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Fan F, Cheng N, Jin Z, Chen D, Tian W, Huang Q, Cao S, Tan C, Wang J, Wu X, Bai J, Qin Z. Highly selective separation of medical isotope 99mTc from irradiated 100Mo target using PEG-based resins. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-023-08771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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2
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Nawar MF, Türler A. New strategies for a sustainable 99mTc supply to meet increasing medical demands: Promising solutions for current problems. Front Chem 2022; 10:926258. [PMID: 35936080 PMCID: PMC9355089 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.926258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuing rapid expansion of 99mTc diagnostic agents always calls for scaling up 99mTc production to cover increasing clinical demand. Nevertheless, 99mTc availability depends mainly on the fission-produced 99Mo supply. This supply is seriously influenced during renewed emergency periods, such as the past 99Mo production crisis or the current COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, these interruptions have promoted the need for 99mTc production through alternative strategies capable of providing clinical-grade 99mTc with high purity. In the light of this context, this review illustrates diverse production routes that either have commercially been used or new strategies that offer potential solutions to promote a rapid production growth of 99mTc. These techniques have been selected, highlighted, and evaluated to imply their impact on developing 99mTc production. Furthermore, their advantages and limitations, current situation, and long-term perspective were also discussed. It appears that, on the one hand, careful attention needs to be devoted to enhancing the 99Mo economy. It can be achieved by utilizing 98Mo neutron activation in commercial nuclear power reactors and using accelerator-based 99Mo production, especially the photonuclear transmutation strategy. On the other hand, more research efforts should be devoted to widening the utility of 99Mo/99mTc generators, which incorporate nanomaterial-based sorbents and promote their development, validation, and full automization in the near future. These strategies are expected to play a vital role in providing sufficient clinical-grade 99mTc, resulting in a reasonable cost per patient dose.
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Hasan S, Prelas MA. Molybdenum-99 production pathways and the sorbents for 99Mo/99mTc generator systems using (n, γ) 99Mo: a review. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Stothers LA, Hou X, Vuckovic M, Buckley K, Bénard F, Schaffer P, Celler A. Analysis of radioactive waste generated during the cyclotron production of 99mTc. Phys Med Biol 2019; 64:055008. [PMID: 30669132 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab00bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Past and prospective shortages of medical radioisotopes have driven recent developments in the direct production of 99mTc via the 100Mo(p,2n)99mTc reaction. The cyclotron-based production method has been shown to successfully produce 99mTc, however trace impurities present in the enriched molybdenum target can also lead to the unintended creation of other radioisotopes which constitute waste. The isotopic composition of the waste has to be investigated in order to determine how it can be handled, transported and safely stored. In this article, we report which waste radioisotopes are created alongside 99mTc during target irradiation. Results are based on the gamma spectroscopy of waste produced. Significant complexities in the emission spectra made automated identification of radioisotopes inaccurate; complexities were resolved using a manual radioisotope identification procedure. The impact of target composition, integrated beam current and duration of target irradiation on the waste produced was studied. Results indicate that an average of 0.059 ± 0.003 GBq of waste is generated per 1 GBq of 99mTc produced. Two-thirds of the total waste activity produced was attributed to 99Mo (T 1/2 = 66 h) alone, while a total of fifty radioisotopes were found in the waste. Long-lived isotopes (T 1/2 > 2 months) constituted only 1% of the total waste activity at end of beam (EOB). In conclusion, it was determined that the waste generated during cyclotron-based 99mTc production was acceptably low for routine clinical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Stothers
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Meléndez-Alafort L, Ferro-Flores G, De Nardo L, Bello M, Paiusco M, Negri A, Zorz A, Uzunov N, Esposito J, Rosato A. Internal radiation dose assessment of radiopharmaceuticals prepared with cyclotron-produced99mTc. Med Phys 2019; 46:1437-1446. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillermina Ferro-Flores
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Radiofármacos-CONACyT; Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares; Carretera México-Toluca S/N. La Marquesa; Ocoyoacac Estado de México 52750 México
| | - Laura De Nardo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 8 Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Michele Bello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 8 Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Marta Paiusco
- Medical Physics Department; Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS; Via Gattamelata 64 Padova 35138 Italy
| | - Anna Negri
- Medical Physics Department; Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS; Via Gattamelata 64 Padova 35138 Italy
| | - Alessandra Zorz
- Medical Physics Department; Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS; Via Gattamelata 64 Padova 35138 Italy
| | - Nikolay Uzunov
- Faculty of Natural Sciences; University of Shumen; 115 Universitetska str. Shumen 9712 Bulgaria
| | - Juan Esposito
- Legnaro National laboratories; National Institute of Nuclear Physics; Viale della Università 2 Legnaro 35020 Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS; Via Gattamelata 64 Padova 35138 Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology; University of Padova; Via Gattamelata 64 Padova 35138 Italy
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Abstract
