± 10.8 %ID/g for [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-NOC and 25.7 ± 5.8 %ID/g for [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-NOC. Additionally, [18F]AlF-NOTA-NOC exhibited a tumor uptake of 37.3 ± 10.5 %ID/g for [18F]AlF-NOTA-NOC, which further increased to 42.1 ± 5.3 %ID/g at 3 h p.i. Conclusions: The high tumor uptake of all radioligands was observed. However, [18F]AlF-NOTA-NOC surpassed the other clinically well-established radiotracers in vivo, especially at 3 h p.i. The tumor-to-blood and -liver ratios increased significantly over three hours for [18F]AlF-NOTA-NOC, making it possible to detect liver metastases. Therefore, [18F]AlF demonstrates promise as a surrogate pseudo-radiometal to gallium-68.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Hygum Dam
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 47, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 19, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
- Correspondence:
| | - Niels Langkjær
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 47, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Christina Baun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 47, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Brinkmann Olsen
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Sygehusvej 10, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Aaraby Yoheswaran Nielsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 47, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Helge Thisgaard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 47, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 19, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
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Spoormans K, Crabbé M, Struelens L, De Saint-Hubert M, Koole M. A Review on Tumor Control Probability (TCP) and Preclinical Dosimetry in Targeted Radionuclide Therapy (TRT). Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102007. [PMID: 36297446 PMCID: PMC9608466 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) uses radiopharmaceuticals to specifically irradiate tumor cells while sparing healthy tissue. Response to this treatment highly depends on the absorbed dose. Tumor control probability (TCP) models aim to predict the tumor response based on the absorbed dose by taking into account the different characteristics of TRT. For instance, TRT employs radiation with a high linear energy transfer (LET), which results in an increased effectiveness. Furthermore, a heterogeneous radiopharmaceutical distribution could result in a heterogeneous dose distribution at a tissue, cellular as well as subcellular level, which will generally reduce the tumor response. Finally, the dose rate in TRT is protracted, relatively low, and variable over time. This allows cells to repair more DNA damage, which may reduce the effectiveness of TRT. Within this review, an overview is given on how these characteristics can be included in TCP models, while some experimental findings are also discussed. Many parameters in TCP models are preclinically determined and TCP models also play a role in the preclinical stage of radiopharmaceutical development; however, this all depends critically on the calculated absorbed dose. Accordingly, an overview of the existing preclinical dosimetry methods is given, together with their limitation and applications. It can be concluded that although the theoretical extension of TCP models from external beam radiotherapy towards TRT has been established quite well, the experimental confirmation is lacking. Thus, requiring additional comprehensive studies at the sub-cellular, cellular, and organ level, which should be provided with accurate preclinical dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaat Spoormans
- Research in Dosimetric Applications, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium
- Unit of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Melissa Crabbé
- NURA Research Group, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Lara Struelens
- Research in Dosimetric Applications, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Marijke De Saint-Hubert
- Research in Dosimetric Applications, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Michel Koole
- Unit of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Hansen SB, Bender D. Advancement in production of radiotracers. Semin Nucl Med 2021; 52:266-275. [PMID: 34836618 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
After introduction of the first commercial combined PET and/or CT technology in 2001, this diagnostic tool quickly became a clinical success and was considered the fastest growing diagnostic imaging technology ever. However, this technique is very dependent on the availability of positron emitting isotopes and radiochemistry to incorporate the radioactive isotopes into larger molecules of physiological interest. Within this review article a historical overview starting with the first applications of positron emitting isotopes in the 1930's is presented. Afterwards a more detailed presentation summarizing the physical basis and advancements in cyclotron technology is given. Radiochemical and/or pharmaceutical advancements are presented systematically for the most significant isotopes like 15O, 13N, 11C, 18F and 68Ga Besides these major PET isotopes, advancements of other radio-metals and future perspectives regarding application of new radionuclides will be discussed. Finally, very interesting new and compact accelerator technology and microfluidic chemical reaction approaches will be discussed. Especially, new compact accelerator technology might be new quantum leap within this radiodiagnostic technology and might result in even further prevalence, ultimately envisioned by the dose-on-demand concept that will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Baarsgaard Hansen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Dirk Bender
