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Kim DA, Ku DN. Material strengths of shear-induced platelet aggregation clots and coagulation clots. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11460. [PMID: 38769378 PMCID: PMC11106319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Arterial occlusion by thrombosis is the immediate cause of some strokes, heart attacks, and peripheral artery disease. Most prior studies assume that coagulation creates the thrombus. However, a contradiction arises as whole blood (WB) clots from coagulation are too weak to stop arterial blood pressures (> 150 mmHg). We measure the material mechanical properties of elasticity and ultimate strength for Shear-Induced Platelet Aggregation (SIPA) type clots, that form under stenotic arterial hemodynamics in comparison with coagulation clots. The ultimate strength of SIPA clots averaged 4.6 ± 1.3 kPa, while WB coagulation clots had a strength of 0.63 ± 0.3 kPa (p < 0.05). The elastic modulus of SIPA clots was 3.8 ± 1.5 kPa at 1 Hz and 0.5 mm displacement, or 2.8 times higher than WB coagulation clots (1.3 ± 1.2 kPa, p < 0.0001). This study shows that the SIPA thrombi, formed quickly under high shear hemodynamics, is seven-fold stronger and three-fold stiffer compared to WB coagulation clots. A force balance calculation shows a SIPA clot has the strength to resist arterial pressure with a short length of less than 2 mm, consistent with coronary pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjune A Kim
- Georgia Institute of Technology, G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, 315 Ferst Drive NW, IBB 2307, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - David N Ku
- Georgia Institute of Technology, G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, 315 Ferst Drive NW, IBB 2307, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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Verma P, Panda B, Singh KP, Pandit SB. Optimal Protein Sequence Design Mitigates Mechanical Failure in Silk β-Sheet Nanocrystals. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3156-3165. [PMID: 34151552 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The excellent mechanical strength and toughness of spider silk are well characterized experimentally and understood atomistically using computational simulations. However, little attention has been focused on understanding whether the amino acid sequence of β-sheet nanocrystals, which is the key to rendering strength to silk fiber, is optimally chosen to mitigate molecular-scale failure mechanisms. To investigate this, we modeled β-sheet nanocrystals of various representative small/polar/hydrophobic amino acid repeats for determining the sequence motif having superior nanomechanical tensile strength and toughness. The constant velocity pulling of the central β-strand in the nanocrystal, using steered molecular dynamics, showed that homopolymers of small amino acid (alanine/alanine-glycine) sequence motifs, occurring in natural silk fibroin, have better nanomechanical properties than other modeled structures. Further, we analyzed the hydrogen bond (HB) and β-strand pull dynamics of modeled nanocrystals to understand the variation in their rupture mechanisms and explore sequence-dependent mitigating factors contributing to their superior mechanical properties. Surprisingly, the enhanced side-chain interactions in homopoly-polar/hydrophobic amino acid models are unable to augment backbone HB cooperativity to increase mechanical strength. Our analyses suggest that nanocrystals of pristine silk sequences most likely achieve superior mechanical strength by optimizing side-chain interaction, packing, and main-chain HB interactions. Thus, this study suggests that the nanocrystal β-sheet sequence plays a crucial role in determining the nanomechanical properties of silk, and the evolutionary process has optimized it in natural silk. This study provides insight into the molecular design principle of silk with implications in the genetically modified artificial synthesis of silk-like biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, Manauli PO, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| | - Biswajit Panda
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, Manauli PO, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| | - Kamal P Singh
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, Manauli PO, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| | - Shashi B Pandit
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, Manauli PO, SAS Nagar 140306, India