Nuclear medicine is composed of two complementary areas, imaging and therapy. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon imaging, including single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), comprise the imaging component of nuclear medicine. These areas are distinct in that they exploit different nuclear decay processes and also different imaging technologies. In PET, images are created from the 511 keV photons produced when the positron emitted by a radionuclide encounters an electron and is annihilated. In contrast, in single-photon imaging, images are created from the γ rays (and occasionally X-rays) directly emitted by the nucleus. Therapeutic nuclear medicine uses particulate radiation such as Auger or conversion electrons or β- or α particles. All three of these technologies are linked by the requirement that the radionuclide must be attached to a suitable vector that can deliver it to its target. It is imperative that the radionuclide remain attached to the vector before it is delivered to its target as well as after it reaches its target or else the resulting image (or therapeutic outcome) will not reflect the biological process of interest. Radiochemistry is at the core of this process, and radiometals offer radiopharmaceutical chemists a tremendous range of options with which to accomplish these goals. They also offer a wide range of options in terms of radionuclide half-lives and emission properties, providing the ability to carefully match the decay properties with the desired outcome. This Review provides an overview of some of the ways this can be accomplished as well as several historical examples of some of the limitations of earlier metalloradiopharmaceuticals and the ways that new technologies, primarily related to radionuclide production, have provided solutions to these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - Alan B Packard
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.,Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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Uzunov NM, Melendez-Alafort L, Bello M, Cicoria G, Zagni F, De Nardo L, Selva A, Mou L, Rossi-Alvarez C, Pupillo G, Di Domenico G, Uccelli L, Boschi A, Groppi F, Salvini A, Taibi A, Duatti A, Martini P, Pasquali M, Loriggiola M, Marengo M, Strada L, Manenti S, Rosato A, Esposito J. Radioisotopic purity and imaging properties of cyclotron-produced 99mTc using direct 100Mo(p,2n) reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 63:185021. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aadc88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Martini P, Boschi A, Cicoria G, Zagni F, Corazza A, Uccelli L, Pasquali M, Pupillo G, Marengo M, Loriggiola M, Skliarova H, Mou L, Cisternino S, Carturan S, Melendez-Alafort L, Uzunov NM, Bello M, Alvarez CR, Esposito J, Duatti A. In-house cyclotron production of high-purity Tc-99m and Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 139:325-331. [PMID: 29936404 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, the technology for producing the important medical radionuclide technetium-99m by cyclotrons has become sufficiently mature to justify its introduction as an alternative source of the starting precursor [99mTc][TcO4]- ubiquitously employed for the production of 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals in hospitals. These technologies make use almost exclusively of the nuclear reaction 100Mo(p,2n)99mTc that allows direct production of Tc-99m. In this study, it is conjectured that this alternative production route will not replace the current supply chain based on the distribution of 99Mo/99mTc generators, but could become a convenient emergency source of Tc-99m only for in-house hospitals equipped with a conventional, low-energy, medical cyclotron. On this ground, an outline of the essential steps that should be implemented for setting up a hospital radiopharmacy aimed at the occasional production of Tc-99m by a small cyclotron is discussed. These include (1) target production, (2) irradiation conditions, (3) separation/purification procedures, (4) terminal sterilization, (5) quality control, and (6) Mo-100 recovery. To address these issues, a comprehensive technology for cyclotron-production of Tc-99m, developed at the Legnaro National Laboratories of the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), will be used as a reference example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Martini
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy; Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Boschi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Licia Uccelli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Micòl Pasquali
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gaia Pupillo
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Loriggiola
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Hanna Skliarova
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Liliana Mou
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Cisternino
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Carturan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padua, Italy
| | | | - Nikolay M Uzunov
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Michele Bello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Carlos Rossi Alvarez
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Juan Esposito
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Adriano Duatti
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Andersson J, Thomas B, Selivanova S, Berthelette E, Wilson J, McEwan A, Gagnon K. Robust high-yield ~1 TBq production of cyclotron based sodium [99mTc]pertechnetate. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 60:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hayakawa T, Hatsukawa Y, Tanimori T. 95gTc and 96gTc as alternatives to medical radioisotope 99mTc. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00497. [PMID: 29349358 PMCID: PMC5766687 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied 95gTc and 96gTc as alternatives to the medical radioisotope 99mTc. 96gTc (95gTc) can be produced by (p, n) reactions on an enriched 96Mo (95Mo) target with a proton beam provided by a compact accelerator such as a medical cyclotron that generate radioisotopes for positron emission tomography (PET). The γ-rays are measured with an electron-tracking Compton camera (ETCC). We calculated the relative intensities of the γ-rays from 95gTc and 96gTc. The calculated γ-ray intensity of a 96gTc (95gTc) nucleus is as high as 63% (70%) of that of a 99mTc nucleus. We also calculated the patient radiation doses of 95gTc and 96gTc, which were larger than that of 99mTc by a factor of 2-3 based on the applied assumptions. A medical PET cyclotron which can provide proton beams with energies of 11-12 MeV and a current of 100 μA can produce 12 GBq (39 GBq) of 96gTc (95gTc) for operation time of 8 h, which can be used for 240 (200) diagnostic scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehito Hayakawa
- Tokai Quantum Science Center, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hatsukawa
- Tokai Quantum Science Center, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Toru Tanimori