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Barrett KE, Houson HA, Lin W, Lapi SE, Engle JW. Production, Purification, and Applications of a Potential Theranostic Pair: Cobalt-55 and Cobalt-58m. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11071235. [PMID: 34359318 PMCID: PMC8306844 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11071235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging success of [68Ga/177Lu]Ga/Lu-DOTATATE as a theranostic pair has spurred interest in other isotopes as potential theranostic combinations. Here, we review cobalt-55 and cobalt-58m as a potential theranostic pair. Radionuclidically pure cobalt-55 and cobalt-58m have been produced on small cyclotrons with high molar activity. In vitro, DOTATOC labeled with cobalt has shown greater affinity for SSTR2 than DOTATOC labeled with gallium and yttrium. Similarly, [58mCo]Co-DOTATATE has shown improved cell-killing capabilities as compared to DOTATATE labeled with either indium-111 or lutetium-177. Finally, PET imaging with an isotope such as cobalt-55 allows for image acquisition at much later timepoints than gallium, allowing for an increased degree of biological clearance of non-bound radiotracer. We discuss the accelerator targetry and radiochemistry used to produce cobalt-55,58m, emphasizing the implications of these techniques to downstream radiotracers being developed for imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall E. Barrett
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (K.E.B.); (W.L.)
| | - Hailey A. Houson
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (H.A.H.); (S.E.L.)
| | - Wilson Lin
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (K.E.B.); (W.L.)
| | - Suzanne E. Lapi
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (H.A.H.); (S.E.L.)
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (K.E.B.); (W.L.)
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- Correspondence:
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Pei P, Liu T, Shen W, Liu Z, Yang K. Biomaterial-mediated internal radioisotope therapy. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:1348-1366. [PMID: 34846446 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01761b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT), including external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and internal radioisotope therapy (RIT), has been an indispensable strategy for cancer therapy in clinical practice in recent years. Ionized atoms and free radicals emitted from the nucleus of radioisotopes can cleave a single strand of DNA, inducing the apoptosis of cancer cells. Thus far, nuclides used for RIT could be classified into three main types containing alpha (α), beta (β), and Auger particle emitters. In order to enhance the bioavailability and reduce the physiological toxicity of radioisotopes, various biomaterials have been utilized as multifunctional nanocarriers, including targeting molecules, macromolecular monoclonal antibodies, peptides, inorganic nanomaterials, and organic and polymeric nanomaterials. Therapeutic radioisotopes have been labeled onto these nanocarriers via different methods (chelating, chemical doping, encapsulating, displacement) to inhibit or kill cancer cells. With the continuous development of research in this respect, more promising biomaterials as well as novel therapeutic strategies have emerged to achieve the high-performance RIT of cancer. In this review article, we summarize recent advances in biomaterial-mediated RIT of cancer and provide guidance for non-experts to understand nuclear medicine and to conduct cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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Eychenne R, Bouvry C, Bourgeois M, Loyer P, Benoist E, Lepareur N. Overview of Radiolabeled Somatostatin Analogs for Cancer Imaging and Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:E4012. [PMID: 32887456 PMCID: PMC7504749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identified in 1973, somatostatin (SST) is a cyclic hormone peptide with a short biological half-life. Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) are widely expressed in the whole body, with five subtypes described. The interaction between SST and its receptors leads to the internalization of the ligand-receptor complex and triggers different cellular signaling pathways. Interestingly, the expression of SSTRs is significantly enhanced in many solid tumors, especially gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET). Thus, somatostatin analogs (SSAs) have been developed to improve the stability of the endogenous ligand and so extend its half-life. Radiolabeled analogs have been developed with several radioelements such as indium-111, technetium-99 m, and recently gallium-68, fluorine-18, and copper-64, to visualize the distribution of receptor overexpression in tumors. Internal metabolic radiotherapy is also used as a therapeutic strategy (e.g., using yttrium-90, lutetium-177, and actinium-225). With some radiopharmaceuticals now used in clinical practice, somatostatin analogs developed for imaging and therapy are an example of the concept of personalized medicine with a theranostic approach. Here, we review the development of these analogs, from the well-established and authorized ones to the most recently developed radiotracers, which have better pharmacokinetic properties and demonstrate increased efficacy and safety, as well as the search for new clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Eychenne
- UPS, CNRS, SPCMIB (Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d’Intérêt Biologique)—UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse, F-31062 Toulouse, France; (R.E.); (E.B.)