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Wang Y, Wang X, Montclare JK. Effect of Divalent Metal Cations on the Conformation, Elastic Behavior, and Controlled Release of a Photocrosslinked Protein Engineered Hydrogel. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:3587-3597. [PMID: 35014444 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of Zn2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+ coordination on the conformation, mechanical properties, contraction, and small-molecule drug encapsulation and release of a photocrosslinked protein-engineered hydrogel, CEC-D. The treatment of the CEC-D hydrogel with divalent metal (M2+) results in significant conformational changes where a loss in structure is observed with Zn2+, while both Cu2+ and Ni2+ induce a blueshift. The relationship of M2+ to mechanical properties illustrates a trend, while the CEC-D hydrogel in the presence of 2 mM Cu2+ reveals the highest increase in G' to 14.4 ± 0.7 kPa followed by 9.7 ± 0.9 kPa by addition of 2 mM Zn2+, and a decrease to 1.1 ± 0.2 kPa is demonstrated in the presence of 2 mM Ni2+. A similar observation in M2+ responsiveness emerges where CEC-D hydrogels contract into a condensed state of 2.6-fold for Cu2+, 2.4-fold for Zn2+, and 1.6-fold for Ni2+. Furthermore, CEC-D hydrogels coordinated with M2+ demonstrate control over the encapsulation and release of the small molecule curcumin. The trend of release is opposite of the mechanical and contraction properties with a 70.0 ± 5.3% release with Ni2+, 64.2 ± 1.2% release with Zn2+, and 42.3 ± 11.3 release with Cu2+. Taken together, these results indicate that the CEC-D hydrogel tuned by M2+ is a promising drug delivery platform with tunable physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Xiaole Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Jin Kim Montclare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States.,Department of Biomaterials, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, United States.,Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York 10016, United States
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Cha EJ, Lee DS, Kim H, Kim YH, Kim BG, Yoo Y, Kim YS, Kim DG. Tailoring biomimetic polymer networks towards an unprecedented combination of versatile mechanical characteristics. RSC Adv 2019; 9:15780-15784. [PMID: 35521414 PMCID: PMC9064385 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02760b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic polymeric materials, adopting the basic molecular design principles of biological materials, have been extensively studied in recent years but it is still challenging to combine assorted mechanical characteristics in a single material. Here, we present a simple and effective strategy to prepare mechanically robust yet resilient biomimetic polymer networks by utilizing dual noncovalent and covalent cross-linkings. Tailoring the dual cross-links consisting of thiourea noncovalent interactions and epoxy–amine covalent linkages in the biomimetic polymer networks enables a rare combination of excellent elastic modulus (1.1 GPa), yield stress (39 MPa), extensibility (320%), as well as complete strain and performance recovery after deformation at room temperature. The biomimetic polymer networks also exhibit highly adaptive mechanical properties in response to multiple-stimuli including strain rate, temperature, light, and solvent. A simple and effective strategy to prepare biomimetic polymer networks with stiff, strong, tough, resilient, and adaptive mechanical properties, through controlling thiourea noncovalent and epoxy–amine covalent cross-linkings, is presented.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Cha
- Advanced Materials Division
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soo Lee
- Advanced Materials Division
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyohye Kim
- Advanced Materials Division
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Ho Kim
- Advanced Materials Division
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Gak Kim
- Advanced Materials Division
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjae Yoo
- Advanced Materials Division
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Kim
- Advanced Materials Division
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Kim
- Advanced Materials Division
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
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Hoffmann T, Tych KM, Hughes ML, Brockwell DJ, Dougan L. Towards design principles for determining the mechanical stability of proteins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:15767-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52142g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
The collection of chemical techniques that can be used to attach synthetic groups to proteins has expanded substantially in recent years. Each of these approaches allows new protein targets to be addressed, leading to advances in biological understanding, new protein-drug conjugates, targeted medical imaging agents and hybrid materials with complex functions. The protein modification reactions in current use vary widely in their inherent site selectivity, overall yields and functional group compatibility. Some are more amenable to large-scale bioconjugate production, and a number of techniques can be used to label a single protein in a complex biological mixture. This review examines the way in which experimental circumstances influence one's selection of an appropriate protein modification strategy. It also provides a simple decision tree that can narrow down the possibilities in many instances. The review concludes with example studies that examine how this decision process has been applied in different contexts.