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Boschi A, Martini P, Pasquali M, Uccelli L. Recent achievements in Tc-99m radiopharmaceutical direct production by medical cyclotrons. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:1402-1412. [PMID: 28443689 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1323911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
99mTc is the most commonly used radionuclide in the field of diagnostic imaging, a noninvasive method intended to diagnose a disease, assess the disease state and monitor the effects of treatments. Annually, the use of 99mTc, covers about 85% of nuclear medicine applications. This isotope releases gamma rays at about the same wavelength as conventional X-ray diagnostic equipment, and owing to its short half-life (t½ = 6 h) is ideal for diagnostic nuclear imaging. A patient can be injected with a small amount of 99mTc and within 24 h almost 94% of the injected radionuclide would have decayed and left the body, limiting the patient's radiation exposure. 99mTc is usually supplied to hospitals through a 99Mo/99mTc radionuclide generator system where it is produced from the β decay of the parent nuclide 99Mo (t½ = 66 h), which is produced in nuclear reactors via neutron fission. Recently, the interruption of the global supply chain of reactor-produced 99Mo, has forced the scientific community to investigate alternative production routes for 99mTc. One solution was to consider cyclotron-based methods as potential replacement of reactor-based technology and the nuclear reaction 100Mo(p,2n)99mTc emerged as the most worthwhile approach. This review reports some achievements about 99mTc produced by medical cyclotrons. In particular, the available technologies for target design, the most efficient extraction and separation procedure developed for the purification of 99mTc from the irradiated targets, the preparation of high purity 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals and the first clinical studies carried out with cyclotron produced 99mTc are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Boschi
- a Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine , University of Ferrara , Italy
| | - Petra Martini
- b Department of Physics and Heart Science , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy.,c Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN) , Legnaro , Italy
| | - Micol Pasquali
- b Department of Physics and Heart Science , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy.,c Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN) , Legnaro , Italy
| | - Licia Uccelli
- a Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine , University of Ferrara , Italy
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12
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Lin J, Qiu L, Lv G, Li K, Wang W, Liu G, Zhao X, Wang S. Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of a99mTc-chlorambucil derivative as a potential tumor imaging agent. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2016; 60:116-123. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Lin
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine; Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine; Wuxi China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine; Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine; Wuxi China
| | - Gaochao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine; Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine; Wuxi China
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine; Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine; Wuxi China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine; Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine; Wuxi China
| | - Guiqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine; Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine; Wuxi China
| | - Xueyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine; Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine; Wuxi China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine; Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine; Wuxi China
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Hou X, Tanguay J, Vuckovic M, Buckley K, Schaffer P, Bénard F, Ruth TJ, Celler A. Imaging study of using radiopharmaceuticals labeled with cyclotron-produced 99mTc. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:8199-8213. [PMID: 27804919 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/23/8199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclotron-produced 99mTc (CPTc) has been recognized as an attractive and practical substitution of reactor/generator based 99mTc. However, the small amount of 92-98Mo in the irradiation of enriched 100Mo could lead to the production of other radioactive technetium isotopes (Tc-impurities) which cannot be chemically separated. Thus, these impurities could contribute to patient dose and affect image quality. The potential radiation dose caused by these Tc-impurities produced using different targets, irradiation conditions, and corresponding to different injection times have been investigated, leading us to create dose-based limits of these parameters for producing clinically acceptable CPTc. However, image quality has been not considered. The aim of the present work is to provide a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of image quality for CPTc. The impact of Tc-impurities in CPTc on image resolution, background noise, and contrast is investigated by performing both Monte-Carlo simulations and phantom experiments. Various targets, irradiation, and acquisition conditions are employed for investigating the image-based limits of CPTc production parameters. Additionally, the relationship between patient dose and image quality of CPTc samples is studied. Only those samples which meet both dose- and image-based limits should be accepted in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Hou
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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14
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Selivanova SV, Lavallée É, Senta H, Caouette L, McEwan AJ, Guérin B, Lecomte R, Turcotte É. Clinical Trial with Sodium 99mTc-Pertechnetate Produced by a Medium-Energy Cyclotron: Biodistribution and Safety Assessment in Patients with Abnormal Thyroid Function. J Nucl Med 2016; 58:791-798. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.178509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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15
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Hou X, Tanguay J, Buckley K, Schaffer P, Bénard F, Ruth TJ, Celler A. Molybdenum target specifications for cyclotron production of99mTc based on patient dose estimates. Phys Med Biol 2015; 61:542-53. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/2/542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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