- Groupement d’Intérêt Public ARRONAX, 1 Rue Aronnax, F-44817 Saint Herblain, France;
- CNRS, CRCINA (Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes—Angers)—UMR 1232, ERL 6001, Inserm, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Christelle Bouvry
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Eugène Marquis, Rennes, F-35000, France;
- CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)—UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Mickael Bourgeois
- Groupement d’Intérêt Public ARRONAX, 1 Rue Aronnax, F-44817 Saint Herblain, France;
- CNRS, CRCINA (Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes—Angers)—UMR 1232, ERL 6001, Inserm, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Pascal Loyer
- INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition, Métabolismes et Cancer)—UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, Inserm, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Eric Benoist
- UPS, CNRS, SPCMIB (Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d’Intérêt Biologique)—UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse, F-31062 Toulouse, France; (R.E.); (E.B.)
| | - Nicolas Lepareur
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Eugène Marquis, Rennes, F-35000, France;
- INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition, Métabolismes et Cancer)—UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, Inserm, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France;
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Selection of an optimal macrocyclic chelator improves the imaging of prostate cancer using cobalt-labeled GRPR antagonist RM26. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17086. [PMID: 31745219 PMCID: PMC6863848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52914-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPRs) are promising targets in oligometastatic prostate cancer. We have recently used 55Co (T1/2 = 17.5 h) as a label for next day PET imaging of GRPR expression obtaining high imaging contrast. The radionuclide-chelator combination can significantly influence the biodistribution of radiopeptides. Therefore, in this study, we hypothesized that the properties of 55Co-labeled PEG2-RM26 can be improved by identifying the optimal macrocyclic chelator. All analogues (X-PEG2-RM26, X = NOTA,NODAGA,DOTA,DOTAGA) were successfully labeled with radiocobalt with high yields and demonstrated high stability. The radiopeptides bound specifically and with picomolar affinity to GRPR and their cellular processing was characterized by low internalization. The best binding capacity was found for DOTA-PEG2-RM26. Ex vivo biodistribution in PC-3 xenografted mice was characterized by rapid blood clearance via renal excretion. Tumor uptake was similar for all conjugates at 3 h pi, exceeding the uptake in all other organs. Higher kidney uptake and longer retention were associated with N-terminal negative charge (DOTAGA-containing conjugate). Tumor-to-organ ratios increased over time for all constructs, although significant chelator-dependent differences were observed. Concordant with affinity measurements, DOTA-analog had the best retention of activity in tumors, resulting in the highest tumor-to-blood ratio 24 h pi, which translated into high contrast PET/CT imaging (using 55Co).