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Naraghi M, Filleter T, Moravsky A, Locascio M, Loutfy RO, Espinosa HD. A multiscale study of high performance double-walled nanotube-polymer fibers. ACS NANO 2010; 4:6463-6476. [PMID: 20977259 DOI: 10.1021/nn101404u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The superior mechanical behavior of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and their electrical and thermal functionalities has motivated researchers to exploit them as building blocks to develop advanced materials. Here, we demonstrate high performance double-walled nanotube (DWNT)-polymer composite yarns formed by twisting and stretching of ribbons of randomly oriented bundles of DWNTs thinly coated with polymeric organic compounds. A multiscale in situ scanning electron microscopy experimental approach was implemented to investigate the mechanical performance of yarns and isolated DWNT bundles with and without polymer coatings. DWNT-polymer yarns exhibited significant ductility of ∼20%, with energy-to-failure of as high as ∼100 J g(-1), superior to previously reported CNT-based yarns. The enhanced ductility is not at the expense of strength, as yarns exhibited strength as high as ∼1.4 GPa. In addition, the significance of twisting on the densification of yarns and corresponding enhancement in the lateral interactions between bundles is identified. Experiments at nanometer and macroscopic length scales on DWNT-polymer yarns and bundles further enabled quantification of energy dissipation/storage mechanisms in the yarns during axial deformations. We demonstrate that while isolated DWNT bundles are capable of storing/dissipating up to ∼500 J g(-1) at failure, unoptimal load transfer between individual bundles prevents the stress build up in the yarns required for considerable energy storage at the bundle level. By contrast, through polymer lateral interactions, a much better performance is obtained with the majority of energy dissipated at failure being contributed by the interactions between the polymer coating and the DWNTs as compared to the direct van der Waals interactions between bundles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Naraghi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Cranford S, Buehler MJ. Materiomics: biological protein materials, from nano to macro. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2010; 3:127-48. [PMID: 24198478 PMCID: PMC3781696 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s9037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Materiomics is an emerging field of science that provides a basis for multiscale material system characterization, inspired in part by natural, for example, protein-based materials. Here we outline the scope and explain the motivation of the field of materiomics, as well as demonstrate the benefits of a materiomic approach in the understanding of biological and natural materials as well as in the design of de novo materials. We discuss recent studies that exemplify the impact of materiomics - discovering Nature's complexity through a materials science approach that merges concepts of material and structure throughout all scales and incorporates feedback loops that facilitate sensing and resulting structural changes at multiple scales. The development and application of materiomics is illustrated for the specific case of protein-based materials, which constitute the building blocks of a variety of biological systems such as tendon, bone, skin, spider silk, cells, and tissue, as well as natural composite material systems (a combination of protein-based and inorganic constituents) such as nacre and mollusk shells, and other natural multiscale systems such as cellulose-based plant and wood materials. An important trait of these materials is that they display distinctive hierarchical structures across multiple scales, where molecular details are exhibited in macroscale mechanical responses. Protein materials are intriguing examples of materials that balance multiple tasks, representing some of the most sustainable material solutions that integrate structure and function despite severe limitations in the quality and quantity of material building blocks. However, up until now, our attempts to analyze and replicate Nature's materials have been hindered by our lack of fundamental understanding of these materials' intricate hierarchical structures, scale-bridging mechanisms, and complex material components that bestow protein-based materials their unique properties. Recent advances in analytical tools and experimental methods allow a holistic view of such a hierarchical biological material system. The integration of these approaches and amalgamation of material properties at all scale levels to develop a complete description of a material system falls within the emerging field of materiomics. Materiomics is the result of the convergence of engineering and materials science with experimental and computational biology in the context of natural and synthetic materials. Through materiomics, fundamental advances in our understanding of structure-property-process relations of biological systems contribute to the mechanistic understanding of certain diseases and facilitate the development of novel biological, biologically inspired, and completely synthetic materials for applications in medicine (biomaterials), nanotechnology, and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Cranford
- Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Markus J Buehler
- Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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