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12
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Andersen TL, Baun C, Olsen BB, Dam JH, Thisgaard H. Improving Contrast and Detectability: Imaging with [ 55Co]Co-DOTATATE in Comparison with [ 64Cu]Cu-DOTATATE and [ 68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE. J Nucl Med 2019; 61:228-233. [PMID: 31519803 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.233015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PET imaging at late time points after injection may allow tracer clearance from normal tissue and hence improve image contrast and detectability. 55Co is a promising isotope with high positron yield and a long half-life suitable for imaging at delayed time points. Here, we compared the 3 radioconjugates [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE, [64Cu]Cu-DOTATATE, and [55Co]Co-DOTATATE by PET/CT imaging in NOD-SCID mice bearing subcutaneous somatostatin receptor-expressing AR42J tumors. Methods: 55Co and 64Cu were produced by the 54Fe(d,n)55Co and 64Ni(p,n)64Cu nuclear reactions, whereas 68Ga was obtained from a 68Ge/68Ga generator. 55Co and 64Cu were labeled with DOTATATE by heating in a sodium acetate buffer and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid buffer, respectively. AR42J tumor-bearing mice were dynamically scanned 0-1 h after injection. For 64Cu and 55Co, additional imaging was also performed at late time points after 4 and 24 h. Dose calculations were based on a known biodistribution. The cumulated disintegrations in each organ were calculated by integration of a fitted exponential function to the biodistribution of each respective organ. Equivalent doses were calculated by OLINDA/EXM using the MIRD formalism. Results: Tumor uptake was rapid from 0 to 1 h after injection for all 3 radioconjugates. Normal-tissue ratios as represented by tumor-to-liver, tumor-to-kidney, and tumor-to-muscle ratios increased significantly over time, with [55Co]Co-DOTATATE reaching the highest ratio of all radioconjugates. For [55Co]Co-DOTATATE, the tumor-to-liver ratio increased to 65 ± 16 at 4 h and 50 ± 6 at 24 h, which were 15 (P < 0.001) and 30 (P < 0.001) times higher, respectively, than the corresponding ratios for [64Cu]Cu-DOTATATE and 5 (P < 0.001) times higher than that of [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE at 1 h. Correspondingly, tumor-to-kidney and tumor-to-muscle ratios for [55Co]Co-DOTATATE were 4 (P < 0.001) and 11 (P < 0.001) times higher than that of [64Cu]Cu-DOTATATE at 24 h. An equivalent dose was calculated as 9.6E-02 mSv/MBq for [55Co]Co-DOTATATE. Conclusion: [55Co]Co-DOTATATE demonstrated superior image contrast compared with [64Cu]Cu-DOTATATE and [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE for PET imaging of somatostatin receptor-expressing tumors, warranting translation into clinical trials. Dosimetry calculations found that effective doses for [55Co]Co-DOTATATE were comparable to those for both [64Cu]Cu-DOTATATE and [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Andersen
- PET Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christina Baun
- PET Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and
| | - Birgitte B Olsen
- PET Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Johan H Dam
- PET Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helge Thisgaard
- PET Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and .,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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13
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Hervella P, Dam JH, Thisgaard H, Baun C, Olsen BB, Høilund-Carlsen PF, Needham D. Chelation, formulation, encapsulation, retention, and in vivo biodistribution of hydrophobic nanoparticles labelled with 57Co-porphyrin: Oleylamine ensures stable chelation of cobalt in nanoparticles that accumulate in tumors. J Control Release 2018; 291:11-25. [PMID: 30291986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION While small molecules can be used in cancer diagnosis there is a need for imageable diagnostic NanoParticles (NPs) that act as surrogates for the therapeutic NPs. Many NPs are composed of hydrophobic materials so the challenge is to formulate hydrophobic imaging agents. To develop individualized medical treatments based on NP, a first step should be the selection of patients who are likely responders to the treatment as judged by imaging tumor accumulation of NPs. This requires NPs with the same size and structure as the subsequent therapeutic NPs but labelled with a long-lived radionuclide. Cobalt isotopes are good candidates for NP labelling since 55Co has half-life of 17.5 h and positron energy of 570 keV while 57Co (t1/2 271.6 d) is an isotope suited for preclinical single photon emission tomography (SPECT) to visualize biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of NPs. We used the hydrophobic octaethyl porphyrin (OEP) to chelate cobalt and to encapsulate it inside hydrophobic liquid NPs (LNPs). We hypothesized that at least two additional hydrophobic axial ligands (oleylamine, OA) must be provided to the OEP-Co complex in order to encapsulate and retain Co inside LNP. RESULTS 1. Cobalt chelation by OEP and OA. The association constant of cobalt to OEP was 2.49 × 105 M-1 and the formation of the hexacoordinate complex OEP-Co-4OA was measured by spectroscopy. 2. NP formulation and characterization: LNPs were prepared by the fast ethanol injection method and were composed of a liquid core (triolein) surrounded by a lipid monolayer (DSPC:Cholesterol:DSPE-PEG2000). The size of the LNPs loaded with the cobalt complex was 40 ± 5 nm, 3. Encapsulation of OEP-Co-OA: The loading capacity of OEP-Co-OA in LNP was 5 mol%. 4. Retention of OEP-57Co-4OA complex in the LNPs: the positive effect of the OA ligands was demonstrated on the stability of the OEP-57Co-4OA complex, providing a half-life for retention in PBS of 170 h (7 days) while in the absence of the axial OA ligands was only 22 h. 5 Biodistribution Study: the in vivo biodistribution of LNP was studied in AR42J pancreatic tumor-bearing mice. The estimated half-life of LNPs in blood was about 7.2 h. Remarkably, the accumulation of LNPs in the tumor was as high as 9.4% ID/g 24 h after injection with a doubling time for tumor accumulation of 3.22 h. The most important result was that the nanoparticles could indeed accumulate in the AR42J tumors up to levels greater than those of other NPs previously measured in the same tumor model, and at about half the values reported for the molecular agent 57Co-DOTATATE. CONCLUSIONS The additional hydrophobic chelator OA was indeed needed to obtain a stable octahedral OEP-Co-4OA. Cobalt was actually well-retained inside LNP in the OEP-Co-4OA complex. The method described in the present work for the core-labelling of LNPs with cobalt is now ready for labeling of NPs with 55Co, or indeed other hexadentate radionuclides of interest for preclinical in vivo PET-imaging and radio-therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Hervella
- Center for Single Particle Science and Engineering (SPSE), Institute for Molecular Medicine, Health Sciences, University Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense DK-5230, Denmark; Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Johan Hygum Dam
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Helge Thisgaard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Christina Baun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Brinkmann Olsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | | | - David Needham
- Center for Single Particle Science and Engineering (SPSE), Institute for Molecular Medicine, Health Sciences, University Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense DK-5230, Denmark; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708,USA; School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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14
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Dam JH, Olsen BB, Baun C, Høilund-Carlsen PF, Thisgaard H. A PSMA Ligand Labeled with Cobalt-55 for PET Imaging of Prostate Cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 19:915-922. [PMID: 28924629 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) comprises a recognized target for molecular imaging of prostate cancer. As such, radiolabeled PSMA inhibitors are of great value for diagnosis and staging of this disease. Herein, we disclose the preclinical characterization of [55Co]PSMA-617 for positron emission tomography (PET)/x-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging of prostate cancer lesions. PROCEDURES By the application of microwave heating, PSMA-617 in acetate buffer (0.4 M, pH 4.4) was labeled with the radioisotopes cobalt-55/57. The extents of internalization and dissociation constants (K D) were determined against 2-(phosphonomethyl)-pentanedioic acid in two PSMA-positive cell lines, LNCaP, and PC3-PIP, with [57Co]PSMA-617 as a surrogate for [55Co]PSMA-617 (T½ 17.5 h, β max 1.5 MeV, Iβ 76 %). The biodistribution in LNCaP xenograft mice was investigated using [57Co]PSMA-617 and [55Co]PSMA-617 was employed for PET/CT imaging at 1, 4, and 24 h and compared to PET/CT scans using [68Ga]PSMA-617. RESULTS The radiolabeling with cobalt-55/57 was performed in yields greater than 99.5 and 99.8 % and radiochemical purities of 99.7 and 98.9 %, respectively. The molar-specific activities were 18.2 MBq/nmol and 3.3 MBq/nmol. The cellular K D were determined to be 4.7 nM for LNCaP and 9.8 nM for PC3-PIP, correspondingly. Internalization of 76 and 71 % of the cell-associated radioactivity was found for LNCaP and PC3-PIP cells after incubation up to 240 min, respectively. In regard to the biodistribution in LNCaP xenograft mice, [57Co]PSMA-617 displayed a high and relatively constant uptake in the tumor (12.9 %IA/g at 1 h to 10.5 %IA/g at 24 h) with an initial but transient high uptake in the kidneys, adrenals, and spleen. Tumor-to-background ratios improved over time as normal tissue cleared of the radioligand (tumor-to-blood: 26, 258, and 3013; tumor-to-kidney: 0.11, 0.28, and 4.3 at 1, 4, and 24 h). PET/CT imaging with [55Co]PSMA-617 in xenograft mice confirmed the high tumor uptake and fast clearance of normal tissues over time and was found superior to imaging with [68Ga]PSMA-617. CONCLUSION Radiolabeling of PSMA-617 was achieved in excellent yields and radiochemical purities. Favorable in vitro data comprising low K D values and high extent of internalization was determined for two PSMA-positive cell lines. In xenograft mice, high tumor accumulation and excellent tumor-to-normal tissues ratios were established by biodistribution experiments and PET/CT imaging and, hence, confirm the potential of [55Co]PSMA-617 for delayed clinical imaging of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Hygum Dam
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 47, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Birgitte Brinkmann Olsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 47, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christina Baun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 47, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Poul Flemming Høilund-Carlsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 47, 5000, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helge Thisgaard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 47, 5000, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to apply an analogue of bombesin, NOTA-AMBA, labeled with Co-55 or Ga-68, for preclinical imaging of prostate cancer. PROCEDURES The peptide NOTA-AMBA was labeled with Ga-68 or Co-55 by microwave irradiation. Biodistribution in xenograft mice (PC3) was performed at 1, 4, and 24 h (only cobalt at 24 h) using a fixed amount of peptide. Four weeks post-inoculation, xenograft mice were positron emission tomography/X-ray computed tomography scanned after tail vein injection of [(68)Ga]NOTA-AMBA or [(55)Co]NOTA-AMBA. RESULTS Labeling with Ga-68 and Co-55/57 was achieved in yields greater than 90 %. A radiochemical purity (RCP) of 95 and 90 % were obtained for Ga-68 and Co-55, respectively. Both radiopeptides showed high uptake in the intestines, stomach, pancreas, and in the tumor ([(68)Ga]NOTA-AMBA, 10.3 %ID/g at 1 h to 6.4 %ID/g at 4 h; [(57)Co]NOTA-AMBA, 8.2 %ID/g at 1 h to 5.3%ID/g at 24 h). Normal tissue cleared over time improving tumor-to-background ratios. CONCLUSIONS NOTA-AMBA was labeled in high yields and RCP with Ga-68 and Co-55/57. High tumor uptake in a subcutaneous mouse prostate cancer model was observed. At 24 h, [(55/57)Co]NOTA-AMBA showed better tumor-to-organ ratios than [(68)Ga]NOTA-AMBA at both 1 and 4 h post-injection. Hence, for imaging, [(55)Co]NOTA-AMBA was found to be superior compared to [(68)Ga]NOTA-AMBA.
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16
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Valdovinos HF, Hernandez R, Graves S, Ellison PA, Barnhart TE, Theuer CP, Engle JW, Cai W, Nickles RJ. Cyclotron production and radiochemical separation of 55Co and 58mCo from 54Fe, 58Ni and 57Fe targets. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 130:90-101. [PMID: 28946101 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the production with a cyclotron of the positron emitter 55Co via the 54Fe(d,n) and 58Ni(p,α) reactions and the Auger electron emitter 58mCo via the 57Fe(d,n) reaction after high current (40μA p and 60μA d) irradiation on electroplated targets. High specific activity radionuclides (up to 55.6 GBq/μmol 55Co and 31.8GBq/μmol 58mCo) with high radionuclidic purity (99.995% 55Co from 54Fe, 98.8% 55Co from 58Ni, and 98.7% 58mCo from 57Fe at end of bombardment, EoB), in high activity concentration (final separated radionuclide in < 0.6mL) and with almost quantitative overall activity separation yield (> 92%) were obtained after processing of the irradiated targets with novel radiochemical separation methods based on HCl dissolution and the resin N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-2-ethylhexyldiglycolamide (DGA, branched). One hour long irradiations using 38-65, 110-214 and 59-78mg of enriched 54Fe (99.93%), 58Ni (99.48%) and 57Fe (95.06%), respectively, electroplated over a 1.0cm2 surface, yielded 582 ± 66MBq 55Co, 372 ± 14MBq 55Co and 810 ± 186MBq 58mCo, respectively, decay corrected to EoB. The separation methods allow for the recovery of the costly enriched target materials, which were reconstituted into metallic targets after novel electroplating methods, with an overall recycling efficiency of 93 ± 4% for iron. The produced radionuclides were used to radiolabel the angiogenesis marker antibody TRC105 conjugated to the chelator NOTA as a demonstration of their quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Valdovinos
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - R Hernandez
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S Graves
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - P A Ellison
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - T E Barnhart
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - C P Theuer
- TRACON Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J W Engle
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - W Cai
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - R J Nickles
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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17
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High Contrast PET Imaging of GRPR Expression in Prostate Cancer Using Cobalt-Labeled Bombesin Antagonist RM26. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2017; 2017:6873684. [PMID: 29097932 PMCID: PMC5612608 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6873684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
High gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) expression is associated with numerous cancers including prostate and breast cancer. The aim of the current study was to develop a 55Co-labeled PET agent based on GRPR antagonist RM26 for visualization of GRPR-expressing tumors. Labeling with 57Co and 55Co, stability, binding specificity, and in vitro and in vivo characteristics of 57Co-NOTA-PEG2-RM26 were studied. NOTA-PEG2-RM26 was successfully radiolabeled with 57Co and 55Co with high yields and demonstrated high stability. The radiopeptide showed retained binding specificity to GRPR in vitro and in vivo. 57Co-NOTA-PEG2-RM26 biodistribution in mice was characterized by rapid clearance of radioactivity from blood and normal non-GRPR-expressing organs and low hepatic uptake. The clearance was predominantly renal with a low degree of radioactivity reabsorption. Tumor-to-blood ratios were approximately 200 (3 h pi) and 1000 (24 h pi). The favorable biodistribution of cobalt-labeled NOTA-PEG2-RM26 translated into high contrast preclinical PET/CT (using 55Co) and SPECT/CT (using 57Co) images of PC-3 xenografts. The initial biological results suggest that 55Co-NOTA-PEG2-RM26 is a promising tracer for PET visualization of GRPR-expressing tumors.
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18
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Garousi J, Andersson KG, Dam JH, Olsen BB, Mitran B, Orlova A, Buijs J, Ståhl S, Löfblom J, Thisgaard H, Tolmachev V. The use of radiocobalt as a label improves imaging of EGFR using DOTA-conjugated Affibody molecule. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5961. [PMID: 28729680 PMCID: PMC5519605 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several anti-cancer therapies target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Radionuclide imaging of EGFR expression in tumours may aid in selection of optimal cancer therapy. The 111In-labelled DOTA-conjugated ZEGFR:2377 Affibody molecule was successfully used for imaging of EGFR-expressing xenografts in mice. An optimal combination of radionuclide, chelator and targeting protein may further improve the contrast of radionuclide imaging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the targeting properties of radiocobalt-labelled DOTA-ZEGFR:2377. DOTA-ZEGFR:2377 was labelled with 57Co (T1/2 = 271.8 d), 55Co (T1/2 = 17.5 h), and, for comparison, with the positron-emitting radionuclide 68Ga (T1/2 = 67.6 min) with preserved specificity of binding to EGFR-expressing A431 cells. The long-lived cobalt radioisotope 57Co was used in animal studies. Both 57Co-DOTA-ZEGFR:2377 and 68Ga-DOTA-ZEGFR:2377 demonstrated EGFR-specific accumulation in A431 xenografts and EGFR-expressing tissues in mice. Tumour-to-organ ratios for the radiocobalt-labelled DOTA-ZEGFR:2377 were significantly higher than for the gallium-labelled counterpart already at 3 h after injection. Importantly, 57Co-DOTA-ZEGFR:2377 demonstrated a tumour-to-liver ratio of 3, which is 7-fold higher than the tumour-to-liver ratio for 68Ga-DOTA-ZEGFR:2377. The results of this study suggest that the positron-emitting cobalt isotope 55Co would be an optimal label for DOTA-ZEGFR:2377 and further development should concentrate on this radionuclide as a label.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Garousi
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ken G Andersson
- Department of Protein Technology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan H Dam
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Birgitte B Olsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bogdan Mitran
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Orlova
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jos Buijs
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Ståhl
- Department of Protein Technology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Löfblom
- Department of Protein Technology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helge Thisgaard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Tolmachev
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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19
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Holmboe S, Hansen PL, Thisgaard H, Block I, Müller C, Langkjær N, Høilund-Carlsen PF, Olsen BB, Mollenhauer J. Evaluation of somatostatin and nucleolin receptors for therapeutic delivery in non-small cell lung cancer stem cells applying the somatostatin-analog DOTATATE and the nucleolin-targeting aptamer AS1411. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178286. [PMID: 28542563 PMCID: PMC5440050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells represent the putative tumor-driving subpopulation thought to account for drug resistance, relapse, and metastatic spread of epithelial and other cancer types. Accordingly, cell surface markers for therapeutic delivery to cancer stem cells are subject of intense research. Somatostatin receptor 2 and nucleolin are known to be overexpressed by various cancer types, which have elicited comprehensive efforts to explore their therapeutic utilization. Here, we evaluated somatostatin receptor 2 targeting and nucleolin targeting for therapeutic delivery to cancer stem cells from lung cancer. Nucleolin is expressed highly but not selectively, while somatostatin receptor 2 is expressed selectively but not highly by cancer cells. The non-small cell lung cancer cell lines A549 and H1299, displayed average levels of both surface molecules as judged based on analysis of a larger cell line panel. H1299 compared to A549 cells showed significantly elevated sphere-forming capacity, indicating higher cancer stem cell content, thus qualifying as suitable test system. Nucleolin-targeting 57Co-DOTA-AS1411 aptamer showed efficient internalization by cancer cells and, remarkably, at even higher efficiency by cancer stem cells. In contrast, somatostatin receptor 2 expression levels were not sufficiently high in H1299 cells to confer efficient uptake by either non-cancer stem cells or cancer stem cells. The data provides indication that the nucleolin-targeting AS1411 aptamer might be used for therapeutic delivery to non-small cell lung cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sif Holmboe
- Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Molecular Oncology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Pernille Lund Hansen
- Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Molecular Oncology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helge Thisgaard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ines Block
- Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Molecular Oncology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Carolin Müller
- Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Molecular Oncology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Langkjær
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Poul Flemming Høilund-Carlsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Jan Mollenhauer
- Molecular Oncology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Thisgaard H, Halle B, Aaberg-Jessen C, Olsen BB, Therkelsen ASN, Dam JH, Langkjær N, Munthe S, Någren K, Høilund-Carlsen PF, Kristensen BW. Highly Effective Auger-Electron Therapy in an Orthotopic Glioblastoma Xenograft Model using Convection-Enhanced Delivery. Theranostics 2016; 6:2278-2291. [PMID: 27924163 PMCID: PMC5135448 DOI: 10.7150/thno.15898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most common and malignant primary brain tumor, always recurs after standard treatment. Therefore, promising new therapeutic approaches are needed. Short-range Auger-electron-emitters carry the ability of causing highly damaging radiation effects in cells. The aim of this study was to test the effect of [125I]5-Iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (125I-UdR, a radioactive Auger-electron-emitting thymidine analogue) Auger-therapy on immature glioblastoma spheroid cultures and orthotopic xenografted glioblastoma-bearing rats, the latter by means of convection-enhanced delivery (CED). Moreover, we aimed to determine if the therapeutic effect could be enhanced when combining 125I-UdR therapy with the currently used first-line chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide. 125I-UdR significantly decreased glioblastoma cell viability and migration in vitro and the cell viability was further decreased by co-treatment with methotrexate and/or temozolomide. Intratumoral CED of methotrexate and 125I-UdR with and without concomitant systemic temozolomide chemotherapy significantly reduced the tumor burden in orthotopically xenografted glioblastoma-bearing nude rats. Thus, 100% (8/8) of the animals survived the entire observation period of 180 days when subjected to the combined Auger-chemotherapy while 57% (4/7) survived after the Auger-therapy alone. No animals (0/8) treated with temozolomide alone survived longer than 50 days. Blood samples and post-mortem histology showed no signs of dose-limiting adverse effects. In conclusion, the multidrug approach consisting of CED of methotrexate and 125I-UdR with concomitant systemic temozolomide was safe and very effective leading to 100% survival in an orthotopic xenograft glioblastoma model. Therefore, this therapeutic strategy may be a promising option for future glioblastoma therapy.